Experiment#2: Theory

Experiment#2
Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL) and Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
INTRODUCTION
The main purpose of the first procedure of the second laboratory session was to practically check
the validity of two important theorems in Electrical Engineering. These theorems are:
1. Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL)
2. Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
Theory
Since the main purpose of the laboratory session was to check the validity of Kirchoff’s laws.
What we want to show is that our theoretical expectations from the analysis of the different circu
it quantities using Kirchoff’s laws is approximately equal to the practical current, resistance and
voltage values we measure using the Multimeter.
RESISTOR COLOR CODE CONVERSION
In theory, the readings we get from translating the colour codes of the carbon resistors by using
the “color code Resistance” chart should be approximately equal to the resistance we practically
read by isolating each resistor by its own and measuring that resistors resistance using
the Multimeter (Ohmmeter).
CURRENT ANALYSIS
The current calculated by dividing each voltages of the components by their respective resistance
should be approximately equal to the current measured by connecting the Multimeter (Ammeter)
in series with the respective circuit components. N.B: this assumption is based on “Ohm’s Law”,
which states that current in a circuit is directly proportional to the potential difference that drives
it, and it is inversely proportional to the the resistance that restricts the flow of current in the circ
uit.
Voltage analysis
The voltage drop across the elements of the circuit was measured by connecting the Multimeter
(Voltmeter) in parallel with them. The reading we get in this case should give us the actual volta
ge drop across the circuit element at hand. This conclusion is based upon the “Voltage Division”
principle which states that elements that are connected in parallel to each other have the same vol
tage drop across them, therefore the voltmeter shares the same voltage as with the element to whi
ch it is connected in parallel to.
PRE‐LAB PREPARATION
Before the lab session, we were given a laboratory manual handout that briefly introduced the ab
ove stated theorems and laws. That booklet also laid out the circuit which we would use to verify
the validity kirchhof’s laws. Therefore based on the circuit layout we theoretically calculate the
quantities according to the two kirchoff’s rules, and write down the pre determined data.
Apparatus
 DC power supply
 Digital Multimeter
 Carbon resistors, R1=100Ω, R2=330Ω, R3=1000Ω, R4=470Ω
Procedure
 We must first check the values of the resistors used in our apparatus using a digital
Multimeter, which we obtained the values as shown in table1.
 Then we connect the circuit as shown in the figure below. And we adjust the voltage
supply to 10V using DC voltmeter.
 Using the Multimeter device We can measure the experimental values of Vab, Vbc, Vad,
Vdc, Vbd, Vac. And record their values as shown in table2
 Finally we measure the currents I1,I2,I3,I4 and I5 by adjusting the Multimeter device to
read the current and record our experimental findings as shown in table3.
Results
Table 1
Resistors R1 R2 R3 R4
Nominal value 100Ω 330Ω 1000Ω 470Ω
Ohmmeter reading 99.7Ω 470Ω 1001Ω 327Ω
Table 2
Voltage Vab Vbc Vad Vdc Vbd Vac
Theory 2.32V 7.68V 6.8V 3.2V 4.48V 10V
Experiment 2.36V 7.78V 6.91V 3.24V 4.54V 10.16V
%error 1.72% 1.3% 1.671% 1.25% 1.33% 1.6%
Table 3
Currents I1 I2 I3 I4 I5
Theory 0.023A 0.023A 0.0069A 0.0069A 0.0301A
Experiment 0.0233A 0.0233A 0.0068A 0.0068A 0.0301A
% error 1.304% 1.304% 1.44% 1.44% 0%
Report
By looking at the above two tables we can verify kirchhoff’s current and voltage laws:
If we take the loop a) ABCDEFA we will find the values
Vs-Vac= 10.16-1.16= 0V
b) ABDA we will find the values
Vab+Vbc+Vad+Vdc=2.36+7.78-6.61-3.24=0V
c) CDAC we will find the values the same as the previous ones.
When we add the two experimental values at the node meaning I1 and I3 we get the values I5:
I1+I3=I5 => 0.0233 + 0.0068 = 0.031
From the third table we can also see that I1 and I2 have the same value as in the case of I3 and
I4, Since resistors connected in series have the same current values.
Conclusions
From the above reports and experimental procedures we have been able to prove that the currents
entering the node are the same as the currents leaving the node. Also when we took the loop as
shown in the report we found the voltage values to be zero hence verifying our two hypothesis.
From the above tables you can see that the experimental values deviated slightly from our
expected values and that is expected since we didn’t consider the resistivity of the conductor and
other environmental factors.
Otherwise we can conclude that our hypothesis is in fact correct.
DEPARTMENT OF MINING ENGINEERING
Fundamentals of Electrical circuit’s laboratory report-2
Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL) and Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
Group members
1. Sarem Alemu ……………………... ETS1042/10
2. Zeyede Yesheber …………………. ETS1338/10
3. Natanim Yadesa ………………….. ETS0922/10
4. Yared Hailu ………………………. ETS1233/10
Submission date: January 27/2019 G.C Submitted to: Instructor Lidya

Experiment#2: Theory

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Submission date: January 27/2019 G.C Submitted to: Instructor Lidya

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