Course Course Title Duratio Course L T P C Hrs/

n Type Wk
Code
Weeks
Communication FC 0 0 2 2 2
Skills

Fundamentals in Spoken English.

Prerequisites

Course Description

This course is aimed to develop basic communication skills in English in the learners, to prioritize
listening and reading skills among learners, to simplify writing skills needed for academic as well as
workplace context, to examine that the learners use the electronic media such as internet and supplement
the learning materials used in the classroom.

Course Objectives

The objectives of this course are to:

1. Develop basic communication skills in English.
2. Emphasize on the development of speaking skills amongst learners of Engineering and Technology
3. Impart the knowledge about use of electronic media such as internet and supplement the learning
materials used in the classroom.
4. Inculcate the habit of reading and writing leading to effective and efficient communication.

Course Outcomes

On successful completion of this course, the student will be able to:

CO1. Demonstrate speaking ability with clarity, confidence and comprehension and communicate with
one or many listeners using appropriate communicative strategies (Speaking Skills).
CO 2. Build inferences from the text.
CO3. Make use of accurate writing skills using different components of academic writing.
CO4. Develop the ability to write cohesively, coherently and flawlessly avoiding grammatical errors,
using
CO5. Make use of reading different genres of texts adopting various reading strategies (Reading Skills).
CO6. Apply appropriate vocabulary and grammar in written and spoken context.
Course Content

UNIT-1
Functional English
Grammar: Prepositions; Modal Auxiliaries, Reading Comprehension, Active and passive voice, Giving
Instructions.

UNIT-2
Interpersonal Skills
Grammar: Tenses; Wh-questions, Compound words; Phrasal verbs, Recommendations

UNIT-3
Multitasking Skills
Grammar: Conditional Sentences, Homonyms; homophones, Subject-verb agreement.

UNIT 4
Communication Skills
Grammar: Direct and indirect speech, Interpreting visual materials (line graphs, pie charts etc.), Single word
substitutes.

Recommended Learning Resources (Text books)

1. Green, David. Contemporary English Grammar Structures and Composition. New Delhi: MacMillan
Publishers, 20l0.
2. Thorpe, Edgar and Showick Thorpe. Basic Vocabulary. Pearson Education India, 20l2. 3.Leech,
Geoffrey and Jan Svartvik. A Communicative Grammar of English. Longman, 2003.

Recommended Learning Resources (Reference books)

1. Murphy, Raymond. Murphy’s English Grammar with CD. Cambridge University Press, 2004.
2. Rizvi, M. Ashraf. Effective Technical Communication. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill, 2005.
3. Riordan, Daniel. Technical Communication. New Delhi: Cengage Publications, 20ll.
4. Sen et al. Communication and Language Skills. Cambridge University Press, 20l5.
 UNIT-1
PREPOSITIONS
Definition: A preposition is a word which occurs before a Noun or a Pronoun and which express the relation
between it (Noun or Pronoun) and some part of the remaining sentences. E.g. A preposition is a word that links
its object- a noun or noun substitute – to some other word in the sentence and shows a relationship between
them. The relationship is often one of location, time, means, or reason or purpose.
The book lies on the table.
In this example, the preposition on shows the relationship between the book and the table.
Prepositions of Time - at, in, on
We use:
 at for a PRECISE TIME
 in for MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS
 on for DAYS and DATES
AT IN ON

MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG

PRECISE TIME DAYS and DATES
PERIODS

at 3 o'clock in May on Sunday

at 10.30am in summer on Tuesdays

at noon in the summer on 6 March

at dinnertime in 1990 on 25 Dec. 2010

at bedtime in the 1990s on Christmas Day

at sunrise in the next century on Independence Day

at sunset in the Ice Age on my birthday

at the moment in the past/future on New Year's Eve

Look at these examples:

  I have a meeting at 9am.
 The shop closes at midnight.
 Jane went home at lunchtime.
 In England, it often snows in December.
 Do you think we will go to Jupiter in the future?
 There should be a lot of progress in the next century.
 Do you work on Mondays?
 Her birthday is on 20 November.
 Where will you be on New Year's Day?

Notice the use of the preposition of time at in the following standard expressions:

Expression Example

at night The stars shine at night.

at the weekend* I don't usually work at the weekend.

at I stay with my family at Christmas.

Christmas*/Easter

at the same time We finished the test at the same time.

at present He's not home at present. Try later.

*Note that in some varieties of English people say "on the weekend" and "on Christmas".

IN ON

in the morning on Tuesday morning

in the mornings on Saturday mornings

in the
on Sunday afternoon(s)
afternoon(s)

in the evening(s) on Monday evening(s)

Notice the use of the prepositions of time in and on in these common expressions:

When we say last, next, every, this we do not also use at, in, on.
 I went to London last June. (not in last June)
 He's coming back next Tuesday. (not on next Tuesday)
 I go home every Easter. (not at every Easter)
 We'll call you this evening. (not in this evening)

Prepositions for Time, Place, and Introducing Objects

One point in time
On is used with days:
 I will see you on Monday.
 The week begins on Sunday.
At is used with noon, night, midnight, and with the time of day:
 My plane leaves at noon.
 The movie starts at 6 p.m.
In is used with other parts of the day, with months, with years, with seasons:
 He likes to read in the afternoon.
 The days are long in August.
 The book was published in 1999.
 The flowers will bloom in spring.

Extended time
To express extended time, English uses the following prepositions: since, for, by, from—to, from-until,
during, (with) in
 She has been gone since yesterday. (She left yesterday and has not returned.)
 I'm going to Paris for two weeks. (I will spend two weeks there.)
 The movie showed from August to October. (Beginning in August and ending in October.)
  The decorations were up from spring until fall. (Beginning in spring and ending in fall.)
 I watch TV during the evening. (For some period of time in the evening.)

Place
To express notions of place, English uses the following prepositions: to talk about the point itself: in, to express
something contained: inside, to talk about the surface: on, to talk about a general vicinity, at.
 There is a wasp in the room.
 Put the present inside the box.
 I left your keys on the table.
 She was waiting at the corner.
Higher than a point
To express notions of an object being higher than a point, English uses the following prepositions: over, above.
 He threw the ball over the roof.
 Hang that picture above the couch.
Lower than a point
To express notions of an object being lower than a point, English uses the following prepositions: under,
underneath, beneath, below.
 The rabbit burrowed under the ground.
 The child hid underneath the blanket.
 We relaxed in the shade beneath the branches.
 The valley is below sea-level.
Close to a point
To express notions of an object being close to a point, English uses the following prepositions: near, by, next to,
between, among, opposite.
 She lives near the school.
 There is an ice cream shop by the store.
 An oak tree grows next to my house
 The house is between Elm Street and Maple Street.
 I found my pen lying among the books.
 The bathroom is opposite that room.
To introduce objects of verbs
English uses the following prepositions to introduce objects of the following verbs.
At: glance, laugh, look, rejoice, smile, stare
 She glanced at her reflection.
(Exception with mirror: She glanced in the mirror.)
 You didn't laugh at his joke.
 I'm looking at the computer monitor.
 We rejoiced at his safe rescue.
 That pretty girl smiled at you.
 Stop staring at me.
Of: approve, consist and smell
 I don't approve of his speech.
 My contribution to the article consists of many pages.
 He came home smelling of alcohol.
Of (or about): dream, think
 I dream of finishing college in four years.
 Can you think of a number between one and ten?
 I am thinking about this problem.
For: call, hope, look, wait, watch and wish
 Did someone call for a taxi?
 He hopes for a raise in salary next year.
 I'm looking for my keys.
 We'll wait for her here.
 You go buy the tickets and I'll watch for the train.
 If you wish for an "A" in this class, you must work hard.

Review Exercises
Reference Books:
1. PREPOSITIONS, THE ULTIMATE BOOK BY ANDREW BRUCKFIELD
2. THE ENGLISH PREPOSITIONS MASTER BY JENNI SMITH
E-sources
•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G01SFcou6P4 -– AT, IN, ON
•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rIHWuvB16HQ - Prepositions of Place
Complete the exercise with appropriate prepositions. 
 1. Nice ___ meet you.
2. Don’t be late ____ school.
3. Are you the new student _____ Portugal?
4. Are you a teacher _____ this school?
5. Jessica is ___ vacation.
6. She is ____ Italy now.
7. What is this called ______ English?
8. Look ____ the flowers.
9. Ram’s birthday is ____ July.
10. Don’t run _____ the classroom.

B) Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions. 

1. Compare your answer _____ your partner.
2. This key holder is very special ______ me.
3. Apples and peaches are _______the same box.
4. Write _____me soon.
5. Have you got a piece ____paper?
6. What’s the calculator for? It is _____ my exam.
7. I’m tall____ black hair and brown eyes. 
8. We have a house _______ a big garden. 
9. I come _____ a big family. 
10. Match the pictures _____the names.
11. Is your house ____the country?
12. Guess what I have _____my hand.
13. I have two colour pens. What ____you?
14. Peter is playing tennis _______ the house.
15. My brother's birthday is _____ the 5th of November
16. My birthday is _______ May.
17. We are going to see my parents’ _____the weekend.
18. ________1666, a great fire broke out in London.
19. I don't like walking alone in the streets _______night.
20. What are you doing _____ the afternoon?
 21. My friend has been living in Canada ______ two years.
22. I have been waiting for you ________ seven o’clock.
23. I will have finished this essay ______ Friday.
24. I get up ____ seven_____ the morning _____weekdays. I go to work____ tram.
25. I take care _____ my son. My son is similar ____ me. He’s quite different ____ my wife.
26. China has agreed _____ participate _______ the global economic forum.
27. My wife spent the milk money _______ cigarettes.
28. There has been a slight decrease ________ gas prices lately.
29. In the beginning, Lillian was not accustomed ___________ working in such a big company.
30. My favourite Chinese philosopher is Chuang-Tzu. Most Westerners have never heard ___him.

MODAL AUXILIARIES
What are Modals?
Modals are those helping verbs that express the mode of action denoted by the main verb.
Family of the Modals
Following are the members of the family of the Modals: Shall, Will, Should, Would, Can, May, Might, Ought to,
Used to, Need, dare.

Some Interesting Facts about the Modals

Modals are used to express action like ability, power, Permission, request, Possibility, willingness, etc.

Correct use of Modals

Serious mistakes are committed in the use of different modals both in speaking as well as writing. It is so
because most of us do not know certain facts about modals and do not use them according to the rules of
grammar but according to our own convenience. It is therefore, necessary for us to understand the proper use of
modals.

Use of Shall and Will

Mistakes are generally committed in the use of shall and will. Wrong use of Shall and Will can change the
meaning of the sentence altogether. Please see the following table carefully.
Modal First person Second/Third person
 (I, we, our, mine, etc.) (You, your, he, she, it, Rama,
etc.)
Shall Simple Future Threat/ definite things/
Promise/ Command/
Determination
Will Threat/ Promise/ Intention/ Simple future
Determination

From the above table, it becomes clear that:

1. Shall with first person is used simply to express simple future tense. But it is possible only in the case of
assertive sentences.
Examples:
I shall buy a car.
When shall we see you again?
I shall go.
I shall be thirty next birthday.
2. Shall can also be used with second/third persons (i.e. you, your, he, she, it, Rama, etc) under the following
conditions:
a) If the sentence conveys the sense of a threat
You shall be punished if you do not change your habits.
b) If the sentence conveys the sense of a Promise
He shall be given a reward for his ability.
c) If the sentence conveys the sense of an order.
You shall have to take action against him.
d) If the sentence conveys the sense of certainty.
If you secure first position, you shall be given a new watch.
3. Will in an assertive sentence, expresses simple future tense with second and third persons.
You will write a letter.
She will sing a song.
Used in the sense of a promise, determination and an intention.
a. I will surely help her
 b. I will succeed or die in the attempt.
c. I will go to Bangalore tomorrow.
Use of Should
Ordinarily, should is the past tense (past form) of shall but in many cases, it is used in the present context in the
following ways.
To express the future in the past tense, duty or obligation, advice or suggestion, request, surprise,
supposition, purpose and conditional sentences.
a. He said that you should report for duty on Monday.
b. We should respect our elders.
c. You should work hard to pass the examination.
d. I should like to say that he is not to blame.
e. It is really sad that he should lose in the first round.
f. Should they work hard, they will pass.
g. Should it rain, we shall not go out.

Use of would
Would is the past tense of will and it is used in the following ways:
In Indirect speech, Past Habit, Determination, suggestion, polite request, wish or desire, preference and
condition.
a. He said he would not take tea.
b. She would go out for a walk daily.
c. I would stand by him in any trouble.
d. Would you study regularly?
e. Would you please give me your book?
f. Would that I were a King!
g. I would prefer death to dishonour
h. Had you worked hard, you would have passed.

Use of Can
Can means to be able to or know how to. It is used to express strength – may it be physical, mental or of the
official authority, of wealth, etc. It is used as follows.
To express ability, possibility, permission, form of phase, disposition
 a. He can speak English fluently.
b. The principal can also fine him.
c. You can go for a picnic now.
d. I cannot help laughing
e. She can tell a lie at any time.

Use of could
Could is the past tense of can and is used in the Indirect form, power, tense of ability, polite request, past tense of
possibility, Feeling of Impatience and phrase in Past tense.
1. I asked him if the Headmaster could give me admission.
2. I could solve the whole paper in one hour.
3. Could you spare some time for me?
4. You could have caught the train if you had run fast.
Use of May
To express permission, possibility, purpose, wish or prayer
a. May I use this pen?
b. She may be at home.
c. We eat so that we may live.

Use of Might
Might is used to express the following like purpose, remote possibility, possibility, permission, Future condition
and good wishes in the past.
a. The teacher said that he might go home.
b. He ran fast so that he might catch the train.
c. He has not worked hard, but he might pass.
d. The teacher said that I might win a scholarship.
e. If he gets money, he might go to England.
f. The teacher wished that I might live long.
Use of Must
Must is used to express the obligation, determination, compulsion, certainty or belief, Emphatic Advice,
possibility, Expectations, Prohibition.
a. You must help your friend in the hour of need.
b. You must run fast to catch the train.
c. You must work hard to get good marks.
d. He must have lost in temper.
e. You must learn your lessons regularly.
f. There must be a mistake somewhere.

Exercise 1

1) My father ________ still walk for miles. (ability)

a) could
b) can
c) would

2) The horse is old, but it ________ still run for miles. (ability)

a) can
b) could
c) should
3) _________ I sleep here? (Permission)

a) will
b) can
c) would

4) I ________ ride a horse. (Inability)

a) can’t
b) can
c) wouldn’t

5) The police ________ catch the thief. (inability)

a) can
b) can’t
c) would

6) ________ you prepare the dinner please. (polite request)

a) would
b) should
c) could
7) When I was young I _________ play for hours. (past ability)

a) can
b) would
c) could

8) While in his childhood, Rocky ______ climb a tree. (past inability)

a) can’t
b) couldn’t
c) shouldn’t

9) The package ________ be delivered by now. (present possibility)

a) could
b) would
c) should

10) He _________ have received the money by now. (no possibility)

a) wouldn’t
b) shouldn’t
c) couldn’t

Exercise 2
1. The rules say that you ______ bring along your identity card to the examination hall.

(A) Will
(B) used to
(C) would
(D) need to

2. He ______ take care of himself before he fell ill.

(A) Could
(B) might
(C) May
(D) Must

3. My father ______ carry me on his shoulders when I was a child.

(A) Can
 (B) would
(C) should
(D) May

4. She was driving so fast that she ______ stop in time.

(A) can't
(B) needn't
(C) couldn't
(D) shouldn't

5. That lady ______ be Jenny. She is fatter.

(A) may
(B) mustn't
(C) should
(D) can't

6. ______ you get well soon!

(A) Can
(B) Will
(C) May
(D) Would

7. The rain has stopped so you ______ put on your raincoat.

(A) needn't
(B) can't
(C) couldn't
(D) should

8. Why did you push her? She ______ have fallen and hurt herself.

(A) Can
(B) Could
(C) Shall
(D) should

9. We ______ share a room but he has moved out now.

 (A) Will
(B) Shall
(C) used to
(D) May

10. If people ______ live forever the world ______ be overcrowded.

(A) may, must

(B) will, could
(C) must, should
(D) could, would

Exercise 3
1. Don't phone Ann now. ( she might / have / lunch )
__________________.
2. I ate too much. Now I feel sick. ( I shouldn't / eat / so much )
__________________.
3. I wonder why Tom didn't phone me. ( he must / forget )
__________________.
4. Why did you go home so early? ( you needn't / go / home so early )
__________________.
5. You've signed the contract. ( it / can't / change / now )
__________________.
6. 'What's Linda doing?' 'I'm not sure.' ( she may / watch / television )
__________________.
7. Ann was standing outside the cinema. ( she must / wait / for somebody )
__________________.
8. He was in prison at the time that the crime was committed, so ( he couldn't / do / it )
__________________.
9. Why weren't you here earlier? ( you ought / be / here earlier )
__________________.
10. Why didn't you ask me to help you? ( I would / help / you )
__________________.
11. I'm surprised nobody told you that the road was very dangerous. ( you should / warn )
__________________.
12. George was in a strange mood yesterday. ( he might not / feel / very well )
__________________.
 READING COMPREHENSION
1. Cheating and Plagiarism
Students are responsible for familiarizing themselves with the University Code of Student Conduct, as on
enrolment with the University the student has placed themselves under the policies and regulations of the
University and all of its duly constituted bodies. Disciplinary authority is exercised through the Student Conduct
Committee. The Committee has procedures in place for hearing allegations of misconduct. Copies of the student
conduct code are available at the Student Services Office.
Academic dishonesty is never accepted by the University. This includes cheating and plagiarism, which violate
the Student Conduct Code and could result in expulsion or failing the course.
Cheating is not limited to obtaining or giving unauthorized help during an examination but includes getting
unauthorized information about the contents of an examination before it is administered,
using unauthorized sources of information during an examination, altering or falsifying the record of any grades,
altering or supplying answers after an examination that has been handed in, falsifying any official University
record, and misrepresenting the facts to get exemptions from or extensions to course requirements.
Plagiarism includes but is not limited to submitting any paper or other document, to satisfy an academic
requirement, which has been copied either in whole or in part from someone else’s work without identifying that
person; failing to identify as a quotation a documented idea that has not been thoroughly assimilated into the
student's language and style, or paraphrasing a passage so closely that the reader could be misled as to the
source; submitting the same written or oral material in different courses without obtaining authorization from the
lecturers involved; or 'dry-labbing', which includes obtaining and using experimental data from fellow students
without the express consent of the lecturer, utilizing experimental data and laboratory write-ups from other parts
of the course or from previous terms during which the course was conducted, and fabricating data to fit the
expected results.

1. What is it essential to follow Code of Student Conduct?

2. What is the role of Student Conduct Committee?
3. What do you mean by Plagiarism?
4. What are the consequences of academic dishonesty?
5. What do you mean by ‘dry-labbing’?
6. Categorise the idea of plagiarism as given in the passage.
7. Categorise the idea of cheating as given in the passage.
 8. Student conduct code can be collected from ______________________

2. Mark Rothko
Mark Rothko, one of the greatest painters of the twentieth century, was born in Daugavpils, Latvia in 1903. His
father emigrated from Latvia to the United States, afraid that his sons would be drafted into the Czarist army.
Mark stayed in Russia with his mother and older sister; they joined the family later, arriving in the winter of
1913, after a 12-day voyage.
Mark moved to New York in the autumn of 1923 and found employment in the garment trade and took up
residence on the Upper West Side. It was while he was visiting someone at the Art Students League that he saw
students sketching a nude model. According to him, this was the start of his life as an artist. He was twenty years
old and had taken some art lessons at school, so his initial experience was far from an immediate calling.
In 1936, Mark Rothko began writing a book, which he never completed, about the similarities in the children's
art and the work of modern painters. The work of modernists, which was influenced by primitive art, could,
according to him, be compared to that of children in that "child art transforms itself into primitivism, which is
only the child producing a mimicry of himself." In this same work, he said that "the fact that one usually begins
with drawing is already academic. We start with colour."
It was not long before his multiform developed into the style he is remembered for; in 1949 Rothko exhibited
these new works at the Betty Parsons Gallery. For critic Harold Rosenberg, the paintings were a revelation.
Rothko had, after painting his first multiform, secluded himself to his home in East Hampton on Long Island,
only inviting a very few people, including Rosenberg, to view the new paintings. The discovery of his definitive
form came at a period of great grief; his mother Kate died in October 1948 and it was at some point during that
winter that Rothko chanced upon the striking symmetrical rectangular blocks of two to three opposing or
contrasting, yet complementary colours. As part of this new uniformity of artistic vision, his paintings and
drawings no longer had individual titles; from this point on they were simply untitled, numbered or dated.
However, to assist in distinguishing one work from another, dealers would sometimes add the primary colours to
the name. Additionally, for the next few years, Rothko painted in oil only on large vertical canvasses. This was
done to overwhelm the viewer, or, in his words, to make the viewer feel enveloped within the picture.
On February 25, 1970, Oliver Steindecker, Rothko’s assistant, found him in his kitchen, lying on the floor in
front of the sink, covered in blood. His arms had been cut open with a razor. The emergency doctor arrived on
the scene minutes later to pronounce him dead as the result of suicide; it was discovered during the autopsy that
he had also overdosed on anti-depressants. He was just 66 years old.
 1. Why did Mark’s father immigrate to United States?
2. What are the similarities in the children's art and the work of modern painters?
3. Describe the painting style of Mark Rothko.
4. Why were Mark’s paintings a revelation to critic Harold Rosenberg?
5. Why were Mark’s paintings untitled?
6. What was Rothko’s intention behind the usage of oil painting?
7. How did Mark Rothko autopsy reveal?
8. Where were Mark’s new multiform paintings displayed?
9. Where was Mark employed in the initial days of his stay in New York?
10. What method was used by the dealers to identify Mark’s paintings?

CRITICAL READING
What is Critical Reading?

Reading critically does not, necessarily, mean being critical of what you read and claiming that it is somehow
faulty or flawed. 

Critical reading means engaging in what you read by asking yourself questions such as, ‘what is the author
trying to say?’ or ‘what is the main argument being presented?’

Critical reading involves presenting a reasoned argument that evaluates and analyses what you have read.  Being
critical, therefore - in an academic sense - means advancing your understanding, not dismissing and therefore
closing off learning.

To read critically is to exercise your judgement about what you are reading. That means not taking anything you
read at face value. 

When reading academic material you will be faced with the author’s interpretation and opinion.  Different
authors will, naturally, have different slants. You should always examine what you are reading critically and look
for limitations, omissions, inconsistencies, oversights and arguments against what you are reading. Critical
reading goes further than just being satisfied with what the text says, it also involves reflecting on what the text
describes, and analyzing what the text actually means, in the context of your studies.

As a critical reader you should reflect on:

 What the text says:  After critically reading a piece you should be able to take notes and to paraphrase the key
points in your own words.
 What the text describes: You should be confident that you have understood the text sufficiently to be able to
use your own examples and compare and contrast with other writings on the subject in hand.
 Interpretation of the text: This means that you should be able to fully analyse the text and state a meaning for
the text as a whole.
Critical reading means being able to reflect on what a text says, what it describes and what it means by
scrutinizing the style and structure of the writing, the language used and the content.

Developing a Reading Strategy

You will, in formal learning situations, be required to read and critically think about a lot of information from
different sources. It is important therefore, that you not only learn to read critically but also efficiently.

Following SQ3R

SQ3R is a well-known strategy for reading.  SQ3R can be applied to a whole range of reading purposes as it is
flexible and takes into account the need to change reading speeds.

SQ3R is an acronym and stands for:

 Survey
 Question
 Read
 Recall
 Review

Survey: This relates to speed-reading, scanning and skimming the text.  At this initial stage you will be
attempting to gain the general gist of the material in question.

Question: It is important that, before you begin to read, you have a question or set of questions that will guide
you - why am I reading this?  When you have a purpose to your reading you want to learn and retain certain
information.  Having questions changes reading from a passive to an active pursuit.  Examples of possible
questions include:

 What do I already know about this subject?

 How does this chapter relate to the assignment question?
 How can I relate what I read to my own experiences?

Read: Now you will be ready for the main activity of reading.  This involves careful consideration of the
meaning of what the author is trying to convey and involves being critical as well as active.

Recall: Regardless of how interesting an article or chapter is, unless you make a concerted effort to recall what
you have just read, you will forget a lot of the important points.  Recalling from time to time allows you to focus
upon the main points – which in turn aids concentration. Recalling gives you the chance to think about and
assimilate what you have just read, keeping you active.  A significant element in being active is to write down, in
your own words, the key points. 

Review: The final step is to review the material that you have recalled in your notes.  Did you understand the
main principles of the argument?  Did you identify all the main points?  Are there any gaps?   Do not take for
granted that you have recalled everything you need correctly – review the text again to make sure and clarify.

Review Exercises

1. English as a National Foreign Language

India has two national languages for central administrative purposes: Hindi and English. Hindi is the national,
official, and main link language of India. English is an associate official language. The Indian Constitution also
officially approves twenty-two regional languages for official purposes.
Dozens of distinctly different regional languages are spoken in India, which share many characteristics such as
grammatical structure and vocabulary. Apart from these languages, Hindi is used for communication in India.
The homeland of Hindi is mainly in the north of India, but it is spoken and widely understood in all urban centers
of India. In India, where people speak many different languages that are not much related to Hindi, has given a
way for English to remain a lingua franca to a greater degree.
Since the early 1600s, the English language has had a toehold on the Indian subcontinent, when the East India
Company established settlements in Chennai, Kolkata, and Mumbai, formerly Madras, Calcutta, and Bombay
respectively. The historical background of India is never far away from everyday usage of English. India has had
a longer exposure to English than any other country which uses it as a second language, its distinctive words,
idioms, grammar and rhetoric spreading gradually to affect all places, habits and culture.
In India, English serves two purposes. First, it provides a linguistic tool for the administrative cohesiveness of
the country, causing people who speak different languages to become united. Secondly, it serves as a language of
wider communication, including a large variety of different people covering a vast area. It overlaps with local
languages in certain spheres of influence and in public domains.
Generally, English is used among Indians as a ‘link’ language and it is the first language for many well-educated
Indians. It is also the second language for many who speak more than one language in India. English language is
a tie that helps bind the many segments of our society together. Also, it is a linguistic bridge between the major
countries of the world and India.
English has special national status in India. It has a special place in the parliament, judiciary, broadcasting,
journalism, and in the education system. One can see a Hindi-speaking teacher giving their students instructions
during an educational tour about where to meet and when their bus would leave, but all in English. It means that
the language permeates daily life. It is unavoidable and is always expected, especially in the cities.
The importance of the ability to speak or write English has recently increased significantly because English has
become the de facto standard. Learning English language has become popular for business, commerce and
cultural reasons and especially for internet communications throughout the world. English is a language that has
become a standard not because it has been approved by any ‘standards’ organization but because it is widely
used by many information and technology industries and recognized as being standard. The call centre
phenomenon has stimulated a huge expansion of internet-related activity, establishing the future of India as a
cyber-technological super-power. Modern communications, videos, journals and newspapers on the internet use
English and have made ‘knowing English’ indispensable.
The prevailing view seems to be that unless students learn English, they can only work in limited jobs. Those
who do not have basic knowledge of English cannot obtain good quality jobs. They cannot communicate
efficiently with others, and cannot have the benefit of India’s rich social and cultural life. Men and women, who
cannot comprehend and interpret instructions in English, even if educated, are unemployable.
A positive attitude to English as a national language is essential to the integration of people into Indian society.
There would appear to be virtually no disagreement in the community about the importance of English language
skills. Using English helps one become a citizen of the world almost naturally. English plays a dominant role in
the media. It has been used as a medium for inter-state communication and broadcasting both before and since
India’s independence. India is, without a doubt, committed to English as a language of national importance. The
impact of English is not only continuing but increasing.

1. Which are the official languages for communication in India?

 2. What has led to the making of English as lingua franca in India?
3. List two effective purposes of English usage in India.
4. Why is English called as a ‘link’ language in India?
5. What makes English permeate daily life?
6. What has led to the making of English as a de facto standard?
7. Why is ‘knowing English’ essential?
8. What is the requirement of developing positive attitude towards English?

2. The Great Wall of China

Walls and wall building have played a very important role in Chinese culture. These people, from the dim mists
of prehistory have been wall-conscious; from the Neolithic period – when ramparts of pounded earth were used -
to the Communist Revolution, walls were an essential part of any village. Not only towns and villages; the
houses and the temples within them were somehow walled, and the houses also had no windows overlooking the
street, thus giving the feeling of wandering around a huge maze. The name for “city” in Chinese (ch’eng) means
wall, and over these walled cities, villages, houses and temples presides the god of walls and mounts, whose
duties were, and still are, to protect and be responsible for the welfare of the inhabitants. Thus a great and
extremely laborious task such as constructing a wall, which was supposed to run throughout the country, must
not have seemed such an absurdity.
However, it is indeed a common mistake to perceive the Great Wall as a single architectural structure, and it
would also be erroneous to assume that it was built during a single dynasty. For the building of the wall spanned
the various dynasties, and each of these dynasties somehow contributed to the refurbishing and the construction
of a wall, whose foundations had been laid many centuries ago. It was during the fourth and third century B.C.
that each warring state started building walls to protect their kingdoms, both against one another and against the
northern nomads. Especially three of these states: the Ch’in, the Chao and the Yen, corresponding respectively to
the modern provinces of Shensi, Shanzi and Hopei, over and above building walls that surrounded their
kingdoms, also laid the foundations on which Ch’in Shih Huang Di would build his first continuous Great Wall.
The role that the Great Wall played in the growth of Chinese economy was an important one. Throughout the
centuries many settlements were established along the new border. The garrison troops were instructed to
reclaim wasteland and to plant crops on it, roads and canals were built, to mention just a few of the works carried
out. All these undertakings greatly helped to increase the country’s trade and cultural exchanges with many
remote areas and also with the southern, central and western parts of Asia – the formation of the Silk Route.
Builders, garrisons, artisans, farmers and peasants left behind a trail of objects, including inscribed tablets,
household articles, and written work, which have become extremely valuable archaeological evidence to the
study of defense institutions of the Great Wall and the everyday life of these people who lived and died along the
wall.

1. How were walls built during the Neolithic period?

2. What is the role of wall in Chinese culture?
3. Why were the walls built by the warring states?
4. Which states laid the foundation for the Great Wall?
5. How did the construction of Great Wall lead to the growth of Chinese economy?
6. What are the archaeological evidences found alongside the Great Wall?
7. What were the instructions given to the garrison troops?
8. What led to the formation of Silk routes?

Reference books

1.Critical thinking, reading and writing by Sylvan Barnet

2.Academic Writing for Graduate Students by John M Swales
E-sources

http://www.laspositascollege.edu/raw/readingcritically.php
https://camiln.org/2019/10/31/critical-reading-workshops-introducing-freshers-to-reading-academic-
articles/
https://www2.le.ac.uk/offices/ld/all-resources/writing/writing-resources/critical-reading

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

We usually talk about some happenings. The happenings or actions involve two people / things – one that
performs the action and one that is affected by the action. Generally, we make the performer of the action the subject
of the verb; the other person or thing is made the object of the verb however, to focus on the person or thing
affected by an action, we change the construction-the object becomes the subject of the passive form of the verb. For
example, we can express the same action in either ways as in ‘somebody has stolen my watch’ and ‘my watch has
been stolen by somebody’ depending on whether we want to talk about ‘somebody’ or ‘the watch’.

The passive form is largely used in scientific writing, to describe procedures, processes etc., where the
action is of prime importance than the doer.

Passive structure is formed by using an appropriate tense of ‘be’ followed by the past participle of the verb.
ACTIVE VERBS AND THEIR PASSIVE EQUIVALENTS

Tenses Active form Example Passive form Example

Simple present Verb/+(s/es) send ‘be’ + past am/is/are
Participle(pp) sent

present perfect ‘be’ + verb + ing Is sending Be + being + pp are being sent
Present perfect have/has + pp has sent has + have has been sent
been+ pp

Simple past Past form Sent ‘be’ + pp Was /were sent

Past perfect has + pp had sent Had +been + pp had been sent
Simple future Modal aux+ Will sent Modal aux + be will be sent
Verb +pp

Future perfect Modal aux + Will have sent Modal aux + will have been
have + pp sent
Have +been+pp
 Note : the future continuous and all the perfect continuous tenses do not have passive equivalents.

Examples:

1. Simple Present Tense

He developed new algorithms,
New algorithms are developed by him.
2. Present Continuous Tense
Mahija is conducting advanced researches in this area.
Advanced researches are being conducted by Mahija in this area.
3. Present perfect tense
Vamsi has brought new changes in the industry.
New changes have been brought in the industry by Vamsi.
4. Simple past tense
He built a house.
A house was built by him.
5. Past continuous tense
Dr.Raj was solving critical problems on the new machinery.
Critical problems on the new machinery were being solved by Dr. Raj.
6. Past perfect tense
Dr. Mani had given many lectures on the latest trends in biotechnology.
Many lectures on the latest trends in biotechnology had been given by Dr. Mani.
Many lectures had been given by Dr. Mani on the latest trends in biotechnology.
7. Simple future tense
We shall watch the progress of our new project.
The progress of our new project will be watched by us.
8. Future perfect tense
He will have finished the project before next march.
The project will have been finished by him before next march.
9. Sentences with other modal verbs
a. You must do it in time.
It must be done by you in time.
b. You have to repair the house.
The house has to be repaired by you.
10. Sentences with Phrasal verbs
a. He looked after the orphans well.
The orphans were looked after well.
b. He put on costly dresses.
Costly dresses were put on by him.
 c. He brought up an orphan.
An orphan was brought up by him.
11. Questions (interrogative) and imperatives
a. Active: who called me? (active)
Passive: by whom was I called? (passive)
b. Why did you call him? (active)
Why was he called by you? (passive)
c. Shut the door (active)
Let the door be shut (passive)
12. Note: Intransitive verbs do not have passive forms.
a. She wept for two hours
b. The bus arrived late.
c. It rained heavily yesterday.

Exercises

Change the following sentences into passive voice.

1. Harry ate six shrimp at dinner. (Active)

2. Beautiful giraffes roam the savannah. (Active)
3. Sue changed the flat tire. (Active)
4. We are going to watch a movie tonight. (Active)
5. I ran the obstacle course in record time. (Act)
6. The crew paved the entire stretch of highway. (Active)
7. Mom read the novel in one day. (Active)
8. The critic wrote a scathing review. (Active)
9. I will clean the house every Saturday. (Active)
10. The staff is required to watch a safety video every year. (Active)
11. She faxed her application for a new job. (Active)
12. Tom painted the entire house. (Active)
13. The teacher always answers the students‘ questions. (Active)
14. The choir really enjoys that piece. (Active)
15. Who taught you to ski? (Active)
16. The forest fire destroyed the whole suburb. (Active)

Change the following sentences into Active Voice.

1. The treaty is being signed by the two kings. (Passive)

2. Every night the office is vacuumed and dusted by the cleaning crew. (Passive)
3. Money was generously donated to the homeless shelter by Larry. (Passive)
 4. My sales ad was not responded to by anyone. (Passive)
5. All the reservations will be made by the wedding planner. (Passive)
6. For the bake sale, two dozen cookies will be baked by Susan. (Passive)
7. The comet was viewed by the science class. (Passive)
8. The last cookie was eaten by whom? (Passive)
9. The video was posted on Face book by Alex. (Passive)
10. Instructions will be given to you by the director. (Passive)
11. The Grand Canyon is viewed by thousands of tourists every year. (Passive)
12. The house was remodeled by the homeowners to help it sell. (Passive)
13. The victory will be celebrated by the team tomorrow. (Passive)
14. The metal beams were eventually corroded by the saltwater. (Passive)
15. The baby was carried by the kangaroo in her pouch. (Passive)
16. Sugar cane is raised by some people in Hawaii. (Passive)

Verbs such as appear, arise, weep, arrive, travel, smile, creep, crawl, walk, stand, sit, sleep, come, go, etc., are
intransitive by nature.

In the Impersonal Passive structure, we do not refer to the doer at all omit the doer in the following contexts:

1. When the doer remains insignificant

An emergency meeting was conducted.
The national flag was hoisted.
2. When the agent or doer is not known
My purse was stolen yesterday. The
union leader was murdered.
Mr. Johnson was elected President of club.
3. When the subject of the main/active verb is people
People voted him to power.
He was voted to power.
They produced good results.
Good results were produced.
4. Sign Boards
Trespassers will be prosecuted.
Smoking is prohibited.
5. Newspaper reports
Bombs were hurled at the crowd.
Three terrorists were nabbed.
6. When the speaker wishes to avoid the name of the doer
 The bottle was broken.
The confidential letters were opened.
7. When the action is more important than the doer
Jawaharlal Nehru was imprisoned.
The President’s message was telecast.
8. When the subject of the main verb is ‘one’ or ‘everyone’
One often faces such problems everyday.
Such problems are faced everyday.
Everyone can easily understand this formula.
This formula can be easily understood.
9. For disagreeable announcements in order to avoid psychological implications
Five students were suspended for a week.
10. By avoiding a change of subject, passive voice is used to avoid awkward and
ungrammatical sentences
When he reached his office late, the manager scolded him.
When he reached his office late, he was scolded.
When he had written the essay, he pointed out the mistakes.
When he had written the essay, the mistakes were pointed out.

Changing sentences to active or Passive form:

1. Alternative sources of energy have to be used by us to tide over the energy crisis.
We have to use alternative sources of energy to tide over the energy crisis.
2. An engine driver averted the accident in time.
An accident was averted in time.
3. He closed the door as soon as possible.
The door was closed as soon as possible.
4. Someone broke into the house last night and stole jewels worth Rs.1 lakh
The house was broken and jewels worth Rs.1 lakh were stolen last night.
5. The engineers have introduced many innovations in aeronautics industry.
Many innovations have been introduced in aeronautics industries.

Change the following sentences from active to passive form:

1. The library will acquire a new stock of books of this month.

2. The mechanic has fixed my car within two hours.
3. The authorities must bring the prices of essential commodities.
4. They had mounted the engine by 9 pm.
5. They left the supplies behind.
 6. They removed the dirt before he started the engine.
7. They started this project only in 2010.
8. They will name the new instrument after its inventor.
9. We pass an electric current across the electrodes.
10. We will close the regulator at 70 .
11. We can cast this type of metal into very complicated shapes.
12. Welders normally prefer a vee-shaped weld.
13. We call these supports bearings.
14. The workers are repairing the bridge
15. They are writing the annual report
Changing sentences from passive to active form:

1. They are often taken to interesting places by their friends.

Their friends take them to interesting places.
2. Precautions should be taken by everyone while entering the Chemistry lab.
Everyone should take precautions while entering the chemistry lab.

Change the following sentences from passive to active form:

1. Precautions should be taken by everyone while entering the chemistry lab.
2. The ore was smelt in a blast furnace and reduced to pig iron.
3. Many operations can be carried out on a lathe by a skilled operator.
4. The two metal plates are clamped together.
5. Millions of tons of coal are produced every week by coal miners.
6. Several new products were marketed every year by this company.
7. Production on the new type of reactor will be started soon.
8. Heat for welding can be generated in several ways.
9. An electric current is passed across the electrodes.
10. This formula can be easily understood.
GIVING INSTRUCTIONS
Instructions are the step-by-step explanation of how to do things: assembling something, operate something, repair
something or do routine maintenance on something. Newspapers, magazines and manuals deal with different kinds
of instructions emphasizing on how to manage day to day issues, fill out applications, and operate a new gadget. In
some of the professions, the individuals will be expected to write and read instructions for performing and
developing processes, improve productivity and handling machines. The instructions can be
 written or oral. When the procedure is done by a number of people or has to be done repeatedly, written instructions
are more effective.
The goal of the written instructions is to completely simplify a procedure with no room for doubt in the mind of the
reader. Written instructions vary in length depending upon the complexity of the procedure.

Examples 1: Instruction to maintain a computer in good working condition.

1. Don’t touch the cables.
2. Avoid touching the open sockets.
3. In case of sparks or short circuits, switch off the main supply and open all the doors and
windows.
4. If any sound comes from the UPS, immediately shut down the system.
5. Avoid touching the monitor.
6. Always shut down the system when it is not in use.
7. Don’t misplace and replace the equipment.
8. Don’t handle the equipment roughly.
9. Shut down the system properly.
10. Don’t rest your legs anywhere on the stabilizer or UPS.
11. While working on the internet, open only minimum number of required sites so that you
can get quick access.

Examples 2: Safety instructions in a chemical engineering lab.

1. Do not work in the laboratory barefoot. Wear shoes to protect your feet.
2. Do not handle the apparatus and instruments roughly.
3. Do not wear gold ornaments, wrist watches, etc., while working in the lab.
4. Do not allow chemical to come into contact with your skin.
5. Keep all the doors and windows open while working in the laboratory.
6. Keep your working place neat and tidy.
7. Switch off the power supply immediately after completing the experiment.
 8. Arrange the apparatus in order after the experiment is over.
9. Dilute acids and prepare solutions only under the guidance of the staff.
10. Don’t wear loose clothes.
11. Wear apron and gloves while handling the chemicals.
12. Take care not to spill the chemicals on the floor.
13. Handle all the glassware items carefully.
14. Always rinse the apparatus well both before and after use.
Examples 3: Safety measures in a chlorine plant.
1. Cylinders must be kept in separate place as a safety measure.
2. Cylinders must be always kept in upright position.
3. It must be checked for leakage.
4. People with respiratory problems must not be employed.
5. Chlorine gas must not be inhaled.
6. People must know the dangerous effect of chlorine gas.
7. Cylinders must be filled properly.
8. Transportation of cylinders needs special care and attention.
Examples 4: Safety measures to be followed by lift users
1. Do not try to open the gate/door if the lift is not at the level.
2. Never force open the gate/door under any circumstances.
3. Do not try to open the gate/door when lift is in the motion.
4. Never play with the control buttons.
5. Ask for help if you do not know to operate a lift.
6. Do not panic, if the lift is stranded in between, press the alarm bell.
7. Do not use ‘stop’ button unnecessarily.
8. Do not overload the lift above the allowed capacity.
Review Exercises
1. Write a set of instructions to be observed while handling electrical home appliances.
2. Write a set of instructions to be followed by pedestrians.
3. Write a set of instructions to be followed in a fuel station.
 4. Write a set of eight instructions to be followed in college library.
5. Write a set of eight instructions to help your friend use the laptop carefully.

UNIT-2
TENSES
The tense system in English is quite comprehensive for Indian Learners. The use of correct tense poses a few
problems, as there may not be equivalents for certain tenses in the mother tongue of non-native speakers of
English. The choice of the verb in English is determined by the nature of the action and the circumstances in
which it occurs. It may also depend on the speaker’s viewpoint. If learners bear in mind the meaning, the context
and the time of occurrence, they may be safe in the use of Tenses.
In all the languages we have three forms of tenses
1. Present Tense: A verb that refers to present time is said to be in the Present Tense.
2. Past Tense: A verb that refers to past time is said to be in the Past Tense.
3. Future Tense: A verb that refers to future time is said to be in the Future Tense.

a) I play football today.(Present tense)

b) I played football yesterday. (Past tense)
c) I will play football tomorrow. (Future tense)

It is very essential to know the tense when you learn a language. When you learn tense in the language, first learn
the structure and then usage of the Tenses.

DIVISION OF TENSE
I. Present Tense can be further divided into
a) Simple Present
b) Present Progressive
c) Present Perfect
d) Present Perfect Progressive

II. Past Tense can be further divided into

a) Simple Past
b) Past Progressive
c) Past Perfect
d) Past Perfect Progressive

III. Future Tense can be further divided into

 a) Simple Future
b) Future Progressive
c) Future Perfect
d) Future Perfect Progressive

TENSES AND ITS USAGE

Sl. No. TENSE USAGE EXAMPLE
General truth or Two and two make four.
permanent facts The Earth moves round the sun.
An event taking place at He studies in B. Pharm.
the present moment. I live in New Delhi.
Daily routine, a habit or She goes for a walk every day.
custom. They always speak the truth.
An action, which must Hari goes to England next month.
Present happen in the near
1
Simple Tense future
To read or write a If you work hard, you will pass.
subordinate clause, We will wait until he comes.
when main clause refers
to future.
To quote someone. Keats says, “A thing of beauty is a
joy forever.”
Exclamation How well he plays flute!
An action which is I am reading a story now.
going on at the time of We are waiting for the bus at the
Present
speaking. moment.
2 Progressive
An action which is We are holding a meeting
Tense
likely to happen in the tomorrow.
near future. We are not going out tonight.
An action which has She has returned from Calcutta.
just been completed. I have solved two exercises so far.
Present An action having taken We have known him for three
3
Perfect Tense place in the past and years.
continuing in the We have lived here for five years.
present.
An action which began She has been reading a book since
in the past but is still morning.
Present going on.
Perfect An action which began My shoes are dirty because I have
4
Progressive in the past and has just been washing my car.
Tense been completed, but I have been cleaning my room
whose result is still in since morning and I am very
the present. much tired now.
5 Past Simple When past showing Hari came to my office yesterday.
Tense time (yesterday, ago, She went to the cinema last night.
last etc.) is given in the
 sentence.
To express a past action I saw many animals in the zoo.
or event. Graham Bell invented the
telephone.
To express a habit or My grandfather dank tea every
custom in the past. day.
I walked 8km to school every day.
To express an action She was watching the television
going on at the time when I went to her house.
stated. Yesterday when I went to see my
friend, I found her house locked.
When I was a child we always
went to the seaside on bank
Past Simple holidays.
5
Tense In clauses with if, as If only I knew her response (I do
though, it’s time, wish. not know)
Would rather, if only I wish I were/was a bird. (I cannot
be)
Suppose we spent the next
weekend with Goa? (we are not
going to)
An activity which was They were working all day
in progress at some yesterday.
point of time in the past. The baby was sleeping in the
room.
He was not writing in his
Past notebook.
6
Progressive This tense is often used I was driving to work when I
together with the simple crashed my car.
past tense to show that My sister was studying for her
one activity was in exams when I entered her room.
progress while another When the telephone rang she was
took place. cooking.
7 Past Perfect An action which had The train had left before I reached
been completed before the station.
another action had The film had started by the time
begun. we got to the cinema hall.
I went to bed after I had switched
off the television.
An unfulfilled wish in I wish I had accepted the letter.
the past. We wish we had heeded our
parents’ advice.
An unfulfilled condition If you had worked hard, you
in the past. would have passed.
If I had gone to university, I
would have studied computers.
If I had known you wanted the
book I would have given it.
 To denote an action I had not read this book before.
which contains the He had already heard the news.
words ‘already’, ‘till’, We waited till it got dark.
‘before’.
To denote an action that He had been working here for two
Past Perfect had been going on for years.
8 She had been studying for her
Progressive some time before action
examination.
took place in the past.
A future action or event. He will reach here at 6 p.m.
We shall not go for picnic in case
of rain.
He will speak to us about the
show.
Simple Future
9 The principal clause of If you work hard, you will pass
Tense
conditional sentence. the examination.
If you hire a taxi, you will catch
the train.
If you go to China, you will see
some queer things there.
An action that will be We shall be playing the match
going on at some time tomorrow.
in the future. What will you be doing this time
Future
tomorrow?
10 Progressive
Polite way of asking Will you be using your car
Tense
about plan. tomorrow?
Will you be requiring anyone
else?
A past action in I shall have finished the work
progress now that will before morning.
complete at a given time In another year or so, you will
11 Future Perfect
in future. have forgotten all about him.
Possibility / assumption It’s 5 o’clock, they will have
arrived by now.
To express an action By the time you return we shall
that will have been have been working for four hours.
Future Perfect
12 going on at or before We shall have been solving the
Progressive
some point of time in sums since morning.
future.

USAGE OF AUXILIARY VERBS

Auxiliary Verbs Usage With

Do I, We , You, They, And Plural
DOES He, She, It & Singular
IS,WAS,HAS He, She, It & Singular
HAVE I, We , You, They, And Plural
HAD and DID Any Subject
Question Formats
DIVISION PRESENT PAST FUTURE
Simple Do I play Did I play? Will I play?
Am I playing? / Was I playing? / Will I be playing?
Progressive
Is she playing? / Were they playing?
Perfect I have played? Had I played? Will I have played?
Perfect Have I been playing? Had I been playing? Will I have been
Progressive playing?

TENSES TABLE
DIVISION
OF PRESENT PAST FUTURE
TENSES
I play. I played. I will play.
You eat an apple. You ate an apple. You will eat an apple.
We play football. We played football. We shall play football.
Simple
He / She eats an He /She ate an apple. He / She will eat an apple.
apple.
They play. They played. They will play.
I am playing. I was playing. I will be playing.
You are eating an You were eating an You will be eating an apple.
apple. apple.
We are playing We were playing We shall be playing football.
Progressive
football. football.
He/She is eating an He/She was eating an He/She will be eating an apple.
apple. apple.
They are playing They were playing. They will be playing.
I have played. I had played. I will have played.

You have eaten an You had eaten an apple. You will have eaten an apple.
apple.
Perfect We have played We had played football. We shall have played football.
football.
He/ She has eaten an He /She had eaten an He/She will have eaten an
apple. apple. apple.
They have played. They had played. They will have played.
I have been playing. I had been playing. I will have been playing.
You have been You had been eating an You will have been eating an
eating an apple. apple. apple.
We have been We had been playing We shall have been playing
Perfect
playing football. football. football.
Progressive
He/She has been He /She had been eating He/She will have been eating
eating an apple. an apple. an apple.
They have been They had been playing. They will have been playing.
playing.
 REVIEW EXERCISES
Present Simple
Example: I / You / We / They (cook) cook.
Example: He / She / It (cook) cooks.
1. I (study / studies) English on Monday.
2. You (study / studies) English on Tuesday.
3. We (study / studies) English on Wednesday.
4. They (study / studies) English on Thursday.
5. He (study / studies) English on Friday.
6. She (study / studies) English on Saturday.

Note: In this exercise, nouns (Tom, Amy, Daniel, etc.) are used in place of pronouns (I / You / We / They / He /
She / It). So, it is a good idea to think about which pronoun you could use instead of each noun. After you know
what pronoun replaces the noun, use what you have learned in exercises 1, 2, 3, and 4 to conjugate the verbs
correctly.
Example: Tarun and I → We (cook) co0ok on Tuesday.
Example: Tarun and Amy → They (cook) cook on Tuesday.
Example: Tarun → He (cook) cooks on Tuesday.
Example: Amy → She (cook) cooks on Tuesday.

1. Tarun and Anand (cook / cooks) on Wednesday.

2. Daya and I (cook / cooks) on Tuesday.
3. Hinduja (cook / cooks) on Sunday.
4. Jaya (wash / washes) the car on Saturday.
5. The students (study / studies) English on Thursday.

Affirmative (+): Example: He (play) plays the guitar.

Negative (-): He (not, play) does not play the guitar.

1. I rarely (eat) _______ chocolate. I (not, like) _______ ______ _______the way it (taste) _______.
2. We (like) _______ to watch movies. My favorite movie (be) _______ Titanic.
3. The janitor at my school (empty) _______ the trash on Sunday.
4. Angelica always (try) _______ to make new friends.
5. When there is a fire, the firemen (rush) _______ to put it out. After the fire (be)_______ out, they (go)
_______ home.

Example: I (play) play the guitar.

Example: Jessica (play) plays the guitar.
Example: He (not, play) does not play the guitar.
1. I always (eat) _______ vegetables. Carrots (be) _______ my favorite.
2. Raghu (like) _______ swimming in the ocean, but he (be) _______ afraid of sharks.
 3. It (be) _______ really cold outside, and I (not, have) _______ _______ _______ a jacket!
4. We (think) _______ it is fun to ride roller coasters.
5. The simple present tense (be) _______ easy!

Note: These sentences use verbs and adverbs. An adverb says something more about the action of a verb.
Example: Joseph (always, climb) always climbs trees in his yard.
Example: Ernestine (usually, pick) usually picks flowers on Mondays.
1. Darini (often, play) _______ _______ baseball after school.
2. My neighbor (never, paint) _______ _______ his house; it looks terrible!
3. The students (eagerly, leave) _______ _______ their classrooms when the bell rings.
4. Mrs. Ganesh (quickly, water) _______ _______ the plants when she (get) _______ home at five o'clock.
5. Each night, Serena (kindly, help) _______ _______her little sister with geography homework.

Present Progressive

Example: I (play) am playing the piano now.

Example: You / We / they (play) are playing the piano now.
Example: He / She / It (play) _______ _______ the piano now.
1. You (play) _______ _______ the guitar now.
2. We (play) _______ _______ violins now.
3. They (play) _______ _______ harps now.
4. He (play) _______ _______ the trumpet now.
5. She (play) _______ _______ the flute now.
6. It (play) ________ _______ the drums now.

Note: In this exercise, nouns (Tom, Amy, Daniel, etc.) are used in place of pronouns (I / You / We / They / He /
She / It). So, it is a good idea to think about which pronoun you could use instead of each noun. After you know
what pronoun replaces the noun, use what you have learned in exercises 15 and 16 to conjugate the verbs
correctly.
Example: I (listen) am listening to music now.
Example: You / We /they (listen) are listening to music now.
Example: He / She / It (listen) is listening to music now.

1. Martin and I (study) ________ ________ English now.

2. Are Dina and Manju playing football this year? No, they ________ ________ soccer. Emily (eat)
_________ ________ breakfast now.
3. My car (make) ________ ________ strange noises. I need to get it checked out.
4. Raghu (sleep) _______ ________ right now. May I take a message?
5. Neetu (work) ________ ________ today.
Example: I (buy) am buying groceries now.
Example: You / We / They / (buy) are buying groceries now.
Example: He / She / It (buy) is buying groceries now.
1. Right now, I (buy) ________ ________ groceries. I need eggs, milk, and bread.
 2. We (eat) ________ ________ dinner. It tastes good.
3. He (drink) ________ ________ milk. It looks good. It (run) ________ ________ down his chin. He
needs a napkin.
4. Billy (do) ________ ________ his homework now. We are going to watch a movie when he is finished.
5. All of the children (dance) ________ ________ at the party. They (smile) ________ ________. They
(have) ________ ________ a good time.

Note: These sentences use verbs and adverbs. An adverb says something more about the action of a verb.
Example: Violet (gracefully, dance) is gracefully dancing a ballet.
Example: Raul (wisely, check) is wisely checking the oil in his car.

1. The dog is very hungry. He is (quickly, eat) ________ ________ ________ all of his food.
2. The chestnut racehorse (already, cross) ________ ________ ________ the finish line. Its owner is very
happy.
3. Jonathan (rarely, exercise) ________ ________ ________, now that he is in college.
4. Mrs. Stevens (angrily, yell) ________ ________ ________at the man who hit her car.
5. Be careful! You (almost, spill) ________ ________ ________ the paint.

Fill in the spaces with the correct form of the verb in simple present tense or present progressive tense.
Example: I (watch) watch a lot of movies. [Simple present tense]
Example: I (watch) am watching a movie now. [Present progressive tense]
Example: You / We / They (play) play games every day. [Simple present tense]
Example: You / We / they (play) are playing a game now. [Present progressive tense]

1. Rohan (be) _______ my friend. We (like) _______ to talk together. Right now we (talk) _______
_______ about school.
2. The police officer (wear) ________ a badge and a gun to work every day.
3. Jhansi usually (eat) _______ cold cereal for breakfast, but today she (eat) _______ ________ oatmeal
instead.
4. Ahmed and I (study) _______ _______ for the exam. We (not, want) _______ _______ _______ to fail
it!
5. Mohan (sing) ________ in the band on Saturdays, and Veda (play) _______ the guitar.

Present Perfect
Note: In this exercise, all of the past participles are irregular. This means that they have unexpected changes in
spelling and pronunciation which are not the same as the simple past forms. You may want to refer to a list of
irregular verbs to find irregular past participles.
Example: Amy (eat) has eaten lunch already.
Example: Amy and Arnold (eat) have eaten lunch already.

1. Yamini and Anand (take) _______ ________ the test. Now they can relax.
2. Manoj and I (be) _______ ________ to London three times. We are familiar with the culture.
3. I (drink) _______ _______ six cups of water today.
 4. Rohini (sing) _______ ________ in a chorus before. Her voice is pretty.
5. Shamili (get) _______ ________ very good at speaking English. She has practiced a lot.

Note: Fill in the spaces with the correct form of the verb in present perfect tense. Then, indicate whether
the past participle is regular or irregular.
Example: Isha (look) has looked all morning for her glasses. She still can’t find them. (regular /
irregular)
Example: The wind (blow) has blown our portico furniture away. Let’s go get it. (regular/ irregular)

1. The city (allow) _______ ________ residents to shoot off fireworks each year on the Fourth of July.
(regular / irregular)
2. The lake (freeze) _______ ________ solid. Now we can go skating. (regular / irregular)
3. The sun (rise) _______ ________. It’s time to get up. (regular / irregular)
4. The army (battle) _______ ________ the enemy for two weeks. The soldiers are exhausted. (regular /
irregular )
5. The principal (introduce) _______ _________ the new teacher. She seems very nice. (regular / irregular)
Example: I / You / We / they (visit) have visited Venezuela before.
Example: He / She / It (visit) has visited Venezuela before.
Example: Neha (run) has run a marathon race before.
Example: Paul and his brother (drive) have driven to New England before.

1. They (take) _______ ________ the test. Now they must wait for their scores.
2. I (eat) _______ ________ dinner already. I am not hungry.
3. All of the children (brush) _______ ________ their teeth. Now it's time for bed.
4. Anand (finish) _______ ________ his work. He is ready to take a break.
5. Mahesh (play) _______ ________ golf before.
6. I (see) _______ ________ this movie before. I don't want to watch it again.

Note: These sentences use verbs and adverbs. An adverb says something more about the action of a verb.
Example: Juliet (always, work) has always worked at the library.
Example: The six-year-olds (happily, play) have happily played outside for an hour.

1. Mr. and Mrs. Takur (never, travel) ________ ________ _________ overseas. They like staying closer to
home.
2. Prof. Shankar (usually, test) _______ ________ ________ his biology class twice each semester.
Occasionally, though, he gives three tests.
3. Teena and Tarun (sometimes, dance) _______ _________ _______ at the festival. We hope they will be
able to play there this year.
4. In the aftermath of last week’s hurricane, the volunteers (willingly, work) ______ _________ ________
long hours. Many are exhausted, but refuse to quit.
 5. The teacher (already, plan) _______ ________ _________ a party for her students because she feels that
they have worked very hard and deserve to celebrate.

Present Perfect Progressive

Note: The present perfect progressive tense expresses the idea that something has happened continuously since
some time in the past, and is still happening now.
Example: I / You / We / They (work) have been working for two hours.
Example: He / She / It (work) has been working for two hours.

1. The runners (race) _______ _______ _________ since 9:00 in the morning. Now it is 3:00 p.m., and the
leaders are about to cross the finish line.
2. The weather has been dreary all week. It (rain) _______ _______ _________ since Monday. Hopefully,
we will have some sunshine this weekend.
3. Anand (play) _______ _______ ________ soccer his entire life. Soon, he will go to college on a soccer
scholarship.
4. The) baby (cry) _______ _______ _________ all night. He has been doing that every night since he was
born. His parents are so tired. They are hoping that his sleeping habits will change soon!
5. Joseph and I (try) _______ _______ _________ to find jobs for two weeks. We are a little discouraged,
but we cannot give up.

Affirmative (+):Example: He (wait) has been waiting on the train for two hours.
Negative (-):Example: Don't worry. We (not, wait) have not been waiting for you for long.

1. The children (play) _______ _______ _________ outside all day. They must be getting hungry by now.
They need to come inside for dinner.
2. This week, we (read) _______ _______ _________ selections from the Romantic Period in Literature
class. My favorite Romantic writers are Wordsworth and Shelley.
3. The roses (not, bloom) _______ _______ _______ _________ much lately. We (not, water) _______
_______ _______ _________ them enough. The soil is getting dry.
4. I (not, sleep) _______ _______ _______ _________ very well lately. I think I need to get more exercise
during the day. That would help me to feel tired at night.
5. Akhila (learn) _______ _______ _________ about plants in her biology class. She is paying close
attention to the lectures. She wants to become a botanist someday.

Review of the Present Perfect and Present Perfect Progressive Tense

Mrs. Naidu: Good afternoon, Mr.Raman. Thank you for coming to the interview today. I am so glad you
could make time to meet.
Mr.Raman: Hello, Mrs. Naidu. It’s nice to meet you. I (hear) _______ ________(1) that your company
has grown and needs more space.
Mrs. Naidu: Yes, that’s why we’re searching for an architect. May I ask you some questions about your
employment history and professional experience? That way, we can both decide whether the job is a good
fit for you.
Mr.Raman: Sure.
 Mrs. Naidu: Okay. On your resume, it says that you (work) _______ _______ _________(2) as an
architect for the last eighteen years. Is that right?
Mr.Raman: Yes, that's correct. I (have) _______ _______(3) a lot of experience in the field during those
years. It has been a great career for me. I (always, love) _______ ________ ________(4) architecture,
ever since I visited the pyramids in Egypt as a young boy.
Mrs. Naidu: The pyramids are fascinating. But, I would guess that you have not spent your career
designing pyramids.
Mr.Raman (laughing): No! Not at all. I have designed many different types of buildings, both for
commercial and private use.
Mrs. Naidu: Well, we are looking for someone to design our next office building. We’re thinking about
a building around twenty stories tall. (You, have) _______ ______ _______(5) any experience with
buildings of that size?
Mr.Raman: Yes. I (design) _______ ________(6) several tall buildings, including a twenty-two-story
bank building in Atlanta and a twenty-five-story insurance building in Utah.
Mr.Naidu: You certainly have worked with people from a wide range of professions.
Mr.Raman: That’s true, and it is part of what makes my work interesting.
Mr.Naidu: That's great. Now, can you please tell me a bit about the project you (work) _______
_______ _________(7) on recently? I understand that you are using a lot of technology in this one.
Mr.Raman: That’s right. For the past two months, I (assemble) _______ _______ _________(8) a team
to build an energy-efficient, environmentally-friendly building. It will use solar energy. I (spend)
_______ ________ _________(9) a lot of my time on this project lately.

Mr.Naidu: Yes, I (hear) _______ ________(10) a lot about your new project.

Past Simple

Example: I / You / We / They / He / She / It (clean) cleaned on Monday.

1. I (clean) ________ my car on Monday
2. You (walk) ________ three miles on Tuesday.
3. We (cook) ________ lunch on Wednesday.
4. They (sew) ________ curtains on Thursday.
5. He (film) ________ the movie on Friday.
6. She (play) ________ chess on Saturday.
7. It (rest) ________ from its work on Sunday.

Fill in the spaces with the correct forms of these regular verbs in simple past tense.
Note: When a regular verb ends in a consonant + “y”, the “y” is changed to “ied” to form the simple past tense.
Example: I / You / We / They / He / She / It (try) tried to buy tickets.

1. I (dry) ________ the dishes after dinner.

2. You (worry) ________ about the last test.
3. We (copy) ________ Sally’s notes from the lecture.
4. They (cry) ________ when their team lost.
 5. He (discover) ________ a new star with his telescope Saturday.
6. She (fry) ________ all of her food until now.

Note: When a verb has one syllable and ends in a consonant + vowel + consonant, the final consonant is doubled
before adding –ed to form the simple past tense. Exceptions to this rule are words that end in 'w' or 'x', like sewed
and waxed.
Example: I / You / We / They / He / She It (chop) chopped the wood.
1. You (jog) ________ yesterday morning.
2. We (flip) ________ the pancakes at breakfast.
3. They (chop) ________ firewood last winter.
4. He (mix) ________ the chemicals together in the lab.
5. The nurse (help) ________ the patient to stand up.

Choose the correct forms of these irregular verbs in simple past tense.
Note: Irregular verbs have unexpected spelling changes in various tenses, including the simple past tense.
Example: I / You / We / They / He / She It [bringed / brought] a gift to the wedding Saturday.
1. You (make) [maked / made] a good cake for his birthday.
2. We (choose) [choosed / chose] to ride the train yesterday.
3. They (fall) [falled / fell] while skating together.
4. He (keep) [keeped / kept] the profits for himself.
5. She (meet) [meeted / met] her new coach on Monday.
6. It (ring) [ringed / rang] the bell on the birdhouse two times.

Fill in the spaces with the correct form of the verb in parentheses in simple past tense. Then indicate
whether the verb is regular or irregular.
Example: The waiter (break) broke the glass at lunchtime. (regular / irregular)
Example: The child (jump) jumped on the trampoline in gym class. (regular / irregular)
1. Mr. Rohan (mow) _______ the grass yesterday morning. (regular / irregular)
2. Vicky and I (hide) _______ the presents before the party. (regular / irregular)
3. The old cars (lead) _______ the parade last year. (regular / irregular)
4. Mr. Jagan (lay) ______ the tile in our old house. (regular / irregular)
5. The student (finish) _______ his big project on time. (regular / irregular)

Note: In this exercise, adverbs, like still, already, usually, frequently, slowly, quickly and others—are used
in simple past tense verbs. An adverb tells us something more about the action of the verb. It is said to
"modify" the verb.
Example: Suman (quickly, swim) quickly swam the first two laps of the race.

1. Mr. and Mrs. Reddy (usually, stay) _______ _______ at Cape Hatteras for the season.
2. Sunitha (already, play) _______ _______ the flute well before she began to play the piccolo.
3. The sun (slowly, drop) _______ _______ below the horizon as we watched.
4. The principal (kindly, speak) _______ _______ to the crying child.
5. The children (normally, wait)_______ _______ for the bus on the corner of MG and Brigade Streets.
 Review of the Simple Past Tense

Fill in the spaces with the correct form of the verb in parentheses in simple past tense.
When Smriti (be) _______(1) seven years old, she (do, not, like) _______ _______ _______(2) piano lessons.
She (do, not, like) _______ _______ ________(3) to practice, and sometimes she even (cry) _______(4) when it
(be) _______(5) time to practice. Finally, she (stop) _______(6) taking lessons.
Some of Smriti's friends (do, not, quit) _______ _______ _______(7) their lessons. They (continue) _______(8)
to play. After much practice, they (learn) _______(9) to play very well.

Past Progressive

Note: This tense describes actions that were in progress in the past. It uses the helping verb "was" with the
pronouns I / He / She / It, and "were" with the pronouns You / We / They. Then, –ing is added to the base form
of the verb.
Example: I / He / She / It / (wash) was washing the car yesterday.
Example: You / We / They (wear) were wearing their old clothes at the cabin.
Choose the correct form of the verb in past progressive tense:
Note: With some verbs, the last letter of the verb must be doubled in past progressive tense before adding –ing.
The rule for doubling is: when a one-syllable verb ends with consonant-vowel-consonant, the final consonant is
doubled. If the verb is longer than one syllable, the final consonant is doubled only if the stress falls on the last
syllable. Exceptions: never double the letters h,w,x,y.
Example: I / He / She / It / (get) was getting a new bicycle before the race.
Example: You / We / They (plan) were planning to travel last fall.
Example: I / He / She / It / (sew) was sewing robes for the choir.

1. I [was swiming / was swimming] a lot during the summer.

2. We [were siting / were sitting] on the rocks by the river.
3. They [were runing / were running] faster than anyone else in that race.
4. It [was fiting / was fitting] until she gained weight.
5. She [was waxing / was waxxing] her skis before the trip.
6. You [were shoping / were shopping] all day yesterday.

Choose the correct form of the verb in parentheses in past progressive tense. With verbs that end with a
silent 'e', the final 'e' is dropped before adding –ing.
Example: I / He / She / It / (hope) was hoping to see the concert.
Example: You / We / They (waste) were wasting too much gas.
1. I [was biking / were biking] to school last semester.
2. He [was making / were making] a model airplane.
3. We [was caring / were caring] for the sick children in March.
 4. You [was taking / were taking] too much Naveen.
5. It [was becoming / were becoming] colder that evening.
6. They [was shining / were shining] the car for the parade.

Fill in the spaces with the correct form of the verb in parentheses in past progressive tense:
Example: Grandpa (feed) was feeding apple sauce to the baby at lunch.
Example: Carmen: What were you doing on the roof?
Marco: I (try) was trying to fix the shingles.
1. He (map) _______ _______ the city last year.
2. The scouts (walk) _______ _______ on the Aravalli Hills when it began to rain.
3. Nanda: Which sign were you looking for?
Tanuj: I (look) _______ _______ for the "Ranger Station" sign.
4. Last Friday at ten o'clock, the boss (pay) _______ _______ the workers.
5. Harini (sew) ______ _______ costumes for the play; she finished them.

Fill in the spaces with the correct form of the verb in past progressive tense, then indicate affirmative (+)
or negative (-).
Note: The previous exercises used the past progressive tense in the affirmative. Some of the sentences in this
exercise use it in the negative.
Example: I (shop) was shopping for the perfect gift. (+) (-)
Example: Joe and Jeremy were not riding motorcycles to work until yesterday. (+) (-)
1. Our neighbor (not, mow) _______ _______ _______ his grass very often. It looked terrible. (+) (-)
2. The witness (not, hide) _______ _______ _______ any evidence. (+) (-)
3. Harish and Gita (take) _______ _______ care of the puppy while we were away. (+) (-)
4. The zookeeper (feed) ________ _______ the ocelots earlier today. (+) (-)
5. The cafeteria (not, serve) _______ _______ _______ ice cream yesterday. (+) (-)

Note: In this exercise, adverbs, like still, already, usually, frequently, slowly and others—are used in past
progressive verbs. An adverb tells us something more about the action of the verb. It is said to "modify" the verb.
Example: Two turtles (slowly, cross) were slowly crossing the dusty road when we passed by.
1. When he attended football games, Jockey (always, wear) _______ _______ ______ his team's colors.
2. Although you bought a beautiful new car, you (still, drive) _______ _______ _______ your old one
when we saw you downtown.
3. When we arrived at the track meet, Juanita (already, run) _______ _______ _______ the 100-meter
race.
4. Seagulls (frequently, steal) _______ _______ _______ from the fishermen's nets as they pulled them
in.
5. The herd (rarely, travel) _______ _______ _______ during the year, they remodeled their home.

Review of the Past Progressive Tense

Naren is a firefighter. One Sunday, he (play) _______ _______ (2) a game with two of his daughters. Naren
noticed that his cell phone (ring) _______ _______ (3), and that the fire alarm downtown (blare) ______
______(4), too. He (not, feel) ______ _______ ______ (5) anxious to go put out a fire, but he went anyway.
While Naren (race) _______ _______ (6) to the fire in his red pick-up truck, he heard on his police radio that a
trailer (burn) _______ _______(7), and that a small boy (sleep) _______ _______ (8) in one of its bedrooms.

Past Perfect

Note: This tense describes actions that have been completed before other past actions. It can also describe
actions that happened in the distant past (other actions have happened since then).
When used in the simple past perfect tense, the past participle (the word that comes after "had") is often regular,
and therefore retains its simple past tense spelling. In this exercise all of the past participles requested are
regular.
Example: I / You / We / They / He / She / It (hike) had hiked some difficult trails before that trip to Canada.
1. I (study) _______ _______ extremely hard before the test was given.
2. You (pick) _______ _______ a lot of tomatoes from your garden before we had any ripe ones in ours.
3. We (expect) _______ _______ to find many vacant hotel rooms, but we only found one.
4. They (play) ______ _______ in the Super Bowl in 1990, so they were more prepared in 1995.
5. He (enjoy) _______ ______ color photography before he tried black-and-white film.

Fill in the spaces with the correct form of the verb in parentheses in simple past perfect tense. Then
indicate whether the past participle is regular or irregular.
Note: This exercise offers practice in using negatives in the simple past perfect tense.
Example: Huan (not, want) had not wanted to study chemistry last semester. (regular / irregular)

1. We (not, stand) _______ _______ _______ in the rain long before the gates were opened. (regular /
irregular)
2. Rini and Babitha (not, have) ______ ______ ______much experience with building before they started
their deck. (regular / irregular)
3. The Smiths (not, save)_______ _______ ______ enough money to pay their taxes before the deadline
arrived. (regular / irregular)
4. He and Ram (not, work) _______ _______ _______ for six months, then the company rehired them.
(regular / irregular)
5. The batter (not, swing) _______ _______ _______ at any pitches before he was hit by the ball. (regular /
irregular)

Past Perfect Progressive

Fill in the spaces with the correct form of the verb in parentheses in past perfect progressive tense.
Note: This tense describes actions which were ongoing before other past actions, or which were ongoing in the
distant past. It uses the helping verb phrase "had been" followed by the verb + "ing".
Example: I / You / We / They / He / She / It - had been watching the fish in the aquarium before the giant turtle
appeared.

1. You (talk) ______ ______ ________ to Ramya before the show began.
 2. We (think) ______ ______ ______ about buying an electric car even before the price of gas went up.
3. They (race) ______ ______ ______ cars at that track for twenty years before it closed.
4. He (drive) ______ ______ ______ too fast all afternoon before the accident happened.
5. After she died, it was discovered that she (make) ______ ______ ______ secret donations to the shelter
for years.
Note: Some of the sentences in this exercise provide practice using the negative in past perfect progressive tense.
Example: The forest (burn) had been burning for a week before the fire was put out.
Example: The firefighters (not, sleep) had not been sleeping at all until more help arrived.

1. Suma and Melinda (not, keep) _____ ______ _______ ______ good financial records before they got an
accountant to help them.
2. The owner of the cookie shop (plan) ______ ______ ______ to add two more ovens before the building
burned.
3. My family and I (live) ______ ______ ______ in the West valley before we decided to move to the
northern part of the state.
4. The peaches (not, hang) ______ ______ ______ ______ on the trees for long before the birds ate them.
5. The lake (supply) ______ ______ ______ water for the town since 1902. Now it was too polluted.

Note: In this exercise, adverbs, like still, already, usually, frequently, never, and others—are used in verbs which
are in the past perfect progressive tense.
Example: Before the horse broke his leg, he (usually, race) had usually been running two races each month.

1. The villagers (normally, carry) ______ ______ ______ ______ water for miles before the new well was
dug.
2. The gymnastics team (still, practice) ______ ______ ______ ______ hard at nine o'clock p.m.
3. When Mrs. Seema awoke at six o'clock a.m., her husband (already, milk) ______ ______ ______ ______
the cows for an hour.
4. The cat (always, scratch) ______ ______ ______ _____ holes in the furniture before Jeetu bought him a
scratching board.
5. Nitya (often, find) _______ ______ ______ ______ small shells on the beach, which she was using to
make jewelry.

Cumulative Review of the Past Tense

Fill in the spaces with the correct form of the verb in any aspect of the past tense.
Hemanth and Nisha are brother and sister. They (grow) _______ (1) up together in the Mysore. Hemanth (move)
_______ _______ (2) to the United States decades ago. Nisha and her family (visit) ___________ (3) Hemanth
and his family last year. Nisha’s family (fly) ____________ (4) from Bangalore to Detroit for the visit. Although
the children (never, meet) _______ _______ _______ (5) before, except through e-mail, the families (have)
__________ (6) a great time together.
Every day for a week, the adults and the children (play)_______ _______(7), talking, and eating together. One
day, they (cook) _______ (8) some traditional Indian recipes that (be) _______ ________(9) in the family for
generations.

Simple Future

Fill in the spaces with the correct form of the verb in parentheses in simple future tense.
Note: The simple future tense is used to express something which will happen or something which will be true in
the future. One way to form this tense is: “will” + the simple present tense form of the verb. We use “will” when
the subject is volunteering to do something in the future or deciding to do something in the future while
speaking.
Example: We (clean) will clean on Tuesday. (We just decided to clean.)
Example: (drive) Will you drive on Sunday? (A decision about driving is being made.)
1. The house is dirty. I (clean) _______ ________ it on Monday.
2. It looks like the washer is broken. I (ask) _______ _______ a repair man to come on Wednesday.
3. Okay then, our group (meet) _______ ________ on Thursday.
4. If necessary, we (carry) _______ ________ the supplies in our car Saturday.
5. John and Wes, (read) _______ you _______ to the children on Sunday?

Note: Sometimes the simple future tense is expressed using “am,” “is,” or “are” with “going to.” This form is
used when a decision has already been made to do something in the future.
Example: Governor Taylor (sign) is going to sign the new law.
Example: Stan (share) is going to share a room with Tim next year.

1. Mrs. Geetha (teach) _______ ________ ______ ________ the class next year.
2. The soldiers (march) _______ ________ _______ _______ for three hours.
3. The sorority sisters (paint) _______ ________ ______ ________ the house blue on Saturday.
4. Mom and I (rake) _______ ________ _______ _______ the yard tomorrow.
5. I (ski) _______ ________ _______ _______ in Colorado this winter.
Note: Sometimes the simple future tense is expressed by using a verb in the simple present tense form with an
adverb or adverbial phrase like tomorrow, next, later, soon, next week, etc.
Example: We (leave, leaves) leave for Venezuela next Tuesday.
Example: Yin (perform, performs) performs her piano solo next.

1. The students (finish, finishes) ________ their projects this Friday.

2. The weather is dry. This evening, we (water, waters) ________ the flowers.
3. The Queen (appear, appears) ________ in the parade tomorrow.
4. The anchor (begin, begins) ________ the show soon.
5. Next, Jyothi (dive, dives) ________ from the high platform.
Note: The sentences in this exercise use negatives (like “not”) or adverbs. Adverbs, like still, usually, sometimes,
often, and others tell us something more about the action of the verb. They are said to "modify" the verb.
Example: It is raining. I guess that I (not, take) will not take a walk now.
Example: Tracy said that she (not, date) is not going to date Ben.
Example: I (probably, wash) will probably wash the car on Tuesday.
Example: Jodie (still, work) is still going to work at the store next month. She retires in six months.

1. You are busy. Tina and I (gladly, rake) _______ ________ ________ the yard.
2. Our staff (not, attend) _____ ______ _______ _____ _______ the convention this year.
3. I ruined that piece of pottery. I (simply, make) _______ ________ _______ another one.
4. Our muscles are hurting. I guess we (not, exercise) _______ ______ _______ much today.
5. The police (probably, catch) _________ ________ ________ the bank robber.

Review of Simple Future Tense

Note: In this exercise, all three ways of forming the simple future tense are used. Watch for negatives and
adverbs, too.
Sheela (graduate) ________(1) from college next month. She is trying to study for final exams, but she is
thinking a lot about her vacation plans. She (travel) _____ _______ _______ ________(2) to England for
a month this summer. Her plane (leave) ________(3) on June 14th, and (fly) ________ (4)from Boston to
Gatwick International Airport in London. Sheela decides that she (quickly, call) _____ ________
_______(5)her mother, Reshma.

Future Progressive

Note: The future progressive tense describes actions which will be ongoing in the future. It can be formed using
either “will be” + present participle (the -ing form of the verb) or “am/is/are” + “going to be” + present
participle. Usually, in the future progressive tense, these two methods are interchangeable. Remember, that is not
true in the simple future tense.
Example: Sushma (run) will be running a marathon Saturday.
Example: Sushma (run) is going to be running a marathon Saturday.

1. Professor Bindu (teach) _______ _____ ________ Indian history next semester.
2. I (clean) _____ _______ _____ _____ ________ the house while you are doing the laundry.
3. The forecast says that it (rain) ______ _____ ________ all night.
4. Grandma (smile) _______ _____ ________ when she answers the door.
5. On Tuesday, the girls (take) _______ ________ _____ _____ ________ a taxi to the airport.

Note: Next exercise uses the future progressive tense in question format.
Example: Will you (shop) be shopping tomorrow?
Example: Is Kevin (drive) going to be driving to the restaurant?
Example: Are the teachers (meet) going to be meeting Wednesday morning?

1. The mechanic is here now. _____ he (fix) _______ _____ _____ ________ our car first?
 2. The runners need to stay in shape for the Olympics. _______ they (train) _____ ________ at the track
every day?
3. _______ you (feed) _____ ________ the dogs while Mom is in the hospital?
4. _____ Jacob (search) ________ _____ _____ ________ for a new job soon?
5. ______ the tourists (collect) _______ _____ _____ ________ shells on the beach every day?

Review of Future Progressive Tense

Fill in the spaces with the correct form of the verb in parentheses in future progressive tense.
Karthik and Tanuj (graduate) _______ ________ _____ _____ ________(1) from high
school next week. They see each other in a sporting goods store.
Tanuj: Hey, Karthik! How’s it going?
Karthik: Hi, Ty! Good, how about you?
Tanuj: Pretty good. I’m looking for a new swimsuit. I’m (work) ________ _____ _____ ________(2) as a
lifeguard at the city pool this summer.
Karthik: That’s cool. I don’t have a job yet. My mom told me that this store (hire) _____ ________ _____
_____ ________ (3) a cashier soon. I guess I will apply here.
Tanuj: Yeah, you should. Maybe you will get a discount. Plus, I bet that a lot of girls (shop) _______ _____
________(4) here this summer.
Karthik: True. I hadn’t thought of that. What hours _______(5) you (work) ________ _____ _____
________(6) at the pool?

Future Perfect

Fill in the spaces with the correct form of the verb in parentheses in future perfect tense
Note: The future perfect tense is used to describe something which will happen in the future before something
else happens. To form this tense, we use “will have” with the past participle form of the verb.
Example: By the time it starts raining, we (bring) will have brought the lawn furniture in.
Example: The bus (leave) will have left the station when Joe gets there.
Example: We can move the new computers in next week. They will have arrived on Saturday.
1. Before the store opens, the employees (prepare) _______ _______ ________ for the sale.
2. By the time the treasure hunt begins, Sowmya (hide) _______ _______ ________ all the clues.
3. The housekeeper (clean) _______ _______ ________the house when the guests arrive.
4. You can touch the walls tomorrow. The paint (dry) _______ _______ ________ by then.
5. By Tuesday, the roofers (finish) _______ _______ ________ laying the tiles.

Future Perfect Tense with Negatives

Fill in the spaces with the correct form of the verb in parentheses in future perfect tense
Note: Be sure to pay attention to word order in the following examples.

Example: The garden party is next Friday. Unfortunately, the zinnias (not, bloom) will not have bloomed by
then.
Example: Buyers cannot look at the condominiums next week. The carpenters (not, finish) will not have
finished the kitchen cabinets yet.
1. Samuel wants to drive to the beach in July, but he (not, receive) _______ _______ _______ ________ his
driver’s license yet.
2. Li Ming will need a shower when she gets home from camping. She (not, take) _______ _______
_______ ________ one for three days.
3. We don’t want to leave the pool at noon. We (not, swim) _______ _______ _______ ________ long
enough by then.
4. The runners will all need some water when they get here. They (not, drink) _______ ______ _______
________ anything for the last four miles
5. When I go to work out at the gym on Wednesday, I (not, exercise) _______ _______ _______
_________ for a week!

Future Perfect Tense in Questions

Fill in the spaces with the correct form of the verb in parentheses in future perfect tense.
Note: In this exercise, we will practice using the future perfect tense in questions. Look carefully at the word
order used in the examples.

Example: Will our luggage (arrive) have arrived by the time we get to the baggage area?
Example: Will it (snow) have snowed when we wake up tomorrow?
Example: Do you bHemaeve that species (disappear) will have disappeared by the end of the century?
Example: How many campaigns will you (work) have worked in when this one ends?

1. Do you think the prisoner (confess) _______ _______ ________ his crime when he appears in court?
2. _______ Danny (give) _______ ________ her speech by the time Andrew gives his?
3. How much rent _______ the tenants (pay)_______ _______ by the end of the year?
4. _______ Bindu (read) _______ _______ more books than Trisha by the end of the summer?
5. _______ you (finish) _______ _______ your student teaching when the semester ends?

Future Perfect Tense Review

Note: Fill in the spaces with the correct form of the verb in parentheses in future perfect tense.
Each summer for the past ten years, Sharon and Hemanth have taken their children, Hema, 17, and Rohini, 15,
on trips around the United States in their motor home. This summer will be special. When Hema and Rohini
return to school in the fall, the family (visit) _______ _______ ________(1) all fifty states. Also, for the first
time they (travel) _______ _______ ________(2) to one of the fifty states by plane instead of in the motor home.
They are going to Hawaii! On July 12, they will fly from Denver to Los Angeles to catch their connecting flight
to Hawaii. When they arrive in Los Angeles, they (spend) _______ _______ _______(4) two hours and twenty-
three minutes in the air. After a layover, they will fly to Honolulu. That leg of the trip will be longer. When it
ends, it (take) _______ _______ _______(5) five hours and forty-five minutes.

Future Perfect Progressive

Note: The future perfect progressive tense is used to describe future actions which will happen before a specific
future time. To form this tense, we use “will have been” with the present participle (-ing form) of the verb.
Example: The Vice President (travel) will have been traveling overseas for three weeks when he returns.
Example: By July, Gina (run) will have been running her new business for a year.
1. This spring, the twins (attend) _______ _______ _______ _________ culinary school for two years.
2. By 2012, our city (recover) _______ _______ _______ _________ from the hurricane for ten years.
3. When it closes next week, the furniture store (do) _______ _______ _______ ________ business since
1910.
4. By tomorrow morning, it (snow) _______ _______ _______ _______ for four days without stopping!
5. Aunt Jane (cook) _______ _______ _______ _________ breakfast for about an hour when we get up.

Future Perfect Progressive Tense in Questions

Fill in the spaces with the correct form of the verb in parentheses in future perfect progressive tense.
Note: Pay careful attention to word order in the following examples.
Example: How long will you (work) have been working by five o’clock?
Example: Will you (wait) have been waiting long when our plane arrives?

1. How many miles _______ Bruce (drive) _______ _______ ________ when he reaches Columbia?
2. _______ the cake (bake) _______ _______ ________ long enough by two o’clock?
3. _______ you (sleep) _______ _______ ________ long enough if I wake you at 6:00 a.m.?
4. How long _______ we (shop) _______ _______ ________ by the time we leave the mall?
5. How many years _______ Mrs. Grant (work) _______ _______ _________ for this company when she
starts her new job?

Review of Future Perfect Progressive Tense

When Anand turns fifty years old this year, he (ride) _______ _______ ______ ________(1) a bicycle for 45
years.
Sometimes people ask Anand to explain why he likes biking so much that he rides his bike to work. “I’m not
sure,” he says. “In a car, I don’t get to feel the wind or the sun on my face. It’s like I’m inside instead of outside.
If I drive a car, I (sit) _______ _______ _______ ________(2) in a little room on wheels when I get to work, and
then I will spend my workday inside a room, too.”
Because he enjoys biking so much, Anand started a cycling club 23 years ago. The club named itself “Proud
Peddlers.” In a couple of years, he (bike) _______ _______ _______ ________(3) with the club for 25 years.
The first bikers who joined the club were from the company where Anand works. Anand had been hired the
previous year. This next year, He (work) _______ _______ _______ ________(4) for the company for 24 years.
Proud Peddlers has lobbied to get their city to build more bicycle paths. The members have spoken often at city
council meetings, asking that the council members use some money for path-building projects. They have been
successful. The city (build) _______ _______ _______ ________(5) bike paths for 15 years when it opens a new
path that borders a lake later this month. In all, 47 miles of bike paths have been constructed in the city since
Proud Peddlers began.

Additional Exercises
Fill in the Blanks with appropriate verbs in tense:
1. My mother (buy) vegetables from the super market nearby.
2. Normally he (walk) very fast.
 3. She (dance) gracefully.
4. I (visit) my friend tomorrow.
5. The cake (smell) sweet.

Complete the following by filling in the blanks with correct tense forms of the verbs given in brackets.
Abdul Kalam (born) in a Tamil Muslim family on 15th October 1931. His birthplace
(be)Rameshwaram in Ramnad district of Madras presidency under British India. This place is presently in
Ramanathapuram District, Tamil Nadu.
He (be) a mediocre student at school and he had average grades, though he used to be highly appreciated
for his will to study. He (complete) his school education from Schwartz higher secondary school at
Ramanathapuram. After that he (study) his Bsc Degree education from Saint Joseph College in
Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu. He had his major in Physics. He finally (graduate) from college in the year
1954. Then he (move) to Madras in 1955 to study aerospace engineering in Madras Institute of
Technology.
Resources for Students:
E-Resources/Videos:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z19NAX_gWxI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=47LEelX7nhg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d0wV9EC3t14
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_4WvhaauLj8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=84jVz0D-KkY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=h0QffGRB_TI&list=PL6zKLAqTq5pciF5ttxlWQybNvUCxPAUWL&index=16
https://elt.oup.com/student/solutions/int/grammar/?cc=global&selLanguage=en
https://elt.oup.com/student/solutions/int/grammar/grammar_02_012e?cc=global&selLanguage=en
https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/grammar/intermediate-to-upper-intermediate/past-perfect
https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/english-grammar-reference/present-tense

“WH” QUESTIONS
Framing a Question
The subject in sentences generally precedes the verb but in questions the auxiliary verb comes before the subject.
If there is no auxiliary verb in the interrogative a dummy auxiliary do/ does/ did is inserted in the question.

Sentences Questions
 We have bought a few computers Have you bought a few computers?
The software was already tested Was the software already tested?
I live in London Where do you live?
I bought the computers from Korea Where did you buy the computer?

Question to be classified into two categories

1. Yes or No questions
2. Wh- questions
3. Subject / Object questions
4. Wh – questions with Prepositions
5. Negative questions
6. Tag questions

4. Yes or No Questions
These questions are meant for eliciting information. They begin with auxiliary verbs with the form be or have
or a model verb e.g. may, can, will
Auxiliary Verb Subject Main Verb
Is He happy?
Has He Resigned?
Could I use your phone?
Does He play cricket?

Yes or No questions have other functions. The following are some examples of their different uses.
Functions Examples
Inviting Would you like to attend the party?
Yes, I would like to
Asking permission May I sit here?
Yes, of course
Making suggestions Shall we have lunch in this hotel?
Yes, we will
Offering Can I carry your bag?
No, it’s ok, thanks
Requesting The Director is busy. Could you wait for some time?
Don’t worry. I will

Short Answers
It is rather impolite to answer this type of questions with a simple yes or no. We often use a short answer. A
positive short answer in the form of yes +a pronoun+ an auxiliary.
The negative short answer is no+ pronoun + an auxiliary + n’t.
Is he in the office? Yes, he is No, he isn’t
Has he brought a computer? Yes, he has No, he hasn’t
Do you like classical music? Yes, I do No, I don’t
Does the train run late? Yes, it does No, it doesn’t
Will I need your help? Yes, you will No, you won’t

5. Wh – Question
Wh- questions begin with question, words like which what, who, where, when, why, how, and whose. They are
in the form.
Question word + an auxiliary verb + subject.
The auxiliary verb is to be or have or a modal verb.
Question word Auxiliary Subject
Where Can I find the key?
When Is he returning?
How Do you spend your time?
How often Do You see movies in a week?
What kind of Food Do you eat it night?

6. Subject or Object Questions

The word order is the same as Wh- questions.
Subject Object
Who met you? Who did you meet?
(someone met you) (you met someone)
Who was talking to you? Who were you talking to?
(Someone was talking to you) (you were talking to someone)

7. Wh- Questions With Preposition

The preposition normally follows the verb. In formal English- the preposition occurs before the question word.
1. Who are you looking for?
2. What are you worrying about?
3. In which place is the computer available?
 4. From whom did you get this instrument?

 Questions with Prepositions at the End of the Clause

1. Who are you waiting for?
2. Who are they with?
3. Who did you sit with at the meeting?
4. What are you working on?
5. What are you looking at?
6. What was the meeting about?
7. Where is she from?
8. Where did this come from?
9. Which school did you go to?
10. Which restaurant should we eat at?
11. Which candidate are they going to vote for?
12. Whose house did they go to?
13. Whose problems were they talking about?
14. Whose party were they at last night?

8. Negative Questions
We form negative questions by adding n’t after the auxiliary. A negative question conveys an affirmative
meaning.
Who doesn’t enjoying music? (everyone enjoys the music)
Can’t you sit down? I can’t see the speaker (you can easily sit down)
Haven’t you typed the letter yet? Yes, I did it yesterday
Why didn’t you book the ticket? You should have done it

Compound Words
Joining two or more small words together to make a new larger one is how compound words
are made.

Three types of compound word

When compound words have spaces between them they are called open compound nouns:
child care, work day, and time saver.

When compound words are joined with no space they are called closed compound words:
skateboard, football and airport.

When compound words are joined by a hyphen they are called hyphenated compound words.
well-respected (adjective), son-in-law (noun), and life-size (adjective).

Sometimes the same two words can be used to make different compounds:

Open Compound Words

An open compound word is created in cases when the modifying adjective is used with its
noun to create a new noun. This isn’t quite the same as a noun with a modifying adjective. We
just use a space between the adjective and the noun, so sometimes it can be hard to identify as
a compound; however, if the two words are commonly used together, it’s considered to be a
compound word.
 living room
full moon
real estate
dinner table
coffee mug

When adverbs ending in -ly combine with another word, the resulting compound is always
spelled as two separate words.

Example :largely irrelevant

Example: newly formed

Closed Compound Words

Closed compound words look like one word. At one point, these words weren’t used together,
but they’re now accepted as a “real word” in the English language. Closed compound words
are usually made up of only two words. Here are some closed compound examples.

notebook
Superma
n
waistcoat
bookstore
fireman

The English language is always evolving, and when words become used more frequently, they
are often eventually written as one word. When the Internet first began, for example, we talked
about going on-line. Now that this is a daily experience for most of us, the spelling online has
become commonly accepted.

Hyphenated Compound Words

There are a great many grammar rules regarding hyphens in compound words. One important
rule of thumb to remember is that in most cases, a compound adjective is hyphenated if
placed before the noun it modifies, but not if placed after the noun.

a long-term solution
an up-to-date user guide

But…

This is not a good solution for the long

term. This user guide is not up to date.
 This is just one of many rules concerning hyphens in compound words and it is often necessary
to consult the dictionary to determine whether these terms should be hyphenated or not.

Compound nouns

We usually make compound nouns with a noun + noun, with a verb (or a word made from a
verb) + noun, or with an adjective + noun:

noun + noun: earphones verb -ing form + noun: parking ticket

verb base form + noun: rescue team adjective + noun: blackboard

The usual spoken stress pattern is with stress on the first item (earphones, blackboard).

In a compound noun, we can combine different elements. These include:

1. subject + verb: earache (an ear that aches), rainfall (rain that falls)
2. verb + subject: cleaning products (products that clean)
3. verb + object: know-all (person who thinks they know everything)
4. object + verb: shoe-polish (polishes shoes), dishwasher (washes dishes)

Compound adjectives

Compound adjectives most commonly end in an adjective (e.g. homesick), or in an -ing or -ed
adjective form (e.g. ground-breaking, short-sighted).

Compound verbs

Compound verbs are far less common than compound nouns or adjectives. They can be made
by making a verb from another word class, normally from an already existing compound noun
(e.g. a daydream – to daydream).

Writing compound words

Sometimes compound words are written separately (nail polish), sometimes with a hyphen
(short-sighted) and sometimes as one word (eyelashes). Often new compounds are written as
two separate words and, as they become more familiar, they are either connected with a
hyphen (-) or made into one word.

There are some general rules and guidelines for when to use hyphens:

 when there is a prefix (e.g. post-war, pre-lunch, self-interest, semi-skilled)

 when a compound adjective comes before a head noun (e.g. a well-known singer,
an angry-sounding email)
  when the pre-head item in a compound is a single capital letter (e.g. U-turn, X-ray, D-
day)

 when words are difficult to recognise as compounds and could be confused

The band has decided to re-form. (form again)

The Government promise to reform the health system. (improve)

 when compound adjectives containing numbers appear before a noun

A twenty-two-year-old cyclist won the race.

From here to Tokyo, that’s a twelve-hour flight at least.

If you’re not sure about whether to use a hyphen, a good dictionary will tell you.

Compound Word List 1

lifetime elsewhere upside Grandmother

cannot baseball fireworks Passport
together become became Sunflower
crosswalk basketball sweetmeat Superstructure
moonlight football railroad Rattlesnake
anybody weatherman throwback Skateboard
meantime earthquake everything Herein
sometimes also backward Schoolhouse
butterflies upstream nowhere Bypass
fireflies because somewhere Spearmint
something another somewhat Airport
anyone today himself Grasshopper
inside themselves playthings Footprints
therefore uplift supergiant Homemade
without backbone scapegoat Peppermint
 Compound Word List 2

Eyeballs longhouse forget Afternoon

Southwest northeast alongside Meanwhile
Keyboard whatever blacksmith Diskdrive
Herself nobody seashore Nearby
Silversmith watchmaker subway Horseback
Itself headquarters sandstone Limestone
Underground glassmaking riverbanks Touchdown
Honeymoon bootstrap toothpick Toothpaste
Dishwasher household township Shadyside
Popcorn airplane pickup housekeeper
Bookcase babysitter saucepan Lukewarm
Bluefish hamburger honeydew Raincheck
thunderstorm spokesperson widespread Weekend
Hometown commonplace moreover Pacemaker

Compound Word List 3

Supermarket supermen supernatural superpower
Somebody someday somehow someone
Anymore anyplace anytime anyway
Backhand watchdog backlog backpack
Backstage waterfall backtrack noisemaker
Underage underbelly underbid undercharge
Bookworm bookstore bookshelf bookend
Superscript supersonic superstar supersensitive
Bookkeeper bookmark bookmobile Forgive
Forklift format fortnight honeycomb
Honeysuckle honeybee keyhole keynote
Keyway keyword lifeblood lifeboat
Lifeguard lifelike lifeline lifelong
Forefinger forefather forehand forehead
Compound Word List 4
 onetime supercargo supercharge overabundance
backside backslap backspace backspin
undercut underdevelop underdog underestimate
superstrong supertanker superweapon superwoman
underexpose underfoot however eyesight
airfield sidekick crossover sunbathe
anywhere anyhow backache backbite
backbreaker backdrop backfire background
textbook underachieve underact underarm
keypad keypunch keystone keystroke
upstairs softball uptight upstate
supercool superego superfine superhero
foreleg foreman foresee oneself

Compound Word List 5

washroom blackbird blackboard blackberries

upend blacktop whitecap whitefish
whitewall whitewash friendship pancake
daytime upbringing upbeat upcoming
repairman firefighter standby bedroom
blackjack blacklist blackmail blackout
uphill waterline upkeep upland
firehouse teenager carpool bellbottom
ballroom brainchild pinstripe bodywork
upward upwind upturn storerooms
deadline rainbow watermelon waterway
daybreak daybook daydream daylight
update upgrade upheaval upheld

Compound Word List 6

upload washstand upon upperclassman

lifesaver forearm forbearer forbid
carhop carload carport carpetbagger
wastepaper upshot uplink upstage
newspaper grandchild grandparent grandchildren
fishpond fishtail hookup eyecatching
 taxicab taxpayer teacup teamwork
uppercut uppercase uppermost uprising
newsreel newsstand newsworthy granddaughter
grandfather grandmaster grandaunt grandnephew
upright uproar uproot upstart
grandnieces grandson grandstand granduncle
boldface bankbook bankroll dishcloth
dishpan dishwater cardboard carefree

Compound Word List 7

caretaker carsick carfare cargo

uptake upthrust newsroom uptime
carryall cartwheel wheelbase wheelbarrow
washcloth fishlike waterproof fishnet
newsdealer watershed newsman snowdrift
intake courtyard overflow cornmeal
underclothes overcoat undercover undercurrent
takeover talebearer taleteller tapeworm
superhuman wasteland superman superhighways
afterlife setback overland highway
mainland caveman drawbridge lifework
firebomb someplace passbook passkey
airtime firecracker sidewalk fireball
allover notebook throwaway fireproof
buttermilk footnote moonbeam Sunday

Compound Word List 8

handmade candlelight firearm airline

crossbow sideshow software sunfish
moonstruck rattletrap weatherproof earthworm
schoolboy sweetheart butternut hereafter
playback foothill eyelid southeast
horseplay headache blueprint raindrop
weekday hammerhead foreclose foreclosure
slowdown skyscraper motherhood fatherland
forecast highball forebear mainline
slumlord snowball snakeskin soundproof
firebreak aircraft crosscut railway
earthward buttercup allspice noteworthy
playboy footlocker handgun horsepower
rainstorm bluegrass cheeseburger weeknight
headlight bedrock standoff commonwealth

Compound Word List 9

cancan fireboat airlift Passover

crossbreed sideburns sunbaked moonshine

schoolbook hereby playhouse butterfingers

footlights handbook backslide eyelash

steamship headline spillway houseboat

longhand horsehair standpipe whatsoever

foresight soybean bookseller blueberry

cheesecake raincoat thunderbolt standpoint

bedroll cardsharp bellboy brainwash

bodyguard pinhole ponytail newsboy

careworn duckpin duckbill hookworm

courthouse afterimage highchair mothball

sixfold skintight skylight slapstick

snowbank standout handout eyeglasses

footrest stepson stockroom stonewall

 Compound Word List 10

sailboat watchword timesaving timeshare

salesclerk showoff sharecropper sheepskin

candlestick newsbreak newscaster newsprint

butterscotch turnabout turnaround turnbuckle

eyewitness starfish stagehand spacewalk

shoemaker turndown turnkey turnoff

horsefly comedown comeback cabdriver

bluebird tablespoon tabletop tableware

stoplight sunlit sandlot snowbird

bluebell wheelhouse fishhook fishbowl

stronghold tailgate taillight taillike

pinup tailspin takeoff takeout

bellhop taproot target taskmaster

steamboat dairymaid teaspoon daisywheel

pinwheel telltale tenderfoot tenfold

Compound Word List # 11

timekeeper watchword timesaving timeshare

shoelace showoff sharecropper sheepskin

newfound newsbreak newscaster newsprint

timetable turnabout turnaround turnbuckle

sharpshooter starfish stagehand spacewalk

turncoat turndown turnkey turnoff

aboveboard comedown comeback cabdriver

tablecloth tablespoon tabletop tableware

sundial sunlit sandlot snowbird

wheelchair wheelhouse fishhook fishbowl

tagalong tailgate taillight taillike

tailpiece tailspin takeoff takeout

taproom taproot target taskmaster

teammate dairymaid teaspoon daisywheel

showplace telltale tenderfoot tenfold

1. Fill the following sentences with the compounds words given in the brackets.

(Fireworks, earthquake, moonlight, crosswalk, night sky, Ice-cream, Post-office, half-sister,

tonight, Mother-in-law, merry-go-round, over-the-counter)

1. I love the on the day of Diwali.

2. Make sure you hold hands when you come to the .
3. The ocean was bathed in .
4. Did you hear amount the terrible ?
5. The fireflies buzzed in the .
6. is my favorite dessert.
7. The line at the snaked all the way out the door and around the corner
8. Rhonda is my .
9. There must be a full moon out .
10. My is coming for a visit.
11. The at the carnival thrilled Ella.
12. Some drugs can have serious side effects.
Exercise 2

Which of the words given below can be placed after the word given in Green color to form a
compound word :

1. white
a) worm b) wash ) way d) print
c
2. home
a) made b) wash ) line d) white
c
3. World
a) ball b) way ) wide d) cube
c
4. tear
a) heart b) side ) hand d) filled

5. life c
a) step b) long ) through d) hand

6. pass c
a) word b) learn ) print d) room

7. every c
a) fast b) eat ) air d) where

8. over c
a) light b) throw ) walk d) side

9. child c
a) hand b) proof ) hood d) mark

10. baby c
a) sheet b) time ) bottle d) sit

c
Exercise 3

(Walking stick, water table, over hauled, bread winner, over come, earth quake, Eve-teasing,
steering wheel, blood shed, Tape-recorders, Foot ball, Kitchen garden, Black boards, Child
window hood, child marriage, lifelong, eyesight, birth place, gateway, air brake, birth right,
over-heard, low born, air-crew, chain reaction, school boy, air-ride, over head, all-clear, small-
towns, weather conditions, party leadership, land slides, New fangled)
1. Even a straight---------has a crooked end
2. As the family lost the sole , they were shocked
3. The _----------in Amazan river basin has gone down
4. The -------- for the examination will be announced next week
5. The new boss _--------the existing pattern of work
6. I _-----------_some abusive remarks but ignored them
7. You can any challenge in life if you have hope
8. The shook the whole of Asia
9. My school is at a--------_ from my home
10. I hate----------_even for a holy sacrifice
11------------lovers often end up in violence
12. There are many flower plants in my -----------
13. have become obsolete after the advent of DVD players
14. _-------------still dominate class room teachin in India
15. Gandhi’s - has become a holy spot now.
16. A woman is a _-----------_of souls
17. is God’s gift to us
18. Drive slowly since your car has
19---------------is an offence
20. Don’t be a devil behind the
21. Education is every one’s _-------------_ in England
22------------is an offence
23. is a cruel thing
24. Now a days educated women do not have
25. Learning is a--------------journey
26. Education can elevate a child to the highest office in the world
27. The _-------------_ was disturbed by a strange signal in the radar
28. A bird flew
29. The did not deter the Japanese from doing their routine work
30. As the engine driver received _ ---------- signal, he started the train
31. If are conducive, Paris will get more rains
32. Real estate business is picking up even in
33. decided to ask the controversial minister to resign
34. Do not your inner desire to give others what they deserve
35. Some------------people involve in anti-social activities
36. The caused by the atom bomb was horrible
 37. A -------- believes that the world goes round him
38--------------people feel at home using computer
39. _------------ideas of the youngesters on fashion irritate old people
40. The _-----------threatened the trekkers

Phrasal Verbs

Definition: A phrasal verb is a combination of a verb and one or more prepositions. The
defining characteristic of a Phrasal verb is its specialised meaning; it is not a simple union of the
meanings of the verb and the preposition. Look at the examples given below:

Give in means to ‘Surrender’

Set out means ‘to start (a journey)

Put up with means ‘to tolerate/suffer
The preposition in a phrasal verb is also called a particle sometimes.
Phrasal Verbs: Position of Object
I. Verb + preposition is always transitive. In this construction a noun(object) is usually
placed after the preposition, not between the verb and the preposition:
1. She is looking after the children well. (not looking the children after)
2. You can count on my help. (not, count my help on)
II. However, if the object is a pronoun, it has to come between the verb and the particle:
1. He will back me up. (not, back up me)
2. She put it off. (not, put off it)
III. A Phrasal verb can be intransitive as well:
IV. Their wedding comes off next

week. Phrasal verbs: Examples and

Meanings

There is now an increasing tendency to replace a single-word by a phrasal verb, particularly in

speech. It is even considered as a mark of the user’s higher proficiency of the language. The
only way one can master the use of phrasal verbs is by extensive reading, there is no way one
can guess the meaning of a phrasal verbs.
Here are few specimens of the more frequent ones:
Phrasal Verb Meaning

Account for give reason/explanation for some action

Agree with Suit one’s health

Answer for be responsible for something

Ask after(someone) inquire about someone’s health /well being

Back out withdraw from a promised support/ help/

obligation
Back up Support someone/something
Bank on Rely on someone/something

Be at aim at getting something

Be back Return home

Be for Be in favour of
Be with support someone

Bear out(someone) Support someone

Bear out (something) Confirm something

Blow up Destroy something by explosion
Fill with air/gas
Enlarge a photograph
Exaggerate something
Break down Stop functioning due to mechanical fault
Discontinue

Lose emotional control due to shock etc.

Collapse due to bad health/weakness etc
Hand in give something by hand
Hand out distribute something

Hand over Transfer power/authority to someone

Hold on Wait
Hold up Stop by force

Let in allow someone

Look into Investigate

Look on Consider

Look out Be watchful

Make out Understand something clearly

Make off Escape/Steal something

Make over transfer something to someone

Make up Invent a story

Pull down Demolish a building

Pull up Stop/halt( of a vehicle)

Put down Crush an agitation/rebellion

Put off postpone an action

Put on dress oneself

Put out extinguish light/fire

See to attend to something

Set in begin

Set off Start a series of actions/events

Set out begin a journey

Stand by support

Stand for represent something

Take after have a similar appearance

Take in fool, deceive someone

Take off leave the ground

Take over Assume control

Turn in go to bed
Turn into convert something into something else
Turn on switch on

Turn off switch off

Turn up arrive at a place

Wait on serve someone

Work out device a method

Work up excite someone

Write off delete something

Write out write in full

I. Complete the sentences using the words given below.

passed away, do without, look forward to, called off, made up, carried away, break out, run out,
put up with, keep up.

1. Don't smoke in the forest. Fires easily at this time of the year.
2. I seeing my friends again.
3. I'm afraid; we have of apple juice. Will an orange juice do?
4. Your website has helped me a lot to the good work.
5. A friend of mine has her wedding.
6. His mother can't his terrible behavior anymore.
7. As an excuse for being late, she a whole story.
8. I got by his enthusiasm.
9. I just cannot my mobile. I always keep it with me.
10. she was very sad because her father last week.

II. Complete the phrasal verbs with the correct particles.

1. I don't know where my book is. I must look it.

2. Fill the form, please.
3. The music is too loud. Could you turn the volume, please?
4. Quick, get the bus or you'll have to walk home.
5. Turn the lights when you go to bed.
6. Do you mind if I switch the TV? I'd like to watch the news.
7. The dinner was ruined. I had to throw it .
8. When you enter the house, take your shoes and put your slippers.
9. If you don't know this word, you can look it in a dictionary.
 III. Complete the phrasal verbs according to their meanings in brackets.

1. your shoes. (Remove)

2. Somebody has to the baby. (Take care of)
3. She wants to the truth? (Discover)
4. Where can I !". the sweater? (See if it fits)
5. . (Be quick)
6. Why don't you ? (Take a seat)
7. I will the train now. (Enter)
8. the word in a dictionary. (Consult a dictionary)
9. I want to the form. (Complete)
10. The firemen the fire. (Extinguish)

IV. Complete the following sentences using the words given in the brackets.
(Called for, Call in, Called on, Call up, brought about, bring out, brought up,
come about, came up, well off, cried out, gave way)

1. The teacher an explanation of his conduct.

2. the doctor immediately.
3. Julie us yesterday.
4. My grandfather cannot past events.
5. His arrogance his ruin.
6. The publishers are planning to a cheap edition of their new dictionary.
7. She the orphan as her own child.
8. How did these things ?
9. The question before the municipal corporation last week.
10. He seems to be .
11. They against the gross injustice meted out to them.
12. The rope while they were hauling up the pillar.

RECOMMENDATIONS
Recommendations are commonly used in technical and general areas. One can offer one’s recommendations
to the users. This will help them for the maintenance of something, for observing certain precautionary
measures and so on. This task of writing recommendations is very essential for technocrats who have to offer
their valuable guidelines frequently to carry out tasks effectively.
Some useful expressions for making recommendations are as follows:
1. May I suggest?
 2. It is recommended
3. It is suggested
4. It is advised
5. It is important
6. It is necessary to
7. It is imperative
8. You should
9. It would likely to be
10. Need to be/have to be etc.
Examples:
1. Write a set of eight recommendations to a group of students from Europe who have come to spend
their one month vacation in India.
1. Visa should be confirmed for the period of stay in India.
2. Passport, Visa and air tickets should be kept safely.
3. Try to arrange accommodation in a star hotel which will have all facilities.
4. You ought to get a travel guide while going for sightseeing.
5. The climate in India would be hot and so you have to bring cotton clothes to wear.
6. While taking food, care must be taken since fast food may cause problems.
7. Fresh juices and fruits can be taken frequently for the hot weather.
8. Avoid getting from roadside shops.
2. Set of recommendations to control noise pollution.
1. There should be restrictions on the volume and pitch of loudspeakers, especially at night the use of
loud speakers.
2. Election meetings and processions should not be permitted near educational institutions and
hospitals as they are often noisy.
3. Every vehicle must have a silencer to absorb noise.
4. People should not live in the neighbourhood of airports. They should live outside the range of the
airport din.
5. Industrial units should be established away from residential areas.
6. The use of shrill pressure horns should not be permitted.
 7. The use of fire- crackers especially high-sounding ‘bombs” should be stopped.
8. Trees and shrubs should be planted in front of buildings to absorb sound. Roadside plantations are
also needed for this purpose.
9. Government should pass the “Noise Pollution Control act” to check noise pollution.
10. People should be educated through the mass media about noise pollution.
11. Noise producing vehicles should be put out of use.
12. Silence zones should be observed where there are educational institutions, hospitals etc.
3. Recommendations to control air pollution.
1. Air pollution can be controlled by keeping the factories and miles away from residential areas.
2. People should be educated about the importance of preservation of our health and protection of
plant and animal life.
3. Planting of trees helps in keeping the air clean.
4. Pollution from industry and power generation can be controlled by electrostatic precipitators which
reduce smoke and dust.
5. Gaseous pollutants of industry and power station can be removed by differential solubility of gases
in water.
6. Technology for control and emission needs to be adopted for all types of vehicles using petrol or
diesel.
7. A substitute to diesel should be found.
8. Licenses to polluting industries should be revoked.
9. Emission standards should be enforced.
10. Rules and regulations should be framed to effectively control air pollution.
4. Recommendations to save water
1. A hotel could save water by using paper plates and napkins to avoid using water for cleaning.
2. We should use a device which will detect wastage of water and cut off water to the sources of
wastage.
3. When we don’t need water, we should turn the tap off and not leave it running.
4. We should see to it that the water –pipe is not leaking.
5. More and more dams should be constructed to store water.
 6. There should be roof –top rain water harvesting to recharge the underground table through
existing wells or bore-wells or by constructing new wells, bore-wells, shafts or spreading basins.
7. We should capture and recharge city storm water run-off through wells, shafts and storm water
drains.
8. We should capture and recharge city storm water run-off through wells, shafts and storms water
drains.
5. Recommendations for road safety.
1. You should walk on the pavement or keep to the extreme left of the road. Walking in the middle of the
road could be risky.
2. Where there are subways you should use them. Though long, they are absolutely safe.
3. You should not ignore traffic signals as they are meant for your safety.
4. If you wish to walk across the road, do so only all the Zebra crossing or when the traffic constable signals
to you cross.
5. You should avoid using the cell phones while walking along the road.
6. As a pedestrian you should be familiar with the rule of the road and traffic signals.
7. When you see a vehicle approaching, better stop and let it go. After all, wheels move faster than legs.
8. You should avoid crossing suddenly and you should not walk on road dividers.

E-Sources:
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-vector/children-crossing-road-against-city-skyline-763281601
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/465630048954460204/
https://www.dreamstime.com/save-water-wooden-sign-garden-white-spring-flower-save-water-wooden-sign-
image113880877
Review Exercises
1. Write a set of eight recommendations to control water pollution.
2. Write a set of eight recommendations that will help the public to save petrol.
3. Write a set of eight recommendations to prevent deforestation.
4. Write a set of eight recommendations for the proper maintenance of two wheelers.
5. Write a set of eight recommendations to maintain a car in good condition.
 UNIT - 3
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Conditional sentences are statements discussing known factors or hypothetical situations and their

consequences. Complete conditional sentences contain a conditional clause (often referred to as the if-clause)

and the consequence. Consider the following sentences:

If a certain condition is true, then a particular result happens.

I would travel around the world if I won the lottery.
When water reaches 100 degrees, it boils.

There are four different types of conditional sentences in English. Each expresses a different degree of

probability that a situation will occur or would have occurred under certain circumstances.

 Zero Conditional Sentences

 First Conditional Sentences

 Second Conditional Sentences

 Third Conditional Sentences

Let’s look at each of these different types of conditional sentences in more detail.

Zero Conditional Sentences

Zero conditional sentences express general truths—a situation in which one thing always causes another. When

you use a zero conditional, you’re talking about a general truth rather than a specific instance of something.

Consider the following examples:

If you don’t brush your teeth, you get cavities.

When people smoke cigarettes, their health suffers.

There are a couple of things to take note of in the above sentences in which the zero conditional is used. First,

when using the zero conditional, the correct tense to use in both clauses is the simple present tense. A

common mistake is to use the simple future tense.

When people smoke cigarettes, their health will suffer. (Incorrect)

Secondly, notice that the words if and when can be used interchangeably in these zero conditional sentences. This

is because the outcome will always be the same, so it doesn’t matter “if” or “when” are interchanged.

How to Use First Conditional Sentences

First conditional sentences are used to express situations in which the outcome is likely (but not guaranteed) to

happen in the future. Look at the examples below:

If you rest, you will feel better.

If you set your mind to a goal, you’ll eventually achieve it.

Note that we use the simple present tense in the if-clause and simple future tense in the main clause—that is, the

clause that expresses the likely outcome. This is how we indicate that under a certain condition (as expressed in

the if-clause), a specific result will likely happen in the future. Examine some of the common mistakes people

make using the first conditional structure:

If you will rest, you will feel better. (incorrect)

If you will set your mind to a goal, you’ll eventually achieve it. (incorrect)

Explanation: Use the simple present tense in the if-clause.

If you set your mind to a goal, you eventually achieve it.

If you set your mind to a goal, you’ll eventually achieve it.

Explanation: Use the zero conditional (i.e., simple present + simple present) only when a certain result is

guaranteed. If the result is likely, use the first conditional (i.e., simple present + simple future).

Second Conditional Sentences

Second conditional sentences are useful for expressing outcomes that are completely unrealistic or not likely to

happen in the future. Consider the examples below:

If I inherited a billion dollars, I would travel to the moon.

If I owned a zoo, I might let people interact with the animals more.

Notice the correct way to structure second conditional sentences is to use the simple past tense in the if-clause

and an auxiliary modal verb (e.g., could, should, would, might) in the main clause (the one that expresses the
unrealistic or unlikely outcome). The following sentences illustrate a couple of the common mistakes people

make when using the second conditional:

If I inherit a billion dollars, I would travel to the moon. (Incorrect)

Explanation: Use a modal auxiliary verb in the main clause when using the second conditional mood to express

the unlikelihood that the result will actually happen.

Third Conditional Sentences

Third conditional sentences are used to explain that present circumstances would be different if something

different had happened in the past. Look at the following examples:

If you had told me you needed a ride, I would have left earlier.
If I had cleaned the house, I could have gone to the movies.

These sentences express a condition that was likely enough, but did not actually happen in the past. The speaker

in the first sentence was capable of leaving early, but did not. Along these same lines, the speaker in the second

sentence was capable of cleaning the house, but did not. These are all conditions that were likely, but regrettably

did not happen.

Note that when using the third conditional, we use the past perfect (i.e., had + past participle) in the if-clause.

The modal auxiliary (would, could, should, etc.) + have + past participle in the main clause expresses the

theoretical situation that could have happened.

Consider this common mistake when applying the third conditional:

If you would have told me you needed a ride, I would have left earlier.(incorrect)

Explanation: With third conditional sentences, do not use a modal auxiliary verb in the if-clause.

If I had cleaned the house, I could go to the movies.(incorrect)

If I had cleaned the house, I could have gone to the movies.(correct)

Explanation: The third conditional mood expresses a situation that could have only happened in the past if a

certain condition had been met. That’s why we use the modal auxiliary verb + have + the past participle.
Note:

• We have to focus on verb tense using different conditional modes.

• Focus on punctuation marks

• While discussion on hypothetical factor focus on their relevant consequences.

Video :

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PiBLQfNb8RQ&feature=youtu.be

E-Resources:

https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verbs-conditional.htm

https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/grammar/intermediate-to-upper-intermediate/conditionals-1

https://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/grammar/intermediate-grammar/conditionals

https://www.ef.com/wwen/english-resources/english-grammar/zero-conditional/

Review Exercises

Complete the following Conditional Sentences Type I.

1) If you (go) _________out with your friends tonight, I (watch) _______ the football match on TV.
2) I (earn) __________ a lot of money if I (get) __________that job.
3) If she (hurry / not), __________we (miss) the bus.

4) If he (try) _____ harder, he (reach) ______ his goals.

5) I (buy)_________ these shoes if they (fit) __________me.

6) If we (listen) __________ to the radio, we (hear) __________ the news.

7) If you (switch) __________ on the lights, you (fall / not)__________ over the chair.

Complete the Conditional Sentences with the correct form (Type I, II or III).

1. If I ________________stronger, I'd help you carry the piano. (am, will be, were, had been, would be,
would have been)
2. If we'd seen you, we ________________ (stop, will stop, stopped, had stopped, would stop, would have
stopped).
3. If we ____________ him tomorrow, we'll say hello. (meet, will meet, met, had met, would meet, would
have met)
4. He would have repaired the car himself if he _____________the tools. (has, will have, had, had had,
would have, would have had)
5. If you drop the vase, it ___________ (breaks, will break, broke, had broken, would break, would have
broken)
6. If I hadn't studied, I __________ the exam. (do not pass, will not pass, did not pass, had not passed,
would not pass, would not have passed)
7. I wouldn't have gone to school by bus if I ___________a driving license. (have, will have, had, had had,
would have, would have had)
8. If she ______________him every day, she'd be lovesick. (doesn't see, won't see, hadn't seen, didn't see,
wouldn't see, wouldn't have seen)

HOMONYMS

Homonyms are the words which are similar in form and sound but have different meanings. While homophones
are alike in sound but different in spellings, homonyms have the same spellings as well as the same sound. A
homonym is a single word (with one spelling) that has more than one meaning. An example of a homonym is
the word “bear.”

The context in which the word is being used helps us to grasp the correct meaning. The same word can be used
as different parts of speech, but in sentence, the grammatical status of a word is determined by the syntax, and
that tells us which of the meanings of a homonym is to be taken. For example:

a. A brook flowed near the village. ( Noun)

b. I cannot brook his haughtiness. (verb)

a. Women should have equal rights in our society.

b. Take a right turn and you will find the library.

a. Bear is a wild animal.

b. You have to bear the pain of hard work.

a. She is still thinking about joining the Yoga classes.

b. I like still photography.

a. I will return your book by Monday.

b. They have booked tickets for the match.

 List of the homonyms:

Air Arch Bark Bat Base Bay Beetle Bear Boot Date

Drill Fair Last Lie Lime Low March Race Rail Mail

Blow Bar Box Case Count Cricket Can Desert Die Dun

File Fell Fig Fit Foil Gum

Gust Hail Hamper Ham Hind Jar Jet Jag Lap

Meal Mass Match Meet Mean Mint Mate Mould Miss Mine Net

Nap Page Pale Pan Pine Pile Plot

Pore Pound Pulse Quiver Seal Stick Spell Sound Sole Shed

Spit Toll Till Tap Try Van Vice wax

Will Yard

Exercises:

1. Can I go------------( to,too,two) the party ?

2. This is my favorite---------(pare, pair, pear) of jeans.

3. I--------(sent, scent, cent) a letter to my aunt in Vietnam.

4. The children got------ (bored, board) during the lecture.

5. Mr. and Mrs. Rodriguez like to work in------(there, they’re, their) garden.

6. Alec is going to---------(wear, ware) his work boots today.

7. Do you think it is going to---------(rein, rain, reign) this afternoon?

8. I saw a restaurant just off the----------(rode, road) about a mile back.

9. David’s brother is in a--------(band, banned) which plays Russian music.

10. Juana wants her socks because her---------(tows, toes) are cold.

11. The teacher walked down the-----------(aisle, isle) between the rows of desks.
 12. Hadil has a---------(pane, pain) in her shoulder.

13. The school----------------(principal, principle) spoke to a group of parents.

14. The clerk wants to----------(sell, cell) as many TVs as possible.

15. I don’t want to talk about the-------------(passed, past) anymore.

16. Nobody-------------(knows, nose) what you are thinking.

17. I have-------(for, four, fore) dollars in my pocket.

18. I need to take a-----------(break, brake) from this exercise!

19. Humans have hands. Dogs have----------(paws, pause).

20. (He’ll, Heel, Heal)-------be here in a few minutes.

HOMOPHONES

Homophones are two words that sound the same, but have different meanings. So the words “two” and “to” are
homophones, as are “ate” and “eight.”

Homophones are pairs of words that sound the same, but have distinctly different meanings and different spellings.
Understanding homophones is an essential part of mastering the English language, both for vocabulary building and
spelling.

Ad Add Aerie Airy Ail Ale Air Heir Aisle

Isle All Awl Allowed Aloud Altar Alter Arc Ark

Ascent Assent Ate Eight

Aural Oral Axes Axis Bail Bale

Baited Bated Bald Bawled Ball Bawl Band Banned Bard

Barred Bare Bear Baron Barren

Beau Bow Be Bee Beach Beech Beat Beet Berth

Birth Billed Build Bell Belle

Boar Bore Board Bored Blew Blue Bloc Block

Bolder Boulder Boarder Border Bold Bowled Bough

Bow Braid Brayed

Brewed Brood Brews Bruise Brake Break Bread Bred Brows

Browse But Butt

Callous Callus Canon Cannon Buy Bye

Capital Capitol Carat Carrot Canter Cantor Canvas Canvass Capital

Capitol Ceiling Sealing Carol Carrel Cast Caste Censor Sensor Cent

Scent Cell Sell Cellar Seller

Council Counsel Cereal Serial

Crews Cruise Chilli Chilly Chews Choose

Done Dun Choir Quire

Fair Fare Coarse Course Clause Claws

Fined Find Coward Cowered Colonel Kernel Complement Compliment Flea Flee Cue

Queue Creak Creek Crewel Cruel

Friar Fryer Dam Damn Currant Current

Desert Dessert Days Daze Dear Deer

Discreet Discrete Dew Due Die Dye Dual

Duel Doe Dough

Dyeing Dying Earn Urn

Faun Fawn

Fir Fur Faze Phase Feat Feet

Flair Flare

Flour Flower
Gaff Gaffe

Gibe Jibe Gait Gate Gamble Gambol

Genes Jeans Gofer Gopher Gild Guild Gilt Guilt Knew New

Grill Grille Gorilla Guerrilla Gourd Gored Grate Great Guise

Guys Grisly Grizzly Groan Grown Hangar Hanger Hail Hale

Hair Hare

Hall Haul Hear Here Hart Heart Hay Hey Heal

Heel Hew Hue Heard Herd Heir Air

Heroin Heroine Hoard Horde Hi High Him Hymn Hole

Whole Holy Wholly Lie Lye Hoes Hose

Idle Idol In Inn Loan Lone Hour Our Isle

Aisle Islet Eyelet Mail Male

Jibe Gibe Kernel Colonel Manner Manor Jeans Genes Knew

New Knight Night Knead Need

Know No Knows Nose Knot Not

Laps Lapse Lain Lane

Leak Leek

Lead Led

Lessen Lesson Load Lode Lie Lye Lo

Low Made Maid Loan Lone Mall Maul

Mail Male Main Mane

Maize Maze Mask Masque Manner Manor Mantel Mantle Marshal Martial

Meat Meet
Medal Meddle Mewl Mule Mews Muse

Might Mite Missed Mist Mind Mined Miner Minor Muscle

Mussel Moan Mown Moose Mousse Mustard Mustered Naval

Navel

Nave Knave Night Knight Need Knead Nose

Knows Nit Knit No Know

None Nun Not Knot Oar Ore Ode

Owed One Won

Our Hour Pair Pear Pail Pale Pain

Pane Pause Paws

Patience Patients Peace Piece Peak Peek Peal

Peel Phrase Frays Pedal Peddle Phase Faze Plum

Plumb Plain Plane

Pole Poll Pore Pour

Praise Prays

Queue Cue Principal Principle

Quarts Quartz Raise Rays Quire Choir Rain

Reign Red Read Rap Wrap

Real Reel Rest Wrest

Ring Wring

Right Write Road Rowed

Role Roll Root Route Rose Rows Rote

Wrote
Rye Wry Scene Seen Sail Sale

Sealing Ceiling Scent Sent Sea

See Sell Cell

Seller Cellar Sensor Censor

Serial Cereal

Sew Sow Shoe Shoo

Shone Shown Sight Cite Side Sighed Soar Sore

Some Sum Sole Soul

Stake Steak Son Sun

Stairs Stares Stationary Stationery Steal Steel Straight

Strait

Suite Sweet

Tail Tale Taught Taut Team

Teem Their There

Throne Thrown Toad Towed Tide Tied Too

Two Troop Troupe Toe Tow

Urn Earn

Vice Vise Wares Wears Waist Waste Wait Weight Waive

Wave Weak Week Way Weigh

We Wee Wood Would Whole Hole Wholly Holy Won One

Wrest Rest Wrap Rap Wrapped Rapped Wrote Rote Wring

Ring
 Write Right Wrung Rung

Yoke Yolk

Examples:

· brake/break: When teaching my daughter how to drive, I told her if she didn't hit the brake in
time she would break the car's side mirror.

· cell/sell: If you sell drugs, you will get arrested and end up in a prison cell.

· cent/scent: I won't spend one cent on a bottle of perfume until I know that I love the scent.

· die/dye: If you accidentally drank a bottle of fabric dye, you might die.

· flour/flower: To bake a flower-shaped cake, you'll need some flour.

· for/four: I purchased four new pairs of shoes for my upcoming vacation.

· heal/heel: If the heel breaks on your shoe, you might fall. However, your injuries will heal over
time.

· hear/here: I wanted to sit here so I could hear the singer performing without any distractions.

· hour/our: We have one hour before our appointment with the real estate agent.

· idle/idol: Being idle makes me unhappy, but listening to my idol Taylor Swift makes me happy.

· knight/night: The knight is on his way to the castle, but traveling at night is very dangerous.

· knot/not: I do not know how she learned to tie the knot to make that necklace.

· poor/pour: I pour drinks at a bar every night. I am poor because I have too many bills and not
enough money.

SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT

Subject:

When we make a sentence: a)We name some person or thing and say something about that person or thing. In
other words, we must have a subject to speak about and we must say or predicate something about that subject.

Hence every sentence has two parts:

a) The part which names the person or thing we are speaking about .This called the subject of the sentence. b)
The part which tells something about the subject. This is called the predicate of the
sentence.
The subject of a sentence usually comes first, but occasionally it is put after the predicate as
eg: Down went the Royal George
Sweet are the uses of adversity

In Imperative sentences the subject is left out as

eg: Sit down (subject You is understood)
Thank him (subject You is understood)

Identify the SUBJECT In the following sentences:

1) The early bird catches the worm.

2) Borrowed garments never fit well.
3) He has a good memory.
4) Bad habits grow unconsciously. 5) Nature is the best physician.
6) We cannot pump the ocean dry.
7) The earth revolves round the sun.
8) We should profit by experience.
9) Akbar was a great king.
10) Calcutta is big town.

A Verb is a word used to tell or assert something about a Person, Place or thing
A Verb may tell us:
a) What a person or thing DOES. Eg: Hari laughs/ The clock strikes.
b) What is DONE to a person or thing e.g: Hari is scolded/The window is broken.
c) What a person or thing IS. Eg: The cat is dead/Glass is Brittle/l feel sorry.

A Verb often consists of more than one word as:

a) The girls were singing.

b) I have learnt my lessons.
c) The watch has been found.

Identify the VERBS in the following sentences:

a) Iron and copper are useful metals.

b) Bangalore is a developed city.
c) I have learnt my lesson.
d) The watch has been found.
e) The Boy kicks the football.
f) The girl laughs loudly.
g) The Ants fought the wasps.
h) Ring the bell Rama.
i) This horse never Kicks.
j) How do you feel.
k) The police man blew his Whistle.
1) Put away your books.
m) Cocks crow in the morning.
n) Tell the truth.
o) The girl wrote a letter to her cousin.
p) Lie still.
q) Raise your hands.
r) Owls hide in the day time.

Verb Patterns

1. Subject +verb
a) Birds +fly
b) The moon +is shining
c) Fire +burns

2. Subject + verb + subject complement

a) This +is +a pen

b) My father +grew+ angry
c) That book + is + mine
d) Gopal +looks + sad

3. Subject+ Verb + direct object

a) I + know + his address
b) Who + broke + the jug
c) You + must wash + yourself
d) We + should help + the poor
4. Subject+ Verb + direct object + indirect object
a) I + lent + her + my pen
b) The teacher + gave+ us +homework
c) You + must tell + the police + the truth
d) ------ + show + me + your hands
5) Subject + verb + gerund
a) She + began + singing.
b) ------ + don’t keep + telling that.
c) I + hate + borrowing money.

Subject - Verb Agreement

A verb must agree with its subject in NUMBER (singular plural) and PERSON (First/Second
/Third)
The basic structure of the sentence is S+V or subject + verb.
Rule 1: When two singular nouns refer to the same person or thing and have only one article or other qualifying
word preceding them, the verb is singular.
eg. a) The poet and scholar is dead.
b) My secretary and typist has just resigned.
c) Rabindranath Tagore, a great poet and novelist, was a versatile genius.

Rule 2:-When two singular nouns are practically synonymous (having the same idea),the verb is singular.
e.g. a) His power and influence is beyond imagination.
b) Courtesy and gentlemanliness is the basis of a civilized society.

Rule 3:- When two singular nouns, though not synonymous, express a single idea, the verb is

singular.

e.g. a) Bread and butter is their staple food.

b) Slow but steady wins the race.
c) The ebb and flow of the tides is over.

Rule 4:- When the same singular noun is qualified by two contrasted adjectives so that two separate persons or
things are thereby denoted, the verb is plural.
e.g. a) Mental and physical strength are required to face the challenges of life.

Rule 5:- When a collective noun is used as a common noun, showing division, the verb is plural.
e.g. a) The ministry are divided in their opinion.
b) A number of beautiful toys were displayed.
c) The crew of the aircraft were hijacked.
d) The majority of the members have resigned.

Rule 6:- When a collective noun acts as one unit, the verb is singular.

eg: a) The crowd moves forward.

b) The audience was restless.
c) A series of lectures has been delivered.
d) The committee has issued its report.

Rule 7:- When a plural noun is a proper name for some collective unit, the verb is singular.

eg. a) The United Nations has its headquarters in the U.S.A.

b) The Andamans is a group of Islands.
e) The Arabian Nights is an interesting book.

Rule 8- When a plural noun denotes a period of time an amount a quantity considered as a
whole, the verb is singular.

E.g. a) Ten rupees is not a large sum.

b) Three-quarters of the earth is water.
c) Six miles is a long distance.

Rule 9:- When the nouns are singular in meaning though plural in form, the verb is singular. c.g. a) The news is
very encouraging.
b) Mathematics is a tough subject.
c) Billiards is an expensive game.
d) Measles is a dangerous disease.

Rule 10:- A singular or plural verb is used with such nouns as "pains', 'means' according to the sense in which
they are used.
eg. a) Great pains have been taken.
b) All possible means have been tried.
c) The means you have adopted is sufficient.

Rule 11-Two nouns connected by and not, as well as, with, "together with", "besides
in addition to', 'like', are followed by a verb in the singular when the former of the two nouns is in the singular.
a) the house with all its furniture and fittings is for sale.
b) The gold as well as silver is loved by us Indians.
c) Sheela and not her mother was present.
d) Milk besides butter is supplied by the dairy.

Rule-12:: A plural verb is preferred with those nouns which are plural in meaning, though singular form, such as
'numbers', 'plenty", "variety", "rest', enemy", "pair" "dozen.

e.g. a) plenty of men are cowards.

b) A variety of dances were performed.
c) Two dozen bananas are bought.

Note: The correctness of placing plural verb after such nouns as 'number', plenty', and "variety' depends entirely
on the context. Unless these are used a distributive sense, the verb must be singular.

c.g. a) Plenty of milk is supplied to the orphanage.

b) There is a number of complaints against her.

Rule 13:-When two nouns or pronouns are joined by 'not only........but also the verb agrees
with the second noun or pronoun.

e.g. a) Not only the officer but also the soldiers are enjoying.
b) Not only the soldiers but also the officer was enjoying.

Rule 14: Two or more singular nouns or pronouns connected by either.....or,

'neither.....nor' acquire a singular verb.
e.g. a) Either Ravi or Rohan has broken the vase.
b) Neither she nor I was in Delhi.
c) Either I or you are in the wrong.
d) Neither praise nor blame affects him.

Rule 15:-Either and neither must be followed by singular verbs,

eg. a)Tell me if either of the applicants is suitable.
Rule 16:-When nouns joined by 'or", nor are of different numbers, the verb must be plural and must follow the
plural noun.
e.g. a)Rajesh or his friends have done this.
b)Either the student or his parents have been careless.
c)Neither the principal nor the teachers were present.

Rule 17:- Any noun qualified by each' and 'every' must be followed by a singular verb.
e.g. a) Every one of the students carries a badge.
b) Every one of these mangoes is rotten.
c) Every man and woman has the right to vote
d) Each boy and each girl was given a card.
Rule 18:-a verb should agree with the subject and not with the complement.

e.g. a)Our only guide in the dark night was the stars.
b)The stars were our only guide.

Rule 19. When the subject of the verb is a relative pronoun the verb agrees in number and person with the
antecedent of the relative pronoun.

e.g a) You, who are my friend, should stand by me in crisis.

b)He, who was my best friend, let me down.

Rule 20:- The following words take verbs in the plural:- both, few, a few, many several

e.g. a) Both the brothers are absent.

b) Few of the students know English.
c) Many have been called for the interview.
d) Several of the rioters have been arrested.
REVIEW EXERCISES:
Fill in the blanks with the correct verb forms, choosing from the alternatives given in
brackets:

a) Sachin's innings in the Titan cup --------- (was, were) one of the best in his career.
b) Civics ------------ (is, are) a subject taught at school.
c) The family.--------------- (in, are) quarrelling among themselves over the property.
d) Ten miles of bad road........(lie, lies)ahead of us.
e) A friend and colleague of mine.......(is are)retiring very soon.
f) Neither coffee nor tea................... (is,are) good for health.
g) Every shop and every restaurant.......(was, were) closed on Thursday.
h) Most of the boys..........(come, comes) to the school by public transport.
i) A lot of trees...................... (was, were) felled down.
j) The workers and their leader..........(has, have) been arrested.
k) One of the most splendid buildings……………………. (has have) been built in the palace of
Versailles
l) A series of dacoities……………..(has, have)recently taken place in Kolkata.
m) None of the students present...........(was, were) happy with the decision of the principal.
n) The iron and steel industry……………..(has, have) been severely affected by the railway strike.
o) Not only Sheila but also her cousins........... (is, are) doing well in sports.
p) The CD player as well as its speakers…………...(is, are) stolen.
q) War and Peace (is/are)a great novel by Tolstoy.
r) More Thirty kilos---------------- (is /are) a lot to carry uphill.

Underline the correct form of the verb in the following sentences:

a. Rama as well as Sita is lucky.

b) The girl along with her friends, is waiting for an auto.
c) Everybody only his friends, but he was held responsible.
d) All my friends are coming this evening (Plural number-all)
e) One of my friends is going to America.
f) Either Pramila or sheela is going to take the rest.
g) Rama as well as Sita is lucky.
H) Sita and lakshmi have gone for a holiday.
i) Bread and Butter is wholesome food.
Write paragraph on the following. Your write up will be checked for correct form of
subject-verb agreement.

1) Write a paragraph stating the simple joys, hard ships and family life of a farmer.

2) Imagine you are one among the crowd in a shopping mall, awaiting the arrival of popular film stars, who are
coming there for the promotion of their film. Describe the scene and your own reaction to it.

3) It was stormy night, you are walking alone on the road, and you hear mysterious sound

4) How do you counsel your friend who is depressed due to ill-health.

5) People should not be allowed to go on a hunger strike. Give your views either 'For' or
against the statement.
 UNIT - 4

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

We have seen that when the reporting verb is in the past tense, all present tenses inside the quotation marks will
change into their corresponding past tenses in indirect speech. Study the example sentences given below.

Direct: She said, ‘I don’t want to come with you.’

Indirect: She said that she didn’t want to come with me.
Direct: He said, ‘I am writing a letter.’
Indirect: He said that he was writing a letter.
Direct: She said, ‘I have finished the work.’
Indirect: She said that she had finished the work.
Direct: He said, ‘I want some razors.’
Indirect: He said that he wanted some razors.
Direct: John said, ‘I have been living in this city for ten years.’
Indirect: John said that he had been living in that city for ten years.
Direct: He said, ‘I have been waiting here for several hours.’
Indirect: He said that he had been waiting there for several hours.

 When the reporting verb is in the past tense, past tenses inside the quotation marks will change into their
corresponding past tenses.
 The simple past will change into the past perfect.
 The past continuous will change into the past perfect continuous.
 The past perfect and past perfect continuous tenses will remain unchanged.

Direct: He said, ‘Burglars broke into my house last night.’

Indirect: He said that burglars had broken into his house the previous night.
Direct: She said to me, ‘I was waiting for my sister.’
Indirect: She told me that she had been waiting for her sister.
Direct: She said, ‘I had never met such people before.’
Indirect: She said that she had never met such people before.
Direct: John said, ‘I had been gardening for two hours.’
Indirect: John said that he had been gardening for two hours.
Note: Sometimes we do not change a simple past tense into past perfect tense in the indirect speech.

Direct: He said, ‘I lived many years in the US.’

Indirect: He said that he lived many years in the US. OR He said that he had lived many years in the US.
Note: Past perfect tense is used to lay stress on the completion of one past action before another past action.

 When the reporting verb is in the past tense, shall will change into should in indirect speech.
Similarly, will will change into would, can into could and may into might.

Direct: She said, ‘I will work hard.’

Indirect: She said that she would work hard.
Direct: He said, ‘They will be arriving here by the next train.’
Indirect: He said that they would be arriving there by the next train.
Direct: Alice said, ‘I will have finished the work by now.’
Indirect: Alice said that she would have finished the work by then.

PRESENT TENSE
PRESENT SIMPLE changes into PAST SIMPLE

He said, “I write a letter” He said that he wrote a letter.

She said, “he goes to school daily” He said that she went to school daily.
They said, “we love our country” They said that they loved their country
He said, “he does not like computer” He said that he did not like computer.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS changes into PAST CONTINUOUS

He said, “he is listening to the music” He said that he was listening to the music.
She said, “I am washing my clothes” She said that she was washing her clothes.
They said, “we are enjoying the weather” They said that they were not enjoying the weather.
She said, “I am not laughing” She said that she was not laughing.

PRESENT PERFECT changes into PAST PERFECT

She said, “he has finished work” She said that he had finished his work.
his
He said, “I have started a job” He said that he had started a job.
I said, “she have eaten the meal” I said that she had eaten the meal.
They said, “we have not gone to New York. They said that they had not gone to New York.

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS changes into PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

He said, “I have been studying since 3 He said that he had been studying since 3
O’clock” O’clock.
She said, “It has been raining for three days.” She said that it been raining for three days.
I said, “She has been working in this office I said that she had been working in this office
since 2007” since 2007.

PAST TENSE
PAST SIMPLE changes into PAST PERFECT

He said to me, “you answered correctly” He said to me that I had answered correctly.
John said, “they went to cinema”  John said that they had gone to cinema.
He said, “I made a table” He said that he had made a table.
She said, “I didn’t buy a car” She said that she had not bought a car.

PAST CONTINUOUS changes into PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

They said, “we were enjoying the weather” They said that they had been enjoying.
He said to me, “ I was waiting for you” He said to me that he had been waiting for me.
I said, “It was raining” I said that it had been raining.
She said, “I was not laughing” She said that she not been laughing.

PAST PERFECT changes into PAST PERFECT (tense does not change)

She said, “She had visited a doctor” She said that she had visited a doctor.
He said, “I had started a business” He said that he had started a business.
I said, “she had eaten the meal” I said that she had eaten the meal.
They said, “we had not gone to New York. They said they had not gone to New York.

FUTURE TENSE
FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE - WILL changes into WOULD

He said, “I will study the book” He said that he would study the book.
She said, “I will buy a computer” She said that she would buy a computer.
They said to me, “we will send you gifts” They said to me that they would send you gifts.
I said, “I will not take the exam” I said that I would not take the exam.

FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE - WILL BE changes into WOULD BE

I said to him, “ I will be waiting for him” I said to him that I would be waiting for him.
She said,” I will be shifting to new home” She said that she would be shifting to a new home.
He said, “I will be working hard” He said that he would be working hard.
He said, “he will not be flying kite” He said that he would not be flying kites.
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE - WILL HAVE changes into WOULD HAVE

He said, “I will have finished the work” He said that he would have finished the work.
She said, “they will have passed the She said that they would have passed the
examination” examination.
He said, “I will have gone” He said that he would have gone.

Note: The tense of reported speech may not change if reported speech is a universal truth though its reporting
verb belongs to past tense.

REPORTED SPEECH
Reported speech is often also called indirect speech. When we use reported speech, we are usually talking about
the past (because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have
to be in the past too.
When reporting a statement (not a question), we generally use that:
"I'm going to the cinema".
-He said that he was going to the cinema.

When reporting a question, we use iffor yes/no questions or the appropriate question words (who, what, where,
when, how, why) for information questions.

NOTE: You never use that when reporting a question.

NOTE: You never use a question mark (?) when reporting a question.
“Are you going to the office party?"
-He asked me if I was going to the office party.
The following reporting verbs are employed while changing direct speech into indirect speech:
Ask- to get information or to make a request for someone to do something (He asked
her...)
Beg- to ask strongly and emotionally for someone to do something (She begged him...)
Tell- to give information or to give a command (He told us....)
Order- to give somebody a strong command (She ordered them....)
Answer- to respond (We answered [him]...)
Respond- to answer (He responded [to her]...)
Remind- to tell somebody something that he or she might have forgotten (He reminded
me...)
Exclaim- to state information with great emotion (not used for giving commands (He
exclaimed [to her]...)
Explain- to state information that will help somebody understand something (She
explained [to him]...)
Thank- He thanked her. (He said thank you to her.)
Greet- She greeted him. (She said hello to him.)
Agree- He agreed. (He said that somebody was right or that he would do what
somebody wanted.)
Refuse- She refused. (She said that she wouldn't obey somebody or that she wouldn't do
somebody a favor.)
Basic tense chart:

While reporting,

Present simple tense will change into past simple tense.

Present simple I'm a teacher.

Past simple He said that he was a teacher.

Present continuous tense will change into past continuous tense.

Present continuous I'm having lunch with my parents.

Past continuous He said that he was having lunch with his parents.

Present perfect simple tense will change into past perfect simple tense.
Present perfect simple I've been to France three times.
Past perfect simple He said that he had been to France three times.

Present perfect continuous tense will change into past perfect continuous tense.

Present perfect continuous I've been working very hard.

Past perfect continuous He said that he had been working very hard.

Past simple tense will change into past perfect tense.

Past simple I bought a new car.

Past perfect He said that he had bought a new car.

Past continuous tense will change into past perfect continuous tense.

Past continuous It was raining earlier.

Past perfect continuous He said that it had been raining earlier.

Past perfect tense and Past perfect continuous tense will remain the same.

Past perfect The play had started when I arrived.

Past perfect NO CHANGE POSSIBLE.
Past perfect continuous I'd already been living in London for five years.
Past perfect continuous NO CHANGE POSSIBLE.

Other verb forms also sometimes change:

Will – Would
Will I'll come and see you soon.
Would He said that he would come and see me soon.

Can - Could

Can I can swim under water for two minutes.

Could He said that he could swim under water for two minutes.

Must - had to

Must All tickets must be bought in advance.

had to He said that all tickets had to be bought in advance.

Shall – Should

Shall What shall we do about it?

Should He asked what we should do about it.

May - Might

May May I smoke?

Might He asked if he might smoke.

Things are slightly more complicated with imperatives.

Positive imperative Shut up!

tell + infinitive He told me to shut up.

Negative imperative Don't do that again!

Tell + not + infinitive He told me not to do it again.

Imperatives as requests please give me some money.

Ask + infinitive He asked me to give him some money.

Time and place references often have to change:

Now then
Here there
This that
This week that week
Today that day
Tomorrow the following day/ the next day/ the day after
Yesterday the previous day/the day before
Next week the following week/ the week after
Last week the previous week/the week before
Tonight that night

I went to the theatre last night.

-He said that he had gone to the theatre the night before.

I'm having a party next weekend.

-He said that he was having a party the next weekend.

I'm staying here until next week.

-He said that he was staying there until the following week.

I came over from London 3 years ago.

-He said that he had come over from London 3 years before.

Turn the following sentences into indirect speech.

1. He said, “I have got a toothache”.

2. Manu said, “I am very busy now”.

3. “Hurry up,” she said to us.

4. “Give me a cup of water,” he told her.

5. She said, “I am going to college.”

6. The girl said, ‘It gives me great pleasure to be here this evening.’

7. The man said, ‘I must go as soon as possible.’

8. She said, ‘I don’t want to see any of you; go away.’

9. The teacher says, ‘If you work hard, you will pass.’

10. He said, ‘I have won.’

11. He said, ‘Let’s wait for her return.’

12. Alice said, ‘How clever I am!’

13. ‘What do you want?’ she asked him.

14.  ‘Are you coming with us?’ he asked me.

15. He asked, ‘When do you intend to make the payment?’

16. ‘Do you come from China?’ said the prince to the girl.

17. The poor man exclaimed, ‘Will none of you help me?’

18. ‘Which way should I go?’ asked the little girl.

19. Alladin said to the magician, ‘What have I done to deserve so severe a punishment?’

20.  ‘Don’t you know the way home?’ I said to her.

21. ‘Do you write a good hand?’ the teacher said to the student.

22. ‘Have you anything to say on behalf of the accused?’ said the judge finally.

23.  ‘Have you anything to tell me, little bird?’ asked Ulysses.

24. ‘Who are you, sir, and what do you want?’ they asked.

25.  The king was impressed with the magician and asked, ‘What can I do for you?’

26. She asked, ‘What is it that makes you stronger and braver than other men?’
 27. ‘Can you solve this problem?’ he asked me.

28. ‘Which way did she go?’ asked the young man.

29. He said to me, ‘Where are you going?’

30. ‘Please wait here till I return,’ she told him.

31. He said, "I like this song."

32. "Where is your sister?" she asked me.

33. "I don't speak Italian," she said.

34. "Say hello to Jim," they said.

35. The film began at seven o'clock," he said.

36. "Don't play on the grass, boys," she said.

37. "Where have you spent your money?" she asked him.

38. "I never make mistakes," he said.

39. "Does she know Robert?" he wanted to know.

40. "Don't try this at home," the stuntman told the audience

INTERPRETING VISUAL MATERIALS (PIE CHARTS, LINE GRAPHS, ETC.)

1. Pie Chart
The pie charts below show the average household expenditures in a country in 1950 and 2010.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where
relevant.
Write at least 150 words

Average Household Expenditures by Major Category

Model answer
Look at the phrases in italic. Choose the phrase which sounds more formal.
The two pie charts give information about what households spent their money on / household expenditure on
goods and services in 1950 and 2010. It is immediately obvious that there are some quite significant differences /
some things are significantly different between the two charts.

In 2010 the largest proportion of expenditure was / most money was spent on food whereas in 1950 it was on
housing, with food for just 11.2%. There is a great difference in terms of the amount of money people’s spent on
housing / housing expenditure between the two years.
In 1950 72.1% of the total household budget / the total of what households spent went towards housing,
compared to only 22% in 2010. There has been a notable increase in / People have notably increased the
amount of money spent on transportation between the two dates.
In addition, the charts show a significant rise in the proportion of money spent on health care / that people spent
more on health care in 2010 compared to 1950.
There are some similarities, however. For example, in both 1950 and 2010 people spent a similar proportion on
education. / the proportion of education expenditure was roughly the same.
Example:
Interpreting Pie Charts.
Interpreting Pie Charts.

2. Pie Chart (With Pattern – 2 examples)

2. Line Graph

A graph is a type of chart used to show information that changes over time. We plot line using several points
connected by straight lines. We also call it a line chart. The line graph comprises of two axes known as ‘x’ axis
and ‘y’ axis.
For example, the given line graph tells about the information about Burnaby Public Library between 2011 and
2014

Model answer
The graph gives information about Burnaby Public Library between 2011 and 2014. It shows how many library
books people read over this four-year period.
As can be seen from the graph, there were different trends for men and women. The number of books read by
men increased steadily between 2011 and 2012, from about 3000 to 4000. After that, the number rose
dramatically to 14000 books in 2014. This was the highest figure in the period.
Women started off reading more books than men, but their numbers followed a different pattern. Between 2011
and 2012, there was an increase of 3000 from 5000 books to 8000 books, and then a gradual rise to 10000 books
in 2013. However, in 2014, their numbers fell back to 8000 again.
Overall, there was a strong upward trend in the number of books read by men. Although women read more books
than men in 2011, their reading fell to below the level of men in 2014.

Review Exercises
1. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where
relevant.
2. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where
relevant.
 ONE WORD SUBSTITUTES
One word Substitution is one of the integral parts of vocabulary. It simply means that a sentence has to be replaced
with a single word. This area requires a good vocabulary to solve the questions well. Questions based on one word
substitution are often asked in various competitive exams.
For example: A hater of womankind - Misogynist

One easy method of learning one word substitution is by using the root method. Roots are nothing but the words
from which the main word has been derived. In our other series of vocabulary, we have consolidated the lists of root
words that will ease your preparation.

For example:

Root word – CRACY = RULE / GOVERNMENT

A government by the people - Democracy

A government by a king or queen – Monarchy

A government by the officials - Bureaucracy

A government by the rich - Plutocracy

A government by few - Oligarchy

A government by the nobles - Aristocracy

Root Word OMNI = ALL

One who is all powerful - Omnipotent

One who is present everywhere - Omnipresent

One who knows everything - Omniscient
Root Word CIDE= KILLING
Killing of a human being - Homicide
Killing/ Murder of a king - Regicide
Killing of an Infant/ newborn baby – Infanticide
Killing of a race or community - Genocide
Killing of One's sister - Sorocide
Killing of self or self-murder – Suicide
Killing of either or both parents - Parricide
Killing of one's brother - Fratricide
 Killing of one's father – Patricide

Killing of one's mother – Matricide

Killing of one's husband - Mariticide

Killing of one's wife - Uxoricide

Root Word IBLE / ABLE= ABLE TO BE

Inaudible - a sound that cannot be heard

Inaccessible - that cannot be easily approached

Incorrigible - incapable of being corrected

Irreparable - incapable of being repaired

Illegible - incapable of being read

Inevitable - incapable of being avoided
Impracticable - incapable of being practiced
Invincible - one, too strong to be overcome
Indelible - that cannot be erased
Indefatigable - one, who does not tire easily
Infallible - one, who is free from all mistakes and failures

Learning through word roots will make it easy for you to grasp more and enhance your vocabulary. The above given
list of word roots will surely help you in this regards. It's always advisable to learn one word substitution with the
help of word roots to ease your vocabulary building and expand your word base exponentially.

One Word Substitute List 1

1. Audience – a number of people listening to a lecture

2. Altruist – one, who considers the happiness and well-being of others first
3. Atheist – a person who does not believe in God

4. Anthropologist – one, who studies the evolution of mankind

5. Autocracy – government by one person
6. Autobiography – the life history of a person written by himself

7. Amputate – to cut off a part of a person's body which is infected

8. Arsenal – a place for ammunition and weapons

9. Archives – a place where government or public records are kept

10. Amateur – a man who does a thing for pleasure and not as a profession

11. Aristocracy – government by the nobles

12. Aquatic – animals/plants ere which live in water
13. Amphibian – animals which live both on land and sea

14. Ambidexter – one, who can use either hand with ease
15. Alimony – allowance paid to wife on legal separation
16. Anthology – a collection of poems

17. Abdication – voluntary giving up of throne in favour of someone

18. Arbitrator – a person, appointed by two parties to solve a dispute
19. Astronomer – a person, who studies stars, planets and other heavenly bodies

20. Astrologer – a person who studies the influence of heavenly bodies on human beings
21. Anthology – a collection of poems
22. Axiom – a statement which is accepted as true without proof

23. Agenda – a list of headings of the business to be transacted at a meeting

24. Anarchist – one, who is out to destroy all governance, law and order
25. Almanac – an annual calender with positions of stars

26. Bigamy – the practice of having two wives or husbands at a time

27. Bibliophile – a lover and collector of books
28. Bouquet – a collection of flowers

29. Bureaucracy – government by the officials

30. Belligerent – a person, nation that is involved in war
31. Biennial – an event which happens once in two years

32. Blasphemy – the act of speaking disrespectfully about sacred things

33. Creche – a nursery where children are cared for while their parents are at work
34. Cosmopolitan – a person who regards whole world as his country

35. Chauffeur – one, who is employed to drive a motor car

36. Curator – a person incharge of a museum

37. Carnivorous – one, who lives on flesh

38. Cannibal – one, who feeds on human flesh
39. Contemporaries – belonging to or living at the same time

40. Cloak room – a place for luggage at railway station

41. Cynosure – centre of attraction
42. Connoisseur – a critical judge of any art and craft

43. Crusade – a religious war

44. Choreographer – one, who teaches dancing
45. Cacographist – a person, who is bad in spellings

46. Calligraphist – a person, who writes beautiful handwriting

47. Cynic – one, who sneers at the aims and beliefs of his fellow men
48. Convalescent – one, who is recovering health

49. Cavalry – soldiers, who fight on horse back

50. Cardiologist – a person, who is specialist in heart diseases
51. Cartographer – one, who draws maps

52. Dormitory – the sleeping rooms with several beds especially in a college or institution
53. Drawn – a game that results neither in victory nor in defeat
54. Elegy – a poem of lamentation

55. Epitaph – words inscribed on the grave or the tomb in the memory of the buried
56. Ephemeral – lasting one day
57. Effeminate – a person who is womanish

58. Emigrant – a person who leaves his own country and goes to live in another
59. Edible – fit to be eaten
60. Egotist – onw who talks too much about oneself

61. Encyclopaedia – a book that contains information on various subjects

62. Epicure – one, who is devoted to the pleasure of eating and drinking

63. Florist – one, who deals-in flowers

64. Fastidious – one, who is very -selective in one's taste
65. Fanatic or Bigot – one, who is filled with excessive and mistaken enthusiasm in
religious matters
66. Fatal – causing death
67. Fatalist – one, who believes in fate

68. Facsimile – an exact copy of handwriting, printing etc

69. Fauna – the animals of a certain region
70. Flora – the plants of a particular region

71. Fratricide – murder of brother

72. Fugitive – one, who runs away from justice or the law
73. Fragile – easily broken

74. Feminist – one, who works for the welfare of the women
75. Granary – a place for grains
76. Genocide – murder of race

77. Gregarious – animals which live in flocks

78. Hangar – a place for housing aeroplanes
79. Hive – a place for bees

80. Horticulture – the art of cultivating and managing gardens

81. Homicide – murder of man
82. Hearse – a vehicle which is used to carry a dead body

83. Hedonist – one, who believes that pleasure is the chief good (sensual)
84. Horizon – a line at which the earth and the sky seem to meet
85. Honorary – holding office without any remuneration
86. Heretic – one, who acts against religion

87. Herbivorous – one, who lives on herbs

88. Insolvent/Bankrupt – a person who is unable to pay his debts

89. Inaudible – a sound that cannot be heard

90. Inaccessible – that cannot be easily approached
91. Incorrigible – incapable of being corrected

92. Irreparable – incapable of being repaired

93. Illegible – incapable of being read
94. Inevitable – incapable of being avoided

95. Impracticable – incapable of being practised

96. Immigrant – a person who comes to one country from another in order to settle there
97. Invincible – one, too strong to be overcome

98. Indelible – that cannot be erased

99. Incognito – travelling under another name than one's own
100. Indefatigable – one, who does not tire easily

101. Infallible – one, who is free from all mistakes and failures
102. Invigilator – one, who supervises in the examination hall
103. Itinerant – one, who journeys from place to place

104. Infirmary – a home or room used for ill or injured people

105. Infanticide – murder of an infant
106. Infantry – soldiers, who fight on foot

107. Inflammable – liable to catch fire easily

108. Interregnum – a period of interval between two reigns or governments
109. Kennel – a place for dogs

110. Lunatic asylum – a home for lunatics

111. Lexicographer – one, who compiles a dictionary
112. Loquacious – one, who talks continuously

113. Linguist – one, who is skilled in foreign languages

114. Lapidist – one, who cuts precious stones

115. Misanthrope – a hater of mankind

116. Misogamist – one, who hates marriage
117. Mortuary – a place, where dead bodies are kept for post mortem

118. Mercenery – working only for the sake of money

119. Matricide – murder of mother
120. Martyr – one, who dies for a noble cause

121. Maiden speech – the first speech delivered by a person

122. Mint – a place where coins are made
123. Misogynist – a hater of womankind

124. Morgue – a place, where dead bodies are kept for identification
125. Mammals – animals which give milk
126. Monogamy – the practice of marrying one at a time

127. Missionary – a person, who is sent to propagate religion

128. Numismatics – the study of coins
129. Namesake – a person having same name as another

130. Nostalgia – a strong desire to return home, home sickness

131. Novice or Tyro – one, new to anything, inexperienced
132. Narcotic – a medicine for producing sleep

133. Optimist – a person who looks at the brighter side of things

134. Orphan – one, who has lost parents
135. Omnipresent – one, who is present everywhere

136. Omnipotent – one, who is all powerful

137. Omniscient – one, who knows everything
138. Opaque – that which cannot be seen through

139. Obituary – an account in the newspaper of the funeral of the one deceased
140. Orphanage – a home for orphans

141. Obstetrician – one, who is skilled in midwifery

142. Ostler – one, who looks after horses at an inn
143. Omnivorous – one, who eats everything

144. Pessimist – a person who looks at the darker side of things

145. Potable – fit to drink
146. Philatelist – one, who collects stamps

147. Philanthropist – a lover of mankind

148. Patricide – murder of father 149.
150. Plagiarism – literary theft or passing off an author's original work as one's own

151. Polygamy – the practice of marrying more than one wife at a time
152. Polyandry – the practice of marrying more than one husband at a time
153. Philogynist – a lover of womankind

154. Plebiscite – (a decision made by) votes of all qualified citizens

155. Philanderer – one, who amuses himself by love making
156. Philistine – one who does not care for art and literature

157. Plutocracy – government by the rich

158. Pseudonym – an imaginary name assumed by an author for disguise
159. Posthumous – a child born after the death of his father or the book published after the
death of the writer
160. Panacea – a remedy for all diseases
161. Paediatrician – a person, who is specialist in child diseases

162. Platitude – ordinary remarks often repeated

163. Pedant – one, who makes a vain display of his knowledge
164. Polyglot – one, who speaks many languages
165. Paleography – the study of ancient writing

166. Posse – a group of people with the same job or purpose

167. Parole – pledge given by a prisoner for temporary release, not to escape

168. Pedestrian – one, who goes on foot

169. Portable – that can be carried easily
170. Quarantine – an act of separation from other persons to avoid infection

171. Rhetoric – the art of elegant speech or writing

172. Regicide – murder of King or Queen
173. Sacrilege – violating or profaning religious things/places

174. Sculptor – one, who cuts in stones

175. Suicide – murder of oneself
176. Stable – a place for horses

177. Somnambulist – a person, who walks in sleep

178. Somniloquist – a person, who talks in sleep
179. Souvenir – a thing kept as a reminder of a person, place or event

180. Swan song – the last work (literary) of a writer

181. Sot, Toper – one, who is a habitual drunkard
182. Sinecure – a job with high salary but little responsibility
183. Stoic – a person, who is indifferent to pleasure and pain and has control over his passions

184. Sanatorium – a place for the sick to recover health

185. Sororicide – murder of sister

186. Triennial – an event which happens once in three years
187. Truant – a person/student who absents himself from class or duty without permission

188. Teetotaller – one, who does not take any intoxicating drink
189. Transparent – that which can be seen through
190. Theocracy – government by religious principles
191. Uxorious – one extremely fond of one's wife

192. Utopia – an imaginary perfect social and political system

193. Uxoricide – murder of wife

194. Verbatim – repetition of speech or writing word for word

195. Volunteer – one, who offers one's services
196. Virgin – a woman who has no sexual experience

197. Versatile – interested in and clever at many different things

198. Veteran – one, who has a long experience of any occupation
199. Venial – a fault that may be forgiven

200. Wardrobe – a place for clothes

Practice
Check the meaning of the following words and fill in the blanks below:

creche versatile truant posse egotist

teetotaller edible fauna panacea arbitration
illegible utopia invincible novice incognito
rhetoric stoic cynosure indefatigable loquacious

Let’s have a Quiz:

1. She put her toddler in the new near her office.
2. The of the Amazon is decidedly rich, and includes lot of wild animals.
3. The two-year-old boy tried eating her toy, thinking it was .
4. Ruth was the of all eyes on her birthday.
5. I am often called when my friends fight.
for
6. Do all medical professionals have writing?
7. After drinking four beers, my normally quiet brother becomes quite .
8. The bike race is only for riders who have never participated in a professional race.
9. Hazel was angry with her teachers, so she decided to be a and skip school
all week.
10. Though he has a liquor gallery, he is a complete himself.
11. Singh is a lawyer, who is strong on both offence and defense.
12. My uncle showed no emotion at his huge loss in business.
13. I was surrounded by a of photographers.
14. All mothers are women who work almost twenty four hours every
day.
15. If a politician wins the trust of the people, he will be in the
elections.
16. He was thoughtless and , who never cared for anyone else.
17. Paracetamol is not a for all physical discomfort.
18. He has received much appreciation for his excellent in presentations.
19. Often filmstars go in the public to avoid press and papparazi.
20. This world is not a because it contains too much crime and
starvation.