33/11 KV Sub-Station: A Main Project On

33/11KV SUB STATION chalapathi institute of technology
A MAIN PROJECT ON
33/11 KV SUB- STATION
A Main project report submitted in partial
fulfillment of the Requirements for the award
of the
DIPLOMA IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Submitted by
Under the Guidance of
Ms. N. RAMYA SRI M. Tech

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
CHALAPATHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to JNTU Kakinada)
NAAC “A” GRADE
2019-2020
1
CHALAPATHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to JNTU Kakinada)
NAAC “A” GRADE
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the foregoing thesis entitled “SUB-STATION” is a
bonafide work
T.SOMNADHPAVANKALYAN [17457-EE-037]
N.LOKESHREDDYREDDY [17457-EE-020]
K.CHANDRASHEAKER [17457-EE-012]
SK.AARIZAHAMEDH [17457-EE-031]
P.GOPIKRISHNA [17457-EE-025]
V.NAGASAI [17457-EE-038]
In partial fulfillment of the academic requirements for the award of the

diploma in Electrical & Electronics Engineering, submitted to the Department
of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, CHALAPATHI INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY, MOTHADAKA during the period. This results embodied in
the project report have not been submitted to any other university or institute
for the award of any diploma.
Ms.N.RAMYASRI , M.TECH Mr.P.Purna Chandra Rao,M.TECH(PHD)

Project Guide, Head Of Department
Department of EEE Deapatment of EEE
Chalapathi institute of technology Chalapathi institute of technology
EXTERNAL EXAMNER
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ACknowledgment
We would like to express our heartfelt gratitude to my guide

Ms. N. RAMYASRI. M.TECH Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering, Chalapathi Institute of Technology. She has given us
tremendous support in both technical and moral front .Without her support and
encouragement, we would never have able to complete successfully.
We are grateful to Mr. P. Purna Chandra Rao , M.TECH (PHD),Head of the

department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Chalapathi Institute of
Technology, for presenting us this opportunity and for extending constant support and
valuable guidance throughout the project.
I convey our special thanks to our beloved and honorable principal

Prof, K. Naga Srinivasa Rao Principal, Chalapathi Institute of Technology, and our
college Management for providing excellent lab facilities for the completion of project
within our campus. Finally, we express indebtedness to everyone even remotely involved
in this project.
We would also like to thank all our teaching staff members of EEE for giving us
their valuable suggestions.
Finally, we are thankful to one and all who contributed for the successful
completion for our project work. We are specially thankful for our Executive Engineer sir
MR.J.HARI BABU. By accepting our permission to join industrial training during the
period of six months
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DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the project entitled, “SUB-STATION” submitted in

the partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Diploma in Electrical &
Electronics Engineering, To Chalapathi Institute of Technology, Mothadaka,
affiliated to JNTU Kakinada is a authentic work and has to not been submitted to any
other University or institution for award of diploma
T.SOMNADH PAVAN KALYAN [17457-EE-037]
N.LOKESH REDDY [17457-EE-020]
K.CHANDRASHEKAR [17457-EE-012]
SK.AARIZ AHMED [17457-EE-031]
P.GOPI KRISHNA [17457-EE-025]
V.NAGA SAI [17457-EE-038]
4
INDEX
CONTENTS PAGENO
List of figures IV
CHAPTER-1 33/11kv substation
1.1 INTRODUCTION 08
1.2 Substation 09
1.3 Types of substation 10
1.4 Sub Station characteristics 11
1.5 Sub Station the constructional features 12
1.6 Earthing and Bonding 12
1.7 Sub Station Earthing calculation methodology 13
1.8 Earthing materials 13
1.9 Switch yard fence earthing 14
1.10 conductor used in Sub Station 15
1.11 conclusion 15
CHAPTER-2 TRANSFORMERS
2.1 Introduction 16
2.2 Power transformer 17
2.3 Instrument transformer 17
2.4 Auto transformer 18
2.5 On the basis of working 18
2.6 On the basis of structure 19
2.7 specification of ct 20
2.8 Types of current transformer 20
2.9 protection of substation 21
2.10 Transformer parts 22
2.11 Conclusion 27
CHAPTER-3CHRONOLOGICAL TRAINING DIARY

3.1 Introduction 28
3.2 Applications (Plcc) 29
3.3 Principle of PLLC 29
3.4 Wave trap or line trap 29
3.5 Coupling capacitors 30
3.6 Protective devices of coarse voltage arresters 30
3.7 Coupling of filters 30
3.8 H.F cables 30
3.9 Miscellaneous equipment capacitor bank 31
3.10 fuse 32
3.11 bus couplers 33
3.12 bus bars 34
3.13 types of bus bars 35
3.14 conclusion 36
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CHAPTER- 4 ISOLATORS & Circuit breakers
4.1 Introduction 37
4.2 Circuit breaker 38
4.3 Oil circuit breaker 39
4.4 Air blast circuit breaker 39
4.5 Sulphur hexafluoride circuit breaker 40
4.6 Vacuum circuit breaker 41
4.7 Relay 42
4.8 Differential relay 43
4.9 Over current relay 43
4.10 Directional relay 44
4.11 Tripping relay 44
4.12 Auxiliary relay 45
4.13 Conclusion 45
CHAPTER-5 DC PANEL BOARD
5.1 24Volts DC panel board 46

5.2 Conclusion 47
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Name of figure Page no
CHAPTER-1
1.1 33/11kv substation 08

1.2 View of substation 09
1.3 Transformer substation 10
CHAPTER-2
2.1 Transformer 16
2.2 Power transformer 17
2.3 Instrument transformer 17
2.4 Auto transformer 18
2.6 Core type& shell type 19
2.7 Current transformer 20
2.10 transformer parts 23-24
CHAPTER-3
3.1 Power line carrier communication (PLCC) 28
3.9 capacitor bank 31
3.10 fuse 32
3.11 bus coupler 33
3.12 bus bars 33
3.13 Types of bus bars 35
CHAPTER-4
4.1 Introduction 37
4.2 Circuit breaker 38
4.3 Oil circuit breaker 39
4.4 Air blast circuit breaker 39
4.5 Sulphur hexafluoride circuit breaker 40
4.6 Vacuum circuit breaker 41
4.7 Relay 42
4.8 Differential relay 43
4.9 Over current relay 43
4.10 Directional relay 44
4.11 Tripping relay 44
4.12 Auxiliary relay 45
CHAPER-5 DC PANEL BOARD
5.1 24Volts DC panel board 46
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CHAPTER-1
33/11KV SUBSTATION
1.1INTRODUCTION
The creation of Andhra Pradesh Southern Power Distribution company Limited

(APSPDCL) on APRIL O1,2000 is the result of power sector reforms and restructuring in AP (India)
which is the focal point of the Power Sector, responsible for planning and managing the sector through its
transmission, distribution and supply of electricity.
APSPDCL will be professionally managed utility supplying reliable and cost efficient
electricity to every citizen of the state through highly motivated employees and state of art technologies,
providing an economic return to our owners and maintaining leadership in the country.
We shall achieve this being a dynamic, forward looking, reliable, safe and trustworthy
organization, sensitive to our customer interests, profitable and sustainable in the long run, providing
uninterrupted supply of quality power, with transparency and integrity in operation
1.1.1 ABOUT 33/11KV SUBSTATION SANGADIGUNTA, GUNTUR
Figure 1.1 33/11KV Substation Sangadigunta
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The main bus 33KV is connected to grid located at I.P.D colony, SANGADIGUNTA, GUNTUR.
Now the transmission line first parallel connected with lightning arrester to diverge surge, followed by
CVT connected parallel. CVT measures voltage and steeps down at 110V. A.C. for control panel, at the
location a wave trap is connected to carrier communication at higher frequencies. A current transformer is
connected in series with line which measure current and step down current at ratio 800:1 for control
panel.
Switchgear equipment is provided, which is the combination of a circuit breaker having an
isolator at each end. A transformer is connected to main bus though a bus coupler. The main bus has total
capability of 160 MVA for 33 KV, which is subdivided into two transformer capacity of 80 MVA
(40MVA+40MVA) parallel connected for 33KV and other two transformer capacity of 80KV
(40KV+40KV) are parallel connected for substation.
At both ends of transformer lightning arrester current transformer and switchgear equipment
provided. Transformer step downs voltage from 33KV to 11KV. The main bus is provided with
switchgear equipment & a current transformer. This gives way to six feeders transmitting power to
SANGADIGUNTA and some other AREAS. The main bus is connected to jack bus or transfer bus
through a bus coupler & 11KV is provided with switchgear equipment. This gives way to feeders
transmitting power to CHOWTRA, I.P.D COLONY, KAMMA SESHAYYA GROUND,
PALABAZAR etc.
A step down transformer of 11KV/440V is connected to control panel to provide supply to the
equipment of the substation. Capacitor bank is connected to main bus of 11KV. It is provided to improve
power factor & voltage profile.
1.2SUBSTATION
Figure 1.1 View of substation

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The present day electrical power system is A.C. i.e. electrical power is generated, transmitted &
distributed in the form of the alternating current. The electric power is produced at power plant stations
which are located at favorable places generally quite away from the consumers. It is delivered to the
consumers through a large network of transmission 7 distribution.
At many places in the power system, it may be desirable and necessary to change some
characteristics e.g. voltage, ac to dc, frequency, power factor etc. of electric supply. This accomplished by
suitable apparatus called substation. For example; generation voltage (11 KV or 33 KV) at the power
station is set up to high voltage (say 220 KV or 132 KV) for transmission of electric power. The assembly
of apparatus (e.g. transformer etc.) used for this purpose in the substation. Similarly near the consumer’s
localities, the voltage may have to be step down to utilization level. This job is again accomplished by
suitable apparatus called substation.
The assembly of apparatus to change some characteristic of electric power supply is called
substation.
The two most ways to classify substation are:-
1.3TYPES OF SUB STATION:

11KV Sub Station in this we are having two types 1.Inword
2.Outword
1. Inword : In this type in word means we are getting the supply from 133kv substation .when the supply
is entering into our field transformer then we are having the supply in word by lines of the 133kv
substation
2. Outword: in this type we are giving supply to power trans former to voltage transformer then we are
giving what we are getting form 133kv we are passing through 33kv substation
1.3Transformer substation
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Figure 1.3 Transformer substation
They are known as transformer substations as because transformer is the main component
employed to change the voltage level, depending upon the purposed served
Transformer substations may be classified into:
STEP UP SUB STATION

The generation voltage is steeped up to high voltage to affect economy in transmission of electric
power. These are generally located in the power houses and are of outdoor type.
PRIMARY GRIDSUBSTATION
Here, electric power is received by primary substation which reduces the voltage level to 11KV
for secondary transmission. The primary grid substation is generally of outdoor type.
SECONDARY SUBSTATIONS
At a secondary substation, the voltage is further steeped down to 11KV. The 11KV lines runs
along the important road of the city. The secondary substations are also of outdoor type.
1.1.1.1.3DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION
These substations are located near the consumer’s localities and step down to 400V, 3-phase, 4-
wire for supplying to the consumers. The voltage between any two phases is 400V & between any phase
and neutral it is 230V.
1.4 SUBSTATIONCHARACTERISTICS:
Each circuit is protected by its own circuit breaker and hence plant outage does not necessarily result in
loss of supply.
A fault on the feeder or transformer circuit breaker causes loss of the transformer and feeder circuit, one
of which may be restored after isolating the faulty circuit breaker
A fault on the bus section circuit breaker causes complete shutdown of the substation. All circuits may be
restored after isolating the faulty circuit breaker.
Maintenance of a feeder or transformer circuit breaker involves loss of the circuit.
Introduction of bypass isolators between bus bar and circuit isolator allows circuit breaker maintenance
facilities without loss of that circuit.
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Transformer substations may be classified into:
STEP UP SUB STATION

The generation voltage is steeped up to high voltage to affect economy in transmission of electric
power. These are generally located in the power houses and are of outdoor type.
PRIMARY GRID SUB STATION

Here, electric power is received by primary substation which reduces the voltage level to 11KV
for secondary transmission. The primary grid substation is generally of outdoor type.
SECONDARY SUBSTATIONS
At a secondary substation, the voltage is further steeped down to 11KV. The 11KV lines runs
along the important road of the city. The secondary substations are also of outdoor type.
1.1.1.1.4 DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION

These substations are located near the consumer’s localities and step down to 400V, 3-phase, 4-wire for
supplying to the consumers. The voltage between any phases is 400V & between any phase and neutral it
is 230V.
1.5STEPS IN DESIGNINGSUBSTATI
The First Step in designing a Substation is to design an Earthing and Bonding System.
1.6Earthing and Bonding:

The function of an earthing and bonding system is to provide an earthing system connection to
which transformer neutrals or earthing impedances may be connected in order to pass the maximum fault
current. The earthing system also ensures that no thermal or mechanical damage occurs on the equipment
within the substation, thereby resulting in safety to operation and maintenance personnel. The earthing
system also guarantees equipotent bonding such that there are no dangerous potential
gradients developed in the substation. In designing the substation, three voltage have to be
considered these are:
Touch Voltage:
This is the difference in potential between the surface potential and the potential at earthed
equipment whilst a man is standing and touching the earthed structure.
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Step Voltage:
This is the potential difference developed when a man bridges a distance of 1m with his feet while not
touching any other earthed equipment.
Mesh Voltage:
This is the maximum touch voltage that is developed in the mesh of the earthing grid.
1.7 Substation Earthing Calculation Methodology

Calculations for earth impedances, touch and step potentials are based on site measurements of
ground resistivity and system fault levels. A grid layout with particular conductors is then analyzed to
determine the effective substation earthing resistance, from which the earthing voltage is calculated.
In practice, it is normal to take the highest fault level for substation earth grid calculation
purposes. Additionally, it is necessary to ensure a sufficient margin such that expansion of the system is
catered for.
To determine the earth resistivity, probe tests are carried out on the site. These tests are best
performed in dry weather such that conservative resistivity readings are obtained.
1.8 Earthing Materials

Conductors:
Bare copper conductor is usually used for the substation earthing grid. The copper bars themselves
usually have a cross-sectional area of 95 square millimeters, and they are laid at a shallow depth of 0.25-
0.5m, in 3-7m squares. In addition to the buried potential earth grid, a separate above ground earthing
ring is usually provided, to which all metallic substation plant is bonded.
Connections:
Connections to the grid and other earthing joints should not be soldered because the heat
generated during fault conditions could cause a soldered joint to fail. Joints are usually bolted.
Earthing Rods:
The earthing grid must be supplemented by earthing rods to assist in the dissipation of earth fault currents
and further reduce the overall substation earthing resistance. These rods are usually made of solid copper,
or copper clad steel.
The earthing grid must be supplemented by earthing rods to assist in the dissipation of earth fault currents
13
and further reduce the overall substation earthing resistance. These rods are usually made of solid copper,
or copper clad steel.
1.9 Switchyard Fence Earthing:

The switchyard fence earthing practices are possible and are used by different utilities. These are:
Extend the substation earth grid 0.5m-1.5m beyond the fence perimeter. The fence is then bonded to
the grid at regular intervals.
Place the fence beyond the perimeter of the switchyard earthing grid and bond the fence
to its own earthing rod system. This earthing rod system is not coupled to the main substation earthing
grid.
1.10 CONDUCTORS USED IN SUBSTATIONDESIGN:

An ideal conductor should fulfills the following requirements:
Should be capable of carrying the specified load currents and short time currents.
Should be able to withstand forces on it due to its situation. These forces comprise self weight, and
weight of other conductors and equipment, short circuit forces and atmospheric forces such as wind and
ice loading.
Should be corona free at rated voltage.
Should have the minimum number of joints.
Should need the minimum number of supporting insulators.
Should be economical.
The most suitable material for the conductor system is copper or aluminums. Steel may be used
but has limitations of poor conductivity and high susceptibility to corrosion.
In an effort to make the conductor ideal, three different types have been utilized, and these
include: Flat surfaced Conductors, Stranded Conductors, and Tubular Conductor
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Overhead Line Terminations

Two methods are used to terminate overhead lines at a substation.
Tensioning conductors to substation structures or buildings

Tensioning conductors to ground winches.
The choice is influenced by the height of towers and the proximity to the substation. The
following clearances should be observed:
VOLTAGE LEVEL MINIMUM GROUND CLEARANCE
less than 11Kv 6.1m
111kV - 20Kv 6.4m
220kV - 30kV 6.7m
gGreater than 30kV 7.0m
Table 1 Clearance in accordance with voltage

1.11 CONCLUSION:
Now a days substation is important to everyone who are consumpting for their necessary
substation is necessary for the people to clear the problem to direct intract to people . And giving
knowledge to people about substation and have the transformer readings and different types of
rating of transformer and they are divided to according to their category public resources have
different types of problem. In substation workers can solve the problems of people the direct intract
And have free to communicate.
We can solve general problems by consulting our AE and Sub engineer Maintenance of a feeder or
transformer circuit breaker involves loss of the circuit. Introduction of bypass isolators between bus
bar and circuit isolator allows circuit breaker maintenance facilities without loss of that circuit. The
most suitable material for the conductor system is copper or aluminums. Steel may be used but has
limitations of poor conductivity and high susceptibility to corrosion. The conductor is divided into
different measurements clearance in accordance with voltage. Place the fence beyond the perimeter
of the switchyard earthing grid and bond the fence to its own earthing rod system. This earthing rod
system is not coupled to the main substation earthing grid.
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CHAPTER-2
TRANSFORMER
Figure: 2.1 Transformer

2.1 Introduction
Transformer is a static machine, which transforms the potential of alternating current at
same frequency. It means the transformer transforms the low voltage into high voltage & high
voltage to low voltage at same frequency. It works on the principle of static induction principle.
When the energy is transformed into a higher voltage, the transformer is called step up
transformer but in case of other is known as step down transformer.
TYPES OFTRANSFORMER
Power transformer
Instrument transformer
Autotransformer
On the basis of working
On the basis of structure
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2.2POWERTRANSFORMER:
Types of power transformer:

Single phase transformer
Three phase transformer
Single phase transformer:
A single phase transformer is a type of power transformer that utilizes single phase
alternating current, the transformer relies on a voltage cycle that operate in a unified time phase .
The ratio primary (input) winding to secondary (output) windings determines the change in current
Three phase transformer:
A three phase transformer is a three-legged iron core .Each leg has a respective primary and
secondary winding .most power is dispersed in the form of three-phase ac. Basically the power
company generator produce electricity by rotating 3coils or windings through a magnetic field with
in the generator
2.3 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER:
Fig: 2.3 Instrument Transformers

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a) Current transformer
b) Potential transformer
Current transformer:
A current transformer is a type of transformer that is used to reduce or multiply an alternating

current. It produces a current in its secondary which is proportional a current in its primary
Current transformer, along with voltage or potential transformer, are instrument transformer.
Potential transformer:
The current transformer the high value of current into the low value so that it can conventialy
measure by the transformer converts the high value of voltage into low values
2.4 AUTO TRANSFORMER:
Fig 2.4 Auto Transformer
2.5 ON THE BASIS OF WORKING

Step down: Converts high voltage into low voltage.
Step up: Converts low voltage into high voltage.
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2.6 ON THE BASIS OF STRUCTURE
Figure 2.6coretype Figure 2.6 Shell type
Plinth mounted DT Substations As per IS 1180, DTs above 500 KVA have necessarily to be
mounted on a plinth, however, lower capacity DTs may also mounted on plinth as per the practices
being followed in Discos. The Pad, which is a low height platform/plinth, normally made of
concrete structure. It can also be prefabricated by fiber blocks on which the transformers can be
mounted, however, the strength of the fiber block have to be ensured by the Discos before
installation. The Pad should be capable to carry the weight of the DT and should also have the
facility for cable entry and exit at two sides as per the terminals available at the Transformers. The
plinth shall be higher than the surroundings and plinth foundation is normally made of concrete.
Plinth mounted distribution sub-stations should be adequately protected by fencing so as to prevent
access to the equipment by unauthorized persons, animals and should be provided with standard
danger boards. The enclosure should also permit free circulation of air on all sides This type of DT
substations is best suitable for higher load centers areas where adequate land is available such as in
urban areas , housing complex, office complex and other developed areas. This substation can be
indoor type or outdoor type and the rating of Transformer may normally be more than 250KVA to
1000KVA depending on load requirement in the localities and also for economic reasons as this
needs control gears/ switchgears and proper enclosed wall boundary. The height of Pad/plinth
should be designed by considering the factors such flood level & topography of the locality etc and
should be adequately protected by fencing so as to prevent access by any unauthorized persons.
Depending upon the distribution system available in the area, the provisions for entry of cables or
for connection with overhead systems at DT primary and the exit from secondary side with
underground arrangement for laying the LT lines up to consumer premises is made accordingly.
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2.7 SPECIFICATION OF C.T

SPECIFICATION OF C.T. USED IN 33/11 KV SUBSTATION
Figure 2.7 Current transformer

Highest System Voltage: 145KV
Frequency:50Hz
C.T. Current: 25KA/1Sec.
Rated primary current: 800Ampere
A current transformer (CT) is a type of transformer that is used to measure alternating current (AC).
It produces a current in its secondary which is proportional to the current in its primary Current
transformers, along with voltage or potential transformers, are instrument transformers. Instrument
transformers scale the large values of voltage or current too small, standardized values that are easy
to handle for measuring instruments and protective relays. The instrument transformers isolate
measurement or protection circuits from the high voltage of the primary system. A current
transformer provides a secondary current that is accurately proportional to the current flowing in its
primary. The current transformer presents a negligible load to the primary circuit.
2.8 Types of Current Transformers
1. Step up and step down transformers
2. Three phase transformer and single phase transformer
3. Electrical power transformer, distribution transformer and instrument transformer
4. Two winding transformer and auto transformer
5.outdoor transformer and indoor transformer
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2. PROTECTION OF SUB STATION:

Transformer protection:
Transformers are totally enclosed static devices and generally oil immersed. Therefore
chances of fault occurring on them are very easy rare, however the consequences of even a rare
fault may be very serious unless the transformer is quickly disconnected from the system. This
provides adequate automatic protection for transformers against possible faults.
Conservator and Breather:

When the oil expands or contacts by the change in the temperature, the oil level goes
either up or down in main tank. A conservator is used to maintain the oil level up to
predetermined value in the transformer main tank by placing it above the level of the top of the
tank.
Breather is connected to conservator tank for the purpose of extracting moisture as it
spoils the insulating properties of the oil. During the contraction and expansion of oil air is
drawn in or out through breather silica gel crystals impregnated with cobalt chloride. Silica gel is
checked regularly and dried and replaced when necessary.
Marshalling box:
It has two meter which indicate the temperature of the oil and winding of main tank. If
temperature of oil or winding exceeds than specified value, relay operates to sound an alarm. If
there is further increase in temperature then relay completes the trip circuit to open the circuit
breaker controlling the transformer.
Transformer cooling:
When the transformer is in operation heat is generated due to iron losses the removal of heat
is called cooling.
There are several types of cooling methods, they are as follows:
Air natural cooling:
In a dry type of self cooled transformers, the natural circulation of surrounding air is used
for its cooling. This type of cooling is satisfactory for low voltage small transformers.
Air blast cooling:

It is similar to that of dry type self cooled transformers with to addition that continuous
blast of filtered cool air is forced through the core and winding for better cooling. A fan produces
the blast
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Oil natural cooling:

Medium and large rating have their winding and core immersed in oil, which act both as
a cooling medium and an insulating medium. The heat produce in the cores and winding is
passed to the oil becomes lighter and rises to the top and place is taken by cool oil from the
bottom of the cooling tank.
Oil blast cooling:

In this type of cooling, forced air is directed over cooling elements of transformers
immersed in oil.
Forced oil and forced air flow (OFB) cooling:

Oil is circulated from the top of the transformers tank to a cooling tank to a cooling plant.
Oil is then returned to the bottom of the tank.
Forced oil and water (OWF) cooling:

In this type of cooling oil flow with water cooling of the oil in external water heat
exchanger takes place. The water is circulated in cooling tubes in the heat exchange.
TRANSFORMER PARTS
2.10 TRANSFORMER PARTS:
1. Transformer tank
2. High voltage bushings
3. Low voltage bushings
4. Cooling fins/Radiator
5. Cooling fans
6. Conservator tank
7. System ground terminal
TRANSFORMER TANK:
When transformer is loaded and when ambient temperature rises, the volume of oil
inside transformer increases . A conservator tank of transformer provides adequate space to this
expanded transformer oil. It also acts as a reservoir for transformer insulating oil.
22
FIG 2.10 TRANSFORMER TANK

HIGH VOLTAGE BUSHINGS:
A high voltage bushing is a type of insulator that allows you to pass a high voltage conductor
through the metallic wall of an electrical panel or piece of equipment.
A transformer bushing is an insulating structure that facilitates the passage of an energized, current-
carrying conductor through the grounded tank of the transformer. Capacitance-graded bushings,
designed for higher voltage ratings, are used for a transformer's high voltage winding.
FIG: 2.10 HIGH VOLTAGE BUSHINGS
LOW VOLTAGE BUSHING:

In electric power, a bushing is an insulated device that allows an electrical conductor to pass ...
Porcelain is impervious to moisture once sealed by fired glaze and is low cost and flexible to
manufacture.
The bushings used for the low voltage winding(s) of a transformer are often solid type with a
porcelain or epoxy insulator. ... Their purpose is to control the voltage field around the center
conductor so that the voltage distributes more uniformly across the surrounding insulation system in
the bushing.
FIG: 2.9 LOW VOLTAGE BUSHINGS
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COOLING FINS/ RADIATORS:

Cooling systems remove heat from the engine using the properties of heat transfer. Modern cars use
liquid cooling systems. ... The fluid draws heat out of the engine and flows into the radiator to
be cooled. The radiator is a set of pipes with thousands of thin metal fins mounted them.
The fins then release the heat to the ambient air. Fins are used to greatly increase the contact surface
of the tubes to the air, thus increasing the exchange efficiency. The cooled coolant is fed back to the
engine, and the cycle repeats. ... Radiators often have one or more fans that blow air through
the radiator. Cooling fins' are projections that increase the surface area from which heat can be
radiated away from a device. The fins project outwards making the area for emitting heat back into,
say, an electronic circuit's container, smaller than the area emitting heat to the outside environment.
FIG: 2.10 COOLING FINS/ RADIATORS

COOLING FANS:
Cooling of Transformers. Cooling of a transformer is the process of dissipation of heat developed
in the transformer to the surroundings. The losses occurring in the transformer are converted into
heat which increases the temperature of the windings and the core.
FIG: 2.10 COOLING FANS

CONSERVATOR TANK:
Function of Conservator Tank of a Transformer. When transformers are loaded and when ambient
temperature rises, the volume of oil inside transformer increases. A conservator tank of transformer
provides adequate space to this expanded transformer oil. It also acts as
a reservoir for transformer insulating oil.
24
FIG: 2.10 CONSERVATOR TANK
SYSTEM GROUND TERMINAL:
A grounding transformer or earthing transformer is a type of

auxiliary transformer used in three-phase electric power systems to provide
a ground path to either an ungrounded wye or a delta-connected system.
FIG:2.10 GROUND TERMINALS
A grounding transformer or earthing transformer is a type of auxiliary transformer used in three-

phase electric power systems to provide a ground path to either an ungrounded wye or a delta-
connected system.[1][2] Grounding transformers are part of an earthing system of the network.
They let three-phase (delta connected) systems accommodate phase-to-neutral loads by providing a
return path for current to a neutral.
25
Grounding transformers are typically used to:
Provide a relatively low-impedance path to ground, thereby maintaining the system neutral at or
near ground potential.
Limit the magnitude of transient over voltages when restriking ground faults occur.
Provide a source of ground fault current during line-to-ground faults.
Permit the connection of phase-to-neutral loads when desired.
Fig: 2.10Earthing transformer with a zig - zag

Grounding transformers most commonly incorporate a single winding transformer with
a zigzag winding configuration, but may also be created with a wye-delta winding transformer.
Neutral grounding transformers are very common on generators in power plants and wind farms.
Neutral grounding transformers are sometimes applied on high-voltage (sub-transmission) systems,
such as at 33 kV, where the circuit would otherwise not have a ground; for example, if a system is
fed by a delta-connected transformer. The grounding point of the transformer may be connected
through a resistor to limit the fault current on the system in the event of a line-to-ground fault.
Three-phase electric power is a common method of alternating current electric power generation,
transmission, and distribution.[1] It is a type of poly phase system and is the most common method
used by electrical grids worldwide to transfer power. It is also used to power large motors and other
heavy loads.
A three-wire three-phase circuit is usually more economical than an equivalent two-wire single-
phase circuit at the same line to ground voltage because it uses less conductor material to transmit a
given amount of electrical power. [2] Poly phase power systems were independently invented by
Galileo Ferraris, Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky, Jonas Wenström, John Hopkinson and Nikola Tesla
in the late 1880s.
In a symmetric three-phase power supply system, three conductors each carry an alternating current
of the same frequency and voltage amplitude relative to a common reference but with a phase
difference of one third of a cycle between each. The common reference is usually connected to
ground and often to a current-carrying conductor called the neutral. Due to the phase difference, the
voltage on any conductor reaches its peak at one third of a cycle after one of the other conductors
and one third of a cycle before the remaining conductor. This phase delay gives constant power
transfer to a balanced linear load. It also makes it possible to produce a rotating magnetic field in an
electric motor and generate other phase arrangements using transformers (for instance, a two phase
system using a Scott-T transformer). The amplitude of the voltage difference between two phases is
times the amplitude of the voltage of the individual phases.
The symmetric three-phase systems described here are simply referred to as three-phase systems
because, although it is possible to design and implement asymmetric three-phase power systems
(i.e., with unequal voltages or phase shifts), they are not used in practice because they lack the most
important advantages of symmetric systems.
26
In a three-phase system feeding a balanced and linear load, the sum of the instantaneous
currents of the three conductors is zero. In other words, the current in each conductor is equal in
magnitude to the sum of the currents in the other two, but with the opposite sign. The return path for
the current in any phase conductor is the other two phase conductors Transmission lines are current
carrying lines that carry power from generating stations to the substations. Feeder is an electrical
distribution network. They carry power from substation to consumers. Electrical distribution is the
final stage in the delivery of electricity to end users. ... The transmission power lines will enter a
distribution substation where the voltage will be stepped down to distribution levels where it will be
distributed for use by industrial, commercial and residential customers.
2.11 Conclusion:
In transformer everything is important The fins project outwards making the area for
emitting heat back into, say, an electronic circuit's container, smaller than the area emitting heat
to the outside environment. Grounding transformers most commonly incorporate a single
winding transformer with a zigzag winding configuration, but may also be created with a wye-
delta winding transformer. Neutral grounding transformers are very common on generators in
power plants and wind farms. Neutral grounding transformers are sometimes applied on high-
voltage (sub-transmission) systems, such as at 33 kV, where the circuit would otherwise not have
a ground; for example, if a system is fed by a delta-connected transformer. The grounding point
of the transformer may be connected through a resistor to limit the fault current on the system in
the event of a line-to-ground fault. current transformer provides a secondary current that is
accurately proportional to the current flowing in its primary. The current transformer presents a
negligible load to the primary circuit. Transformer s are basic need for electricity because of if
transformer is not present the conductor may damage and make disturbance to public and there
will be breakdown by trees on lying on conductor and there will be voltage consumption
problems without transformer so transformer plays a major role in electrical department. There
will rating of transformer to areas by the consumption so there are different rating of transformer
It works on the principle of static induction principle. When the energy is transformed into a high
voltage
27
CHAPTER-3
CHRONOLOGICAL TRAININGDIARY&BUS BARS
( based on study & observation at different Departments andsections)
3.1POWER LINE CARRIERCOMMUNICATION
Introduction:
Figure 5.1: PLCC (POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION)

Reliable & fast communication is necessary for safe efficient &economical power supply.
To reduce the power failure in extent & time, to maintain the interconnected grid system in
optimum working condition; to coordinate the operation of various generating unit
communication network is indispensable for state electricity board.
In state electricity boards, the generating & distribution stations are generally located at a
far distance from cities. Where P&T communication provided through long overhead lines in
neither reliable nor quick.
As we have available very reliable physical paths viz. the power lines, which
interconnected, hence power line carrier communication is found to be most economical and
reliable for electricity boards.
28
3.2 APPLICATIONS:
The PLCC can be used for the following facilities:
Telephony
Tele protection
Remote control or indication
Telemetry
Tele printing
3.3PRINCIPLE OFPLCC:
The principle of PLCC is the simple one:
All type of information is modulated on carried wave at frequency 50Hz to 500 KHz. The
modulated HF carrier fed into the power line conductor at the sending end and filtered out again
at the respective stations. Long earlier system double side band amplitude modulation was more
common but the present amplitude modulated system.
Since high voltage power lines are designed to carry large quantities of energy on the
high voltage and the communication system at low voltage, they cannot be directly connected to
high voltage lines. Suitably designed coupling equipments have therefore to be employed which
will permit the injection of high frequency carrier signal without undue loss and with absolute
protection of communication equipments or operating personal from high voltage hazard.
Therefore, the coupling equipment essentially comprises the following:
3.4Wave trap or line trap:

Wave trap is connected in series with power line between the point of connection of
coupling capacitor and S/S. Wave trap offers negligible impedance to HF carrier. Wave trap
stands electromechanically and thermally for short circuit current in the event of fault on the line.
On the basis of blocking frequency bank, the wave trap can be following type:
ALL WAVE
SINGALFREQUENCY
DOUBLEFREQUENCY
BROAD BAND
29
3.5 Couplingcapacitor:
The modulated carrier is let into power line through coupling capacitor specially designed
to with stand line voltage under all weather condition. The upper end of the coupling capacitor is
connected directly to the line and the lower end is connected to the ground through a carrier
frequency chock coil or drain coil. Thus coupling capacitor forms the link between the PLCC
equipment and power line. The coupling capacitor used in UPSEB is 2200pf capacitance.
The coupling capacitor are designed for outdoor use and hence to withstand normal
atmospheric phenomenon such as temperature & humidity changes, rain, snow, anticipated wind
load, nominal wire tension etc. at full rated voltage. In some case capacitive voltage transformers
(CVT) used as a source of line voltage for metering and protection as also used coupling
capacitor for PLCC.
3.6Protective Device of Coarse Voltage Arrester:

This is connected across the primary of the coupling filter i.e. one end is connected to the
bottom of the coupling capacitor and other end is earthed. This is provided to protect the
coupling filter against line surges. An air gap is provided, where voltage of the order of 1.8 to
2KV as observed across due to lighting etc. online.
3.7 Coupling of Filter:

The coupling filter is inserted between the low voltage terminal of the coupling capacitor
and the carrier frequency connection of the carrier terminal. Some time an earth switch is also
provided with this unit. This unit mainly performs two functions; firstly it isolates the connection
of equipment from the power line. Secondly it serves to match characteristic impedance of the
power line to that of the H.F. cable to connection equipments.
3.8H.F.Cable:
H.F. cable normally used to connect the coupling filter to another coupling terminal. The
cable is insulated to withstand the test voltage of 4KV. The impedance of this H.F. cable is so as
to match with the output of the PLCC terminal and secondary impedance of coupling filter.
30
TYPES OF COUPLING:
The following three types of coupling are being used in UPSEB depending on the
requirement:
Phase to ground coupling
Phase to phase coupling
Internal Coupling
COUPLING LOSSES:
Coupling loss, also known as connection loss, is the loss that occurs when energy is
transferred from one circuit, circuit element, or medium to another. Coupling loss is usually
expressed in the same units—such as watts or decibels—as in the originating circuit element or
medium .Coupling loss in fiber optics refers to the power loss that occurs when coupling light from
one optical device or medium to another. (See also Optical return loss.)
Coupling losses can result from a number of factors. In electronics, impedance
mismatch between coupled components results in a reflection of a portion of the energy at the
interface. Likewise, in optical systems, where there is a change in index of refraction (most
commonly at a fiber/air interface), a portion of the energy is reflected back into the source
component.
Another major source of optical coupling loss is geometrical. As an example, two fibers
coupled end-to-end may not be precisely aligned, with the result that the two cores overlap
somewhat. Light exiting the source fiber at a portion of its core that is not aligned with the core of
the receiving fiber will not (in general) be coupled into the second fiber. While some such light will
be coupled into the second fiber, it is not likely to be efficiently coupled, nor will it generally travel
in an appropriate mode in the second fiber
3.9 MISCELLANEOUS EQUIPMENT

CAPACITOR BANK:
Figure 3.9 Capacitor bank

31
The load on the power system is varying being high during morning and evening which
increases the magnetization current. This result in the decreased power factor. The low power
factor is mainly due to the fact most of the power loads are inductive and therefore take lagging
currents. The low power factor is highly undesirable as it causes increases in current, resulting in
additional losses. So in order to ensure most favorable conditions for a supply system from
engineering and economical stand point it is important to have power factor as close to unity as
possible. In order to improve the power factor come device taking leading power should be
connected in parallel with the load. One of the such device can be capacitor bank. The capacitor
draws a leading current and partly or completely neutralize the lagging reactive component of
load current.
Capacitor bank accomplishes following operations:

Supply reactive power
Increases terminal voltage
Improve power factor
3.10 Fuse
Figure 3.10 SUBSTATION FUSE
A fuse is a short piece of wire or thin strip which melts when excessive current through it
for sufficient time. It is inserted in series with the circuit under normal operating conditions; the
fuse element is at a nature below its melting point. Therefore it carries the normal load current
overheating. It is worthwhile to note that a fuse performs both detection and interruption
functions.
32
3.11BUS COUPLER:
Figure 3.11 bus coupler

The bus coupler consists of circuit breaker and isolator. Each generator and feeder may
be connected to either main bus bar or spar bus bar with the help of bus coupler. Repairing,
maintenance and testing of feeder circuit or other section can be done by putting them on spar
bus bar, thus keeping the main bus barun disturbed.
BUSBARS
3.12 BUSBARS:
Figure 3.12 Typical representation of bus bars

When numbers of generators or feeders operating at the same voltage have to be directly
connected electrically, bus bar is used as the common electrical component. Bus bars are made up
of copper rods operate at constant voltage. The following are the important bus bars arrangements
used a sub stations:
33
Single bus bar system

Single bus bar system with sectionalisation.
Duplicate bus bar system
In large stations it is important that break downs and maintenance should interfere as little
as possible with continuity of supply to achieve this, duplicate bus bar system is used. Such a
system consists of two bus bars, a main bus bar and a spare bus bar with the help of bus coupler,
which consist of the circuit breaker and isolator.
In substations, it is often desired to disconnect a part of the system for general maintenance and
repairs. An isolating switch or isolator accomplishes this. Isolator operates under no load
condition. It does not have any specified current breaking capacity or current making capacity. In
some cases isolators are used to breaking charging currents or transmission lines.
While opening a circuit, the circuit breaker is opened first then isolator while closing a
circuit the isolator is closed first, then circuit breakers. Isolators are necessary on supply side of
circuit breakers, in order to ensure isolation of the circuit breaker from live parts for the purpose of
maintenance.
A transfer isolator is used to transfer main supply from main bus to transfer bus by using
bus coupler (combination of a circuit breaker with two isolators), if repairing or maintenance of
any section is required.
In electric power distribution, a bus bar (also bus bar) is a metallic strip or bar, typically
housed inside switchgear, panel boards, and bus way enclosures for local high current power
distribution. They are also used to connect high voltage equipment at electrical switchyards, and
low voltage equipment in battery banks. They are generally uninsulated, and have sufficient
stiffness to be supported in air by insulated pillars. These features allow sufficient cooling of the
conductors, and the ability to tap in at various points without creating a new joint.
The material composition and cross-sectional size of the bus bar determine the maximum
amount of current that can be safely carried. Bus bars can have a cross-sectional area of as little as
10 square millimetres (0.016 sq in), but electrical substations may use metal tubes 50 milli metres
(2.0 in) in diameter (20 square millimetres (0.031 sq in)) or more as busbars. An aluminium
smelter will have very large busbars used to carry tens of thousands of amperes to
the electrochemical cells that produce aluminium from molten salts.
Busbars are produced in a variety of shapes, such as flat strips, solid bars, or rods, and are
typically composed of copper, brass, or aluminium as solid or hollow tubes. Some of these shapes
allow heat to dissipate more efficiently due to their high surface area to cross-sectional area ratio.
The skin effect makes 50–60 Hz AC busbars more than about 8 millimetres (0.31 in) thickness
inefficient, so hollow or flat shapes are prevalent in higher current applications. A hollow section
also has higher stiffness than a solid rod of equivalent current-carrying capacity, which allows a
greater span between bus bar supports in outdoor electrical switchyards.
A busbar must be sufficiently rigid to support its own weight, and forces imposed by
mechanical vibration and possibly earthquakes, as well as accumulated precipitation in outdoor
exposures. In addition, thermal expansion from temperature changes induced by ohmic heating and
ambient temperature variations, as well as magnetic forces induced by large currents, must be
considered. In order to address these concerns, flexible bus bars, typically a sandwich of thin
conductor layers, were developed. These require a structural frame or cabinet for their installation.
Distribution boards split the electrical supply into separate circuits at one location. Busways, or bus
ducts, are long busbars with a protective cover. Rather than branching from the main supply at one
location, they allow new circuits to branch off anywhere along the route of the busway.
A busbar may either be supported on insulators, or else insulation may completely surround
it. Busbars are protected from accidental contact either by a metal earthed enclosure or by elevation
34
out of normal reach.
Power neutral busbars may also be insulated because it is not guaranteed that the potential between
power neutral and safety grounding is always zero. Earthing (safety grounding) busbars are
typically bare and bolted directly onto any metal chassis of their enclosure. Busbars may be
enclosed in a metal housing, in the form of bus duct or busway, segregated-phase bus, or isolated-
phase bus.
Busbars may be connected to each other and to electrical apparatus by bolted, clamped, or
welded connections. Often, joints between high-current bus sections have precisely-machined
matching surfaces that are silver-plated to reduce the contact resistance. At extra high
voltages (more than 300 kV) in outdoor buses, corona discharge around the connections becomes a
source of radio-frequency interference and power loss, so special connection fittings designed for
these voltages are used.
3.13 Types of Bus Bars

1. Single bus bars system.
2. Main &transfer bus bar system.
3. Double bus bar single breaker system.
4. Double bus bar with double breaker system.
5. Double main bus& transfer bus bar system
6. One &half breaker scheme
3.13.1 Single bus bars system

Single Bus Bar System. As the name suggests, it consists of a single bus-bar and all the incoming
and outgoing lines are connected to it. The chief advantages of this type of arrangement are low
initial cost, less maintenance and simple operation.
Definition: An electrical bus bar is defined as a conductor or a group of conductor used for
collecting electric power from the incoming feeders and distributes them to the outgoing feeders. In
other words, it is a type of electrical junction in which all the incoming and outgoing electrical
current meets.
35
Figure3.13.1 bus bar in single arrangement
3.13.2. Main &transfer bus bar system.

Main and Transfer Busbar Arrangement. In this type of main and transfer Bus arrangement,
there is two busbar scheme, One is main bus and the other is transfer bus. A main advantage is that
whole of the load is transferred to the transfer busbar when maintenance or repair are being done on
the main busbar.
3.13.3 Double bus bar single breaker system.

Each circuit is equipped with a single breaker and is connected to both buses using isolators. A
tie breaker connects both main buses and is normally closed, allowing for more flexibility in
operation
3.13.4 Double bus bar with double breaker system

Double Bus and Double Breakers scheme. In this scheme, the double breaker is used in each circuit
and each circuit is connected to both busbar i.e., busbar-1 & busbar – 2. ... Thus, when one of the
circuit breakers is being opened for repairs and usual checks, the load can be shifted on the other
circuit breaker easily
3.13.5.Double main bus &transfer busbar system

In double bus bar system two identical bus bars are used in such a way that any outgoing or
incoming feeder can be taken from any of the bus. Actually every feeder is connected to both of
the buses in parallel through individual isolator as shown in the figure.
3.13.6. One& half breaker scheme

In One and Half Breaker Scheme, three breakers are connected between the two buses.
Each Breaker is provided with two Isolators and two Earth Switches. These Isolators are provided
to physically isolate the Circuit Breaker for maintenance. One bay of three breakers is called
Diagonal in One and Half Breaker Scheme.
CONCLUSION:
In large stations it is important that break downs and maintenance should interfere as little
as possible with the continuity of supply to achieve this, duplicate bus bar system is used such a
system consists of two bus bars, main bus bar and a spare bus bars with the help of bus coupler
which consists breaker and isolate potential between power neutral and safety grounding is always
Zero. Earthing bus bars are typically bare and bolted directly on to any, metal chassis of their
enclose. Bus bars may be enclosed in a metal housing, in the form of bus duct or bus way
segregated-phase bus or isolated phase bus.
The coupling capacitor are designed for outdoor use and hence to withstand normal
atmospheric phenomenon such as temperature & humidity changes, rain, snow, anticipated wind
load, nominal wire tension etc. at full rated voltage. In some case capacitive voltage transformers
Long earlier system double side band amplitude modulation was more common but the present
amplitude modulated system. Since high voltage power lines are designed to carry large
quantities of energy on the high voltage and the communication system at low voltage, they
cannot be directly connected to high voltage lines.
36
CHAPTER-4
ISOLATORS AND CIRCUIT BREAKERS
4.1INTRODUCTION
The insulator serves two purposes. They support the conductors (bus bar) and confine the
current to the conductors. The most common used material for the manufacture of insulator is
porcelain. There are several types of insulators (e.g. pin type, suspension type, post insulator etc.)
and their use in substation will depend upon the service requirement. For example, post insulator
is used for bus bars. A post insulator consists of a porcelain body, cast iron cap and flanged cast
iron base. The hole in the cap is threaded so that bus bars can be directly bolted to the cap.
Figure 4.1 Insulators used in substations
With the advantage of power system, the lines and other equipment operate at very high
voltage and carry high current.
The arrangements of switching along with switches cannot serve the desired function of
switchgear in such high capacity circuits. This necessitates employing a more dependable means
of control such as is obtain by the use of the circuit breakers. A circuit breaker can make or break
a circuit either manually or automatically under all condition as no load, full load and short
circuit condition.
A circuit breaker essentially consists of fixed and moving contacts. These contacts can be
opened manually or by remote control whenever desired. When a fault occurs on any part of the
system, the trip coils of breaker get energized and the moving contacts are pulled apart by some
37
Mechanism, thus opening the circuit.

When contacts of a circuit breaker are separated, an arc is struck; the current is thus able
to continue. The production of arcs are not only delays the current interruption, but is also
generates the heat. Therefore, the main problem is to distinguish the arc within the shortest
possible time so that it may not reach a dangerous value.
The general way of classification is on the basis of the medium used for arc extinction.
Figure 4.2 Circuit breaker arrangements
4.2 Circuit breakers

They can be classified into:
Oil circuit breaker
38Air-blast circuit breaker
Sulphar hexafluoride circuit breaker(SF6)
Vacuum circuit breakers
Note: SF6 and Vacuum circuit breaker are being used in 33KV distribution substation.
38
4.3Oil Circuit Breaker
Figure 4.3 Oil circuit breaker

A high-voltage circuit breaker in which the arc is drawn in oil to dissipate the heat and
extinguish the arc; the intense heat of the arc decomposes the oil, generating a gas whose high
pressure produces a flow of fresh fluid through the arc that furnishes the necessary insulation to
prevent a restrike of the arc.
The arc is then extinguished, both because of its elongation upon parting of contacts and
because of intensive cooling by the gases and oil vapor.
4.4 Air blast circuit breaker
Fast operations, suitability for repeated operation, auto reclosure, unit type multi break
constructions, simple assembly, modest maintenance are some of the main features of air blast
circuit breakers. A compressors plant is necessary to maintain high air pressure in the air
receiver. The air blast circuit breakers are especially suitable for railways and arc furnaces,
where the breaker operates repeatedly. Air blast circuit breakers is used for interconnected lines
and
39
important lines where rapid operation is desired.
Figure 4.4 Air blast circuit breaker

High pressure air at a pressure between 20 to 30 kg/ cm2 stored in the air reservoir. Air is
taken from the compressed air system. Three hollow insulator columns are mounted on the
reservoir with valves at their basis. The double arc extinguished chambers are mounted on the
top of the hollow insulator chambers. The current carrying parts connect the three arc extinction
chambers to each other in series and the pole to the neighboring equipment. Since there exists a
very high voltage between the conductor and the air reservoir, the entire arc extinction chambers
assembly is mounted on insulators.
4.5 SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER:
Figure 4.5 SF6 Circuit breaker
40
In such circuit breaker, sulphar hexafluoride (SF6) gas is used as the arc quenching
medium. The SF6 is an electronegative gas and has a strong tendency to absorb free electrons.
The SF6 circuit breaker have been found to a very effective for high power and high voltage
service. SF6 circuit breakers have been developed for voltage 115 KV to 230 KV, power rating
10 MVA.
It consists of fixed and moving contacts. It has chamber, contains SF6 gas. When the
contacts are opened, the mechanism permits a high pressure SF6 gas from reservoir to flow
towards the arc interruption chamber. The moving contact permits the SF6 gas to let through
these holes.
4.6 Vacuum Circuit Breaker:
Figure 4.6 Vacuum circuit breaker

Vacuum circuit breakers are circuit breakers which are used to protect medium and high
voltage circuits from dangerous electrical situations. Like other types of circuit breakers, vacuum
circuit breakers literally break the circuit so that energy cannot continue flowing through it,
thereby preventing fires, power surges, and other problems which may emerge. These devices
have been utilized since the 1920s, and several companies have introduced refinements to make
them even safer and more effective.
Rating of 132 KV SF6 Circuit breaker:

Breaking current:50A
Making capacity:80KA
Total break time <60msec
41
Rated short circuit breaking current:

Symmetrical: 31.5KA
Asymmetrical: 36.86KA
Rated duration of short circuit current:3sec
Rated nominal current: 1250A
Rated voltage: 145KV
Rated SF6 gas pressure: 6KG
4.7 RELAY:
Figure 4.7 Relay

In a power system it is inevitable that immediately or later some failure does occur
somewhere in the system. When a failure occurs on any part of the system, it must be quickly
detected and disconnected from the system. Rapid disconnection of faulted apparatus limits the
amount of damage to it and prevents the effects of fault from spreading into the system. For high
voltage circuits relays are employed to serve the desired function of automatic protective gear.
The relays detect the fault and supply the information to the circuit breaker.
The electrical quantities which may change under fault condition are voltage, frequency,
current and phase angle. When a short circuit occurs at any point on the transmission line, the
current flowing in the line increases to an enormous level, this results in a heavy current flow
through the relay coil, causing the relay to operate by closing its contacts. This in turn closes the
trip circuit of the breaker making the circuit breaker open and isolating the faulty section from
the rest of the system. In this way, the relay ensures the safety of the circuit equipment from the
damage and normal working of the healthy portion of the system. Basically relay work on the
following two main operating principles:
Electromagnetic attraction relay
Electromagnetic induction relay
42
Relays used in control panel of the substation;

4.8 DIFFERENTIAL RELAY:
Figure 4.8 Differential Relay

A differential relay is one that operates when vector difference of the two or more
electrical quantities exceeds a predetermined value. If this differential quantity is equal or greater
than the pickup value, the relay will operate and open the circuit breaker to isolate the faulty
section.
4.9 OVER CURRENT RELAY:
Figure 4.9 Over Current Relay
This type of relay works when current in the circuit exceeds the predetermined value. The
actuating source is the current in the circuit supplied to the relay from a current transformer.
These relay are used on A.C. circuit only and can operate for fault flow in the either direction.
This relay operates when phase to phase fault occurs.
43
4.10 DIRECTIONAL RELAY:
Figure 4.10 Directional Relay

This relay operates during earth faults. If one phase touches the earth due to any fault, A
directional power relay is so designed that it obtains its operating torque by the interaction of
magnetic field derived from both voltage and current source of the circuit it protects. The
direction of torque depends upon the current relative to voltage.
4.11 TRIPPING RELAY:
Figure 4.11 Tripping Relay

This type of relay is in the conjunction with main relay. When main relay sense any fault in
the system, it immediately operates the trip relay to disconnect the faulty section from the section
4.12 AUXILIARY RELAY:
When a relay is used to switch a large amount of electrical power through its contacts, it is designated
by a special name: contactor. ... The auxiliary contact is often used in a relay logic circuit, or for some
other part of the motor control scheme, typically switching 120 Volt AC power instead of the motor
voltage.
44
Figure 4.12 Auxiliary Relay
An auxiliary relay is used to indicate the fault by glowing bulb alert the employee.
4.13 CONCLUSION:
The electrical quantities which may change under fault condition are voltage, frequency,
current, phase angle. When a short circuit occurs at any point on the transmission line the current
flowing in the line increases to the enormous value .This result in a heavy current flow through
the relay coil, causing the relay to operate by closing its contacts. This in turn closes the trip
circuit of the breaker making the circuit breaker open and isolating the faulty section from the
rest of the system. In this way, the relay ensures the safety of the circuit equipment from the
damage and normal working of the healthy portion of the system. When contacts of a circuit
breaker are separated, an arc is struck; the current is thus able to continue. The production of arcs
are not only delays the current interruption, but is also generates the heat . A compressors plant
necessary to maintain high air pressure in the air receiver. The air blast circuit breakers are
especially suitable for railways and arc furnaces, where the breaker operates repeatedly .The
arrangements of switching along with switches cannot serve the desired function of switchgear in
such high capacity circuits. This necessitates employing a more dependable means of control
such as is obtain by the use of the circuit breakers. A circuit breaker can make or break a circuit
either manually or automatically under all condition as no load, full load and short circuit
condition.
45
CHAPTER-5
PANNEL BOARD
5.1 3/11KV SANGADIGUNTA SS PANNEL BOARD
IMAGE : OS DC PANNEL BOARD:
Figure 5.1 24 Dc panel board

USE OF DC PANNEL BOARD:
A distribution board (also known as panel board, breaker panel, or electric panel) is a component of
an electricity supply system that divides an electrical power feed into subsidiary circuits, while
providing a protective fuse or circuit breaker for each circuit in a common enclosure.
KV METER:
The kv meter is used to measure the voltage which is providing to the consumers. If
the voltage is Below 11kv it is called low load or rise 11.5kv above means overload.
Kv meter is used for this purpose.
DC LEAKAGE:
This indication system is used to check the dc supply which is given to the feeders.
How to check the dc leakage is working is properly. If we on those switches if the
light blinks it is working properly
1
PTR-1&2:
The PTR1&2 indicates if there is any problem in power transformer
Winding temperature (w t):

Whenever winding temperature increases in the core this sensor will activate and it will give us
indication
OLTA-oil level temperature alarm:

The oil level in the transformer decreases then the alarm will be activated.
GAS (alarm):
A gas alarm has a point detector, which measures the concentration of gas in the air through
the use of various sensors, such as infrared sensors, ultrasonic sensors, electrochemical gas sensors,
etc. ... They are especially useful in industrial plants for monitoring concentrations of gas and
vapors.
FEEDER:
The function of the feeder pillar is to take in a supply of electrical energy from a transformer
and distribute it, via fuse ways, to a number of outgoing circuits, providing each with a mean of
protection and control.
FEEDER TRIPING:
The DC Panel board is generally indicate the colors red when the feeder get in the position
tripping then the color indicates the red and green there will be a siren to alert the people to come
and repair the whole feeder to take the control of LI (LINE INSPECTOR) by overcoming the repair
then the feeder will get the normal asusually then there will be no alert sound at same feeder if
again the same feeder trips there be a breakdown and check the whole section then we may solve
the problem
5.2 CONCLUSION:
The panel board is made up of the sunglass and attached with wood why because of when
the breakage occurs there will be no shock they can immediately can change the circuit mean
while they are connected with feeders so we have to change immediately respond to everything
The heat produce in the cores and winding is passed to the oil becomes lighter and rises to the
top and place is taken by cool oil from the bottom of the cooling tank

33/11 KV Sub-Station: A Main Project On

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33/11KV SUB STATION chalapathi institute of technology

fulfillment of the Requirements for the award

Under the Guidance of

Ms. N. RAMYA SRI M. Tech

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

CHALAPATHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

NAAC “A” GRADE

CHALAPATHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

NAAC “A” GRADE

In partial fulfillment of the academic requirements for the award of the

Ms.N.RAMYASRI , M.TECH Mr.P.Purna Chandra Rao,M.TECH(PHD)

We would like to express our heartfelt gratitude to my guide

We are grateful to Mr. P. Purna Chandra Rao , M.TECH (PHD),Head of the

I convey our special thanks to our beloved and honorable principal

We hereby declare that the project entitled, “SUB-STATION” submitted in

N.LOKESH REDDY [17457-EE-020]

SK.AARIZ AHMED [17457-EE-031]

P.GOPI KRISHNA [17457-EE-025]

V.NAGA SAI [17457-EE-038]

CHAPTER-3CHRONOLOGICAL TRAINING DIARY

CHAPTER- 4 ISOLATORS & Circuit breakers

CHAPTER-5 DC PANEL BOARD

5.1 24Volts DC panel board 46

1.1 33/11kv substation 08

The creation of Andhra Pradesh Southern Power Distribution company Limited

1.1.1 ABOUT 33/11KV SUBSTATION SANGADIGUNTA, GUNTUR

Figure 1.1 33/11KV Substation Sangadigunta

Figure 1.1 View of substation

1.3TYPES OF SUB STATION:

Figure 1.3 Transformer substation

Transformer substations may be classified into:

STEP UP SUB STATION

Transformer substations may be classified into:

STEP UP SUB STATION

PRIMARY GRID SUB STATION

1.1.1.1.4 DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION

1.6Earthing and Bonding:

1.7 Substation Earthing Calculation Methodology

1.8 Earthing Materials

1.9 Switchyard Fence Earthing:

1.10 CONDUCTORS USED IN SUBSTATIONDESIGN:

Overhead Line Terminations

Tensioning conductors to substation structures or buildings

VOLTAGE LEVEL MINIMUM GROUND CLEARANCE

less than 11Kv 6.1m

111kV - 20Kv 6.4m

220kV - 30kV 6.7m

gGreater than 30kV 7.0m

Table 1 Clearance in accordance with voltage

Figure: 2.1 Transformer

Types of power transformer:

2.3 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER:

Fig: 2.3 Instrument Transformers

A current transformer is a type of transformer that is used to reduce or multiply an alternating

2.4 AUTO TRANSFORMER:

Fig 2.4 Auto Transformer

2.5 ON THE BASIS OF WORKING

2.6 ON THE BASIS OF STRUCTURE

Figure 2.6coretype Figure 2.6 Shell type