Guide For Cast-in-Place Low-Density Cellular Concrete: ACI 523.1R-06
Guide For Cast-in-Place Low-Density Cellular Concrete: ACI 523.1R-06
Guide For Cast-in-Place Low-Density Cellular Concrete: ACI 523.1R-06
com
ACI 523.1R-06
This guide provides information on the materials, properties, design, Chapter 3—Physical properties, p. 523.1R-4
proper handling, and applications of cast-in-place low-density cellular 3.1—As-cast density
concretes having oven-dry densities of 50 lb/ft3 (800 kg/m3) or less. Roof 3.2—Oven-dry density
deck systems and geotechnical applications often incorporate these low- 3.3—Compressive strength
density cellular concretes.
3.4—Drying shrinkage
Keywords: cellular concrete; engineered fill; foaming agent; geotechnical
3.5—Thermal expansion
fill; insulating concrete; insulating concrete roof decks; low-density cellular 3.6—Walkability
concrete; low-density controlled low-strength material (LD-CLSM); 3.7—Mechanical attachment
preformed foam. 3.8—Thermal conductivity
3.9—Fire resistance
CONTENTS 3.10—Permeability
Chapter 1—General, p. 523.1R-2 3.11—Freezing-and-thawing resistance
1.1—Definition of cellular concrete
1.2—Definition of low-density, controlled low-strength
Chapter 4—Proportioning and testing, p. 523.1R-6
material (LD-CLSM) 4.1—Proportioning
4.2—Ingredient compatibility
Chapter 2—Materials, p. 523.1R-2 4.3—Cast density
2.1—Cement
4.4—Physical properties
2.2—Water
2.3—Preformed foam
Chapter 5—Batching, mixing, placing, finishing,
2.4—Aggregates and curing, p. 523.1R-7
2.5—Admixtures 5.1—Storage of materials
2.6—Nonstandard materials 5.2—Batching
2.7—Fiber reinforcement 5.3—Mixing
5.4—Placing
5.5—Finishing
ACI Committee Reports, Guides, Standard Practices, and 5.6—Curing
Commentaries are intended for guidance in planning,
designing, executing, and inspecting construction. This
5.7—Placement in cold-weather conditions
document is intended for the use of individuals who are 5.8—Placement in hot-weather conditions
competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its
content and recommendations and who will accept
responsibility for the application of the material it contains. Chapter 6—Design considerations for roof decks,
The American Concrete Institute disclaims any and all p. 523.1R-8
responsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall not 6.1—Form systems
be liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom.
Reference to this document shall not be made in contract ACI 523.1R-06 supersedes ACI 523.1R-92 and became effective August 15, 2006.
documents. If items found in this document are desired by the Copyright © 2006, American Concrete Institute.
Architect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents, they All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any
shall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation by means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic or
mechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduction
the Architect/Engineer. or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing
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is obtained from the copyright proprietors.
6.2—Roofing readiness
6.3—Load-carrying capacity
6.4—Expansion and contraction joints
6.5—Relief of vapor pressure
6.6—Standard roofing details
CHAPTER 1—GENERAL
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2.2—Water
Mixing water for concrete should be clean and free from
detrimental amounts of oils, acids, alkalis, salts, organic
materials, or other substances deleterious to concrete or
reinforcement. Any nonpotable water should be tested for
hardness, pH, suspended solids, total salt content, and
other characteristics that might affect the preformed
foam, the setting time, and the strength of the low-density
cellular concrete.
2.3—Preformed foam
Preformed foam is created by diluting a liquid foam
concentrate with water in predetermined proportions (Fig. 2.1) Fig. 2.1—Diluting foam concentrate in water (click on pic-
and passing this mixture through a foam generator. Meter the ture to view video).
preformed foam directly into the cement-water slurry at the job
site (Fig. 2.2). The density of the preformed foam is typically
between 2.5 and 4.0 lb/ft3 (40 and 65 kg/m3).
The foam concentrate should have a chemical composition
capable of producing and maintaining stable air cells within
the concrete mixture. The air cells should be able to resist the
physical and chemical forces imposed during mixing,
pumping, placing, and setting of the cellular concrete. If the
cellular (air-cell) structure is not stable, it may break down
under these forces, resulting in an increased concrete
density. Most common proprietary formulations of foam
concentrates contain protein hydrozylates or synthetic
surfactants. ASTM C 796 provides a standard method for
laboratory measurement of the performance of a foaming
chemical to be used in producing foam (air cells) for making Fig. 2.2—Metering preformed foam into cement-water slurry
cellular concrete. ASTM C 869 is a standard specification (click on picture to view video).
that covers foaming agents specifically formulated for
making preformed foam for use in the production of cellular to accelerate setting. Accelerators containing chloride ions
concrete. This specification provides the means for evaluating should not be used in cellular concrete placed in contact with
the performance of a specific foaming agent. Further steel. Chemical admixtures should conform to ASTM C 494
information concerning these formulations and the procedures and be used at dosages recommended by the manufacturer or
for using them is available from foam manufacturers. determined by trial mixtures.
Not all chemical admixtures are compatible for use in
2.4—Aggregates foamed cellular concrete. Individual manufacturers of foam
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Low-density cellular concrete may include lightweight concentrate should be contacted for information about the
aggregates such as vermiculite or perlite meeting the require- compatibility of specific admixtures with their foam
ments of ASTM C 332 Group 1 to lower the slump to concentrates, and trial batches should be used to determine
achieve steeper roof slopes, and to maintain moisture in dry the resulting mixture characteristics.
climates. Wilson (1981) provides additional information on 2.5.2 Supplementary cementitious materials—In the
the use of lightweight aggregates used in cellular concrete. production of cellular concrete, supplementary cementitious
Any proposed aggregates should be tested for physical materials such as fly ash, silica fume, high reactivity
properties, pumpability, and compatibility in trial mixtures. metakaolin, or ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (slag
cement) are included to reduce bleeding and segregation and
2.5—Admixtures to increase strength. Trial batches should be used to confirm
2.5.1 Chemical admixtures—Chemical admixtures, such the compatibility of the selected foam concentrate with other
as water-reducing admixtures and set accelerators, are used admixtures, and to help determine the proper admixture
with cellular concretes. Water-reducing admixtures can improve dosages and resulting physical properties. Various mineral
compressive strength for special mixtures or applications. admixtures may differ considerably in composition, fineness,
Hot water, high-early-strength (Type III or HE) cement, and and other properties. The user should review major fly ash
chemical accelerators can be used singly or in combination properties—loss on ignition (LOI), cementing activity, and
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strength). As a result, these densities and compressive fibers to the mixture (Section 2.7). Figure 3.2 relates drying
strengths are lower than those for roof deck applications shrinkage at 56 days to the air-dry density of cellular
(Table 3.2). If standard materials are used, the density of the concrete (ASTM C 157).
low-density cellular concrete has properties that fall within
ranges specified by the manufacturer of the foam concentrate. 3.5—Thermal expansion
If nonstandard materials are used, special test batches may The coefficient of thermal expansion for cellular concrete
be required to confirm specific properties. To define the varies directly with density, and is typically 5.0 to 7.0 × 10–6
general relationship between cast density and compressive per °F (9.0 to 12.6 × 10–6 per °C) as evaluated using a linear
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strength for specific applications, one manufacturer has thermal expansion test with strain gauges. The designer
divided the cast density into convenient ranges. should consider thermal expansion in applications with
Because the need for controlled low-density fill is usually significant variation in placing temperatures, operating
the main reason for using low-density cellular concrete, temperatures, or both. These conditions could occur in appli-
compressive strengths and ultimate bearing capacities cations such as roof decks, power plants, ovens, and steam lines.
require only minimum values. For specialized low-density
cellular concrete geotechnical applications, other physical 3.6—Walkability
properties may be required. Walkability, a term developed to describe the ability of
Cellular concrete with a compressive strength below 70 psi low-density concrete to sustain normal construction foot
(0.48 MPa) has proven satisfactory for special applications traffic without damage, is best judged by examining surface
such as pipe and wall insulation, tunnel and mine fills, distress. Walkability improves with increased density. When
energy absorption or shock mitigation, and backfills in sewer heavy construction traffic is expected (such as from wheel-
and highway construction per ACI SP-29 (ACI Committees barrows, scaffolds, material storage, or pathways), the
213 and 523 1971). surface of the roof deck should be protected with wooden
boards or by a similar method.
3.4—Drying shrinkage
Drying shrinkage is not usually critical in cellular concrete 3.7—Mechanical attachment
used for roof deck insulation or geotechnical applications. For roof deck applications, the roofing base sheet should
The reason for this is that when cellular concrete is used to be mechanically attached to the low-density cellular
insulate roof decks, it is not considered to contribute structur- concrete roof deck using specifically designed nails or
ally; and when it is used in geotechnical applications, any screws (Fig. 3.3). Fastening within 2 to 7 days of concrete
shrinkage cracking that it might undergo does not significantly placement is possible if the fastener can be installed without
reduce bearing capacity. Drying shrinkage is typically shattering or spalling the cellular concrete and if an installed
0.30 to 0.60% after 6 months at 50% relative humidity and fastener has a minimum specified withdrawal resistance of
73 °F (23 °C), and increases with decreasing density. Some 40 lb (180 N), which is consistent with required wind-uplift
of the effects of drying shrinkage can be mitigated by adding resistance and typical nailing patterns (such as three rows,
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3.10—Permeability
Generally, low-density cellular concrete has a low coefficient
of permeability k that is constant throughout the lower-
density ranges (Kearsley and Wainwright 2001a). The
coefficient of permeability is inversely related to the effective
confining pressure on the sample. Because low-density
cellular concrete is a rigid material rather than a yielding soil,
its permeability is measured using a modified triaxial-type
test including a confining pressure to prevent direct passage
of water (short-circuiting) along the interface between the
specimen and the confining membrane. A constant head
should be maintained during the test. Reported values range
Fig. 3.4—Thermal conductivity versus oven-dry density from 1 × 10–4 to 1 × 10–5 mm/s (4 × 10–6 to 4 × 10–7 in./s)
(National Bureau of Standards 1955). (ASTM D 2434).
uniformly spaced over the width of each base sheet, and 3.11—Freezing-and-thawing resistance
Freezing-and-thawing resistance of low-density cellular
using a nail spacing of 7-1/2 in. [190 mm] in each row).
concrete is evaluated using Procedure B (rapid freezing and
Because no consensus standard exists, nailing patterns are
thawing) of ASTM C 666, with a modified cycling protocol
generally qualified by product- and pattern-specific testing,
involving a longer thawing period. This modification is
and are published in evaluation-service reports (ANSI/SPRI
necessary because the insulating properties of low-density
FX-1-2001 2001).
cellular concrete prevent rapid lowering and raising of the
temperatures at the interior of the specimen, and thus prevent
3.8—Thermal conductivity
The thermal conductivity of cellular concrete should be completion of a freezing-and-thawing cycle in the originally
measured using the guarded hot plate (ASTM C 177) or the prescribed maximum 4-hour time period.* Low-density
heat flow meter (ASTM C 518) methods. A full-scale cellular concrete intended for exterior exposure should have
assembly is measured by a hot box apparatus (ASTM a relative dynamic modulus of elasticity E at least 70% of its
C 1363). Table 3.3 lists typical thermal conductivity values. original value after 120 cycles when tested according to
These values follow the curve of Fig. 3.4, originally Procedure B of the modified ASTM C 666. Because the
produced by the National Bureau of Standards (1955). freezing-and-thawing resistance of low-density cellular
concrete increases with increasing density, cellular concrete
3.9—Fire resistance within 2 to 3 ft (0.6 to 1 m) of a surface subjected to cycles
The fire resistance of cellular concrete in a building of freezing and thawing while exposed to water must have a
system is determined by a fire test, during which the cellular density of at least 36 lb/ft3 (575 kg/m3). MacDonald et al.
concrete element must support its design load, remain within (2004) provide an evaluation of the freezing-and-thawing
the temperature increase specified by the test standard, and performance and testing of cellular concrete.
withstand the transmission of flame or hot gasses per ASTM
E 119. Information on the demonstrated fire resistance of CHAPTER 4—PROPORTIONING AND TESTING
slabs with cellular concrete and charts for estimating the fire 4.1—Proportioning
resistance of various two-course roofs is available (Abrams Guidance for mixture proportioning is generally available
and Gustaferro 1969; Gustaferro et al. 1970). from the manufacturer of foam concentrates. The mixture
Fire-resistance tests have been conducted on wall, floor, and proportion specifies the range of proportions of the various
roof assemblies of cellular concrete cast over concrete (precast ingredients needed to attain the desired physical properties
or cast-in-place), galvanized steel, and wood substrates. Some (density and compressive strength). The user should test
of these assemblies contain expanded polystyrene insulation mixture proportions when nonstandard materials or special
board sandwiched within the cellular concrete. Recognized applications are involved.
laboratories, such as Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., publish
*
construction details for the tested assemblies, including fire Personal correspondence from E. L. Bidwell, University of Illinois, to Elastizell Corp.
of America, and report, “Freeze Thaw Testing of Low Density,” Elastizell Lightweight
ratings in hours evaluated using ASTM E 119. Concrete, Apr. 2, 1975.
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4.2—Ingredient compatibility In batch mixing, the mixer should be charged with mixture
Each ingredient that does not meet standard specifications water and dry ingredients, followed by special admixtures
for mixture compatibility should have the cellular concrete and the preformed foam. The as-cast density should be
physical properties checked in actual mixtures according to monitored at the point of placement every 30 to 60 minutes
ASTM C 796 and C 869. Cements may have significant based on consistency of results. Allowance should be made
strength variations within standard specification limits. Mill for any density changes that result from placing methods or
reports and test batches are useful for reviewing the product conditions, such as pumping distances and extreme weather
differences between cement and fly ash sources. Kearsley conditions. Ingredients should be added in the proper propor-
and Wainwright (2002a) demonstrate how to optimize fly tions and sequence during continuous mixing operations. This
ash content for strength. is necessary to ensure reasonable uniformity and achieve the
required as-cast density at the point of placement.
4.3—Cast density Standard concrete mixing equipment is normally not
Measuring the cast density at the point of placement is the
acceptable for low-density cellular concrete mixtures
simplest and most convenient test for monitoring the quality
because the action of the mixer does not combine the ingredi-
of the placed material. Cylinder specimens for compressive
ents with the correct speed and mixing action. A high-speed
strength tests, usually measuring 3 x 6 in. (76 x 150 mm),
paddle mixer is preferable because it properly combines the
should be cast at the same time that periodic density tests are
ingredients and blends the preformed foam rapidly and
performed. These samples should be covered and stored in a
efficiently to produce a uniformly consistent low-density
protected area for at least 24 hours before they are trans-
cellular concrete mixture. Other mixers and processes that
ported to the testing laboratory for testing in accordance with
produce uniform mixtures include high-shear mixers.
ASTM C 796.
5.4—Placing
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4.4—Physical properties
For standard mixtures made from standard materials, cast Cellular concrete should be placed by a progressive-cavity
density determines the physical properties of the cellular pump or a peristaltic pump. The pump hose should be large
concrete. It is not necessary to repeat the specialized tests of enough in diameter (usually 2 to 2.5 in. [51 to 64 mm]) to
materials for each project. These specialized tests include ensure uniform delivery of cellular concrete at the point of
permeability and freezing-and-thawing resistance; they may placement without damage to the structure or substrate.
require up to 3 months to complete. Strength and density Low-density cellular concrete can be pumped over long
determinations are often sufficient. If unique applications or distances (over 1500 ft [460 m]). This is a major advantage
nonstandard materials are used, special tests may be for low-density cellular concrete over other materials and
required. A special test is one related to the performance of placing methods, and is important on large, congested
the material in the specialized application. Legatski (1994) projects with difficult access.
provides a detailed review of testing the properties of
cellular concrete. 5.5—Finishing
For roof deck applications, cellular concrete should be
CHAPTER 5—BATCHING, MIXING, PLACING, finished to the slope and thickness specified on the project
FINISHING, AND CURING drawings. A minimum slope for proper roof drainage is 2%
5.1—Storage of materials (equivalent to 1/4 in./ft [21 mm/m]). It is possible to place
All materials should be stored in a manner to prevent dete-
this material on steeper slopes. The cellular concrete surface
rioration and contamination by foreign matter.
is usually finished with a darby or screeded to the specified
slope (Fig. 5.1). The surface should be smooth and free from
5.2—Batching
Materials for low-density cellular concrete are typically ridges, projections, and depressions that might adversely
proportioned and batched on site, directly into a specialized affect the roofing membrane.
mixer. The cement, fly ash, and other dry materials are For geotechnical applications, lift thicknesses ranging
weighed on a calibrated scale, and the mixing water is metered. from 2 to 4 ft (0.6 to 1.2 m) are typical. The lift thickness is
The preformed foam is metered into the mixture through a cali- job-specific and related to the project layout and casting
brated nozzle. The accuracy of each batching device is critical procedure. A greater lift thickness is acceptable for specific
to the final mixture density and its subsequent reproducibility. job conditions. The heat of hydration developed within the
Each batching device (scales, water meter, foam-generating mass, the material density, the cement content, and the
nozzle) should be calibrated before starting a project, and ambient temperature also influence the lift thickness.
during a project if there is a reason to believe it is necessary. Thinner castings reduce the heat buildup from hydration of
the cement. It is desirable to cast material in a formed area
5.3—Mixing within 1 or 2 hours to permit an undisturbed setting. In
Mechanically mixing cellular concrete produces a uniform general, low-density cellular concrete should be cast to final
distribution of materials with a suitable consistency at the grade with a tolerance of 0.1 ft (0.03 m). It is not necessary
specified as-cast density. Excessive mixing should be to scarify intermediate lift surfaces. A darby finish is acceptable
avoided, as it may cause changes in density and consistency. for the final lift.
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the structural deck system of the building. Typical deck Other roofing-attachment systems should be compatible with
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Fig. 6.2—EPS insulation board placed in cellular concrete
Fig. 6.1—Casting cellular concrete over vented steel deck. slurry over structural concrete deck.
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the cellular concrete and with the substrate (the structure that
provides the required wind uplift resistance).
6.3—Load-carrying capacity
Specific structural design requirements for cellular
concrete depend on the type of substrate used. The most
common substrates are galvanized steel and precast or cast-
in-place concrete. Although cellular concrete is not designed
for composite action with the substrate, it provides additional
stiffness. Designers should obtain information from
substrate manufacturers regarding the ultimate flexural
capacities and in-plane stiffness and strength characteristics
of various systems.
7.2—Roadway bases
Low-density cellular concrete is often used for a
roadway base over poor soil. The use of the material Fig. 7.3—Geotechnical roadway base at bridge approach.
becomes even more important when raising or widening
the roadway over poor soil, and added weight and settlement
are concerns for the designer (Fig. 7.3). These designs
often involve load-balancing and buoyancy calculations.
Specific site conditions may require the development of
special drainage details.
When constructing a roadway over poor soil, a geotextile
fabric should be placed after the excavation is complete. The
low-density cellular concrete should be cast directly onto the
geotextile fabric. This fabric acts as a tension skin and, in
conjunction with the low-density cellular concrete, can span
localized settlements up to 3.2 ft (1 m).
ASTM International
A 653 Specification for Steel Sheet, Zinc-Coated
(Galvanized) or Zinc-Iron Alloy-Coated
(Galvannealed) by the Hot-Dip Process
Fig. 7.6—Filling abandoned underground fuel- or oil-storage C 150 Specification for Portland Cement
tank with cellular concrete (click on picture to view video).
C 157 Test Method for Length Change of Hardened
Hydraulic-Cement Mortar and Concrete
C 177 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux
Measurements and Thermal Transmission Prop-
erties by Means of the Guarded Hot-Plate
Apparatus
C 332 Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for
Insulating Concrete
C 494 Specification for Chemical Admixtures for
Concrete
C 495 Test Method for Compressive Strength of
Lightweight Insulating Concrete
C 513 Test Method for Securing, Preparing,
Obtaining and Testing Specimens of Hardened
Lightweight Insulating Concrete for Compres-
sive Strength
C 518 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux
Measurements and Thermal Transmission
Properties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter
Apparatus
C 595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements
Fig. 7.7—Cellular concrete as wall fill with stay-in-place forms. C 618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or
Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete
C 666 Test Method for Resistance of Concrete to
density cellular concrete can be reasonably contained by
Rapid Freezing and Thawing
earth, forms, or a structure.
C 796 Test Method for Foaming Agents for Use in
Producing Cellular Concrete Using Preformed
7.5—Tank fills
An acceptable abandonment alternative to the excavation Foam
and removal of underground fuel- or oil-storage tanks C 869 Specification for Foaming Agents Used in
required by many agencies is a low-density cellular concrete Making Preformed Foam for Cellular Concrete
tank fill (Fig. 7.6). Federal regulations refer to low-density C 989 Specification for Ground Granulated Blast-
cellular concrete fills as an “inert substance.” Furnace Slag for Use in Concrete and Mortars
C 1157 Performance Specification for Hydraulic
7.6—Insulation and isolation fills Cement
The discrete air-cell structure within the cementitious C 1240 Specification for Silica Fume Used in Cemen-
matrix of low-density cellular concrete provides thermal- titious Mixtures
insulation and physical shock-mitigation properties to this C 1363 Test Method for Thermal Performance of
material for applications such as walls (Fig. 7.7), roofs, and Building Materials and Envelope Assemblies
other similar structures. Giannakou and Jones (2004) by Means of a Hot Box Apparatus
describe the use of cellular concrete to thermally insulate D 2434 Test Method for Permeability of Granular
foundations and slabs. Soils (Constant Head)
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E 119 Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Kearsley, E. P., and Wainwright, P. J., 2001a, “Porosity
Construction and Materials and Permeability of Foamed Concrete,” Cement and
Concrete Research, V. 31, No. 5, May, pp. 805-812.
The above publications may be obtained from: Kearsley, E. P., and Wainwright, P. J., 2001b, “The Effect
of High Fly Ash Content on the Compressive Strength of
American Concrete Institute Foamed Concrete,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 31,
38800 Country Club Drive No. 1, Jan., pp 105-112.
Farmington Hills, MI 48331 Kearsley, E. P., and Wainwright, P. J., 2002a, “Ash Content
www.concrete.org for Optimum Strength of Foamed Concrete,” Cement and
Concrete Research, V. 32, No. 2, Feb., pp. 241-246.
ASTM International Kearsley, E. P., and Wainwright, P. J., 2002b, “The Effect
100 Barr Harbor Drive of Porosity on the Strength of Foamed Concrete,” Cement
West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959 and Concrete Research, V. 32, No. 2, Feb., pp. 233-239.
www.astm.org Legatski, L. A., 1994, “Chapter 49—Cellular Concrete,”
Significance of Tests and Properties of Concrete and
8.2—Cited references Concrete-Making Materials, ASTM STP 169C, ASTM
Abrams, M. S., and Gustaferro, A. H., 1969, “Fire Endur-
International, West Conshohocken, Pa.
ance of Two-Course Floors and Roofs,” ACI JOURNAL,
Proceedings V. 66, No. 2, Feb., pp. 92-102. MacDonald, W.; Pospisil, J.; and Tikalsky, P. J., 2004, “A
ACI Committees 213 and 523, 1971, Lightweight Method for Assessment of the Freeze-Thaw Resistance of
Concrete, SP-29, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Preformed Foam Cellular Concrete,” Cement and Concrete
Hills, Mich., 321 pp. Research, V. 34, No. 5, May, pp. 889-893.
ANSI/SPRI FX-1-2001, 2001, “Standard Field Test National Bureau of Standards, 1955, “Thermal Conductivity
Procedure for Determining the Withdrawal Resistance of Versus Oven-Dry Density,” Technical News, V. 39, Bulletin
Roofing Fasteners.” 39, No. 3, Mar., U. S. Department of Commerce.
Engineered Fill, 2001, “Elastizell EF (Engineered Fill) National Roofing Contractors Association, 2001, The
Geotechnical Applications,” Elastizell Corp., 16 pp. NRCA Roofing and Waterproofing Manual, 5th Edition,
Giannakou, A., and Jones, M. R., 2004, “Thermally Insu- Rosemont, Ill.
lating Foundations and Ground Slabs Using Highly-Foamed Wilson, H. S., 1981, “Lightweight Aggregates—Vermic-
Concrete,” ASTM Special Technical Publication No. 1459, ulite, Perlite, Pumice—for Insulating Concretes,” CANMET
pp. 100-112. Report No. 81-15E, Energy Mines and Resources Canada,
Gustaferro, A. H.; Abrams, M. S.; and Litvin, A., 1970, Ottawa, 28 pp.
“Fire Resistance of Lightweight Insulating Concretes,” Zollo, R. F., and Hays, C. D., 1998, “Engineering Material
Research and Development Bulletin No. RD004B, Portland Properties of a Fiber-Reinforced Cellular Concrete,” ACI
Cement Association, Skokie, Ill., 12 pp. Materials Journal, V. 95, No. 5, Sept.-Oct., pp. 631-635.
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