1. Question 1. What Is The Principle Of Operation Of A D.c Motor?

Answer :
The operation of a D.C Motor based on the principle that when a current carrying conductor is placed in a
magnetic field, the conductor experiences a mechanical force. Basically, there is no constructional difference
between a d.c. motor and a d.c generator. The same d.c. machine can be run as a generator or motor.
2. Question 2. What Is Back E.m.f Or Counter E.m.f?
Answer :
When the armature of a d.c. motor rotates under the influence of the driving torque, the armature conductors move
through the magnetic field and hence e.m.f. is induced in them as in a generator. The induced e.m.f. acts in
opposite direction to the applied voltage V (Lenz’s law) and in known as back or counter e.m.f Eb. It is always
less than the applied voltage V, although this difference is small when the motor is running under normal
conditions.

3. Question 3. What Is Speed Regulation?

Answer :
Speed regulation is the change in speed when the load on the motor is reduced from rated value to zero. It is
expressed as a percentage of rated load speed.
4. Question 4. Why Series Motor Cannot Be Started On No-load?
Answer :
Series motor cannot be started without load because of high starting torque. Series motor are used in Trains, Crane
etc.
5. Question 5. Which Type Of Motor Is Used In Trains, What Is The Rating Of Supply Used?
Answer :
Dc series is in the used in trains to get high starting torque while starting of the trains and the operating voltage
is 1500v dc.

6. Question 6. Explain Different Methods Of Speed Control Of D.c Shunt Motors?

Answer :
Speed control of a d.c shunt motor can be done using:
1. Flux control method ()
2. Armature control method
3. Voltage control method
7. Question 7. Explain Different Methods Of Speed Control Of D.c Series Motors?
Answer :
Speed control of a d.c series motor can be done using:
1. flux control method
2. Armature-resistance control control method

8. Question 8. Why Is The Starting Current High In A Dc Motor (or) Why Do We Use A Starter?
Answer :
For DC motors, Voltage equation is
V=Eb-IaRa
Where V = Terminal voltage,
Eb = Back emf in Motor
Ia = Armature current
Ra = Aramture resistance.
At starting, Eb is zero. Therefore, V=IaRa, Ia = V/Ra, where Ra is very less like 0.01ohm.i.e, Ia will become
enormously increased. The excessive current will damage commutator and brushes and eventually blow out the
fuses.
9. Question 9. How Can You Reverse The Direction Of Rotation Of A D.c Motor?
Answer :
We can reverse the direction of rotation of a D.C Motor by either reversing the field current or armature current.
If both the currents are reversed the motor will run in original direction.

10. Question 10. Why The Field Of A D.c Shunt Motor Should Not Be Open?
Answer :
The shunt motor will achieve dangerously high speed and may destroy itself.
11. Question 11. What Will Happen If The Direction Of Current At The Terminals Of A D.c Motor Is
Reversed?
Answer :
The direction of rotation of motor remains the same as current in armature and field.

12. Question 12. What Happens When A D.c Motor Is Connected Across An A.c Supply?
Answer :
1. The motor will run but it would not carry same load as it would on d.c supply.
2. More sparking at the brushes
3. Eddy currents will be high and will cause overheating and may eventually burn on a.c supply

13. Question 13. Mention The Methods For Starting An Induction Motor?
Answer :
1. DOL – direct online starter
2. Star delta starter
3. Auto transformer starter
4. Resistance starter
5. Series reactor starter
14. Question 14. What Are The Types Of Starters Used For Starting Of D.c Motors?
Answer :
There are two principal types of d.c. motor starters viz., three-point starter and four-point starter. As we shall see,
the two types of starters differ only in the manner in which the no-volt release coil is connected.
15. Question 15. What Are The Advantages Of Star-delta Starter With Induction Motor?
Answer :
The main advantage of using the star delta starter is reduction of current during the starting of the motor. Starting
current is reduced to 3-4 times of current of Direct online starting. As the starting current is reduced, the voltage
drops during the starting of motor in systems are reduced.

16. Question 16. What Are The Different Tests Conducted On D.c Machines?
Answer :
1. Brake test
2. Swinburne’s test or No-load test
3. Regeneration test or Hopkinson’s test
4. Retardation or Running down test
17. Question 17. Why Is Swinburne’s Test Conducted?
Answer :
Swinburne’s test is conducted at No-load condition to predetermine the efficiency at different loads and to
measure the losses separately.
Que 3. Which of the following rule is used to determine the direction of rotation of D.C motor?
1. Coloumb’s Law
2. Lenz’s Law
3. Fleming’s Right-hand Rule
 4. Fleming’s Left-hand Rule
Hide Explanation
Answer 4. Fleming’s left-hand rule.
Explanation:

• When a current-carrying conductor such as a wire attached to a circuit moves placed in a magnetic field, an
electric current is induced in the wire due to Faraday’s law of induction.
• The right hand is held with the thumb, first finger and second finger mutually perpendicular to each other
than
• The thumb is pointed in the direction of the motion of the conductor relative to the magnetic field i.e direction
of the force.
• The forefinger is pointed in the direction of the magnetic field.
• The middle finger represents the direction of the induced or generated current within the conductor.
Que 1. No-load speed of which of the following motor is highest?
1. Differentially compound motor
2. Cumulative compound motor
3. Series Motor
4. Shunt Motor
Hide Explanation
Ans 3. Series Motor
Explanation:
• At the time of starting, flux is very less in DC series motor.
• So as we know the inverse relationship between speed and flux i.e flux decrease when speed increase.
• Therefore we never start DC series motor at no load.
Ques 13. By looking at which particular part of the motor we can Identify a “DC motor”?
1. Shaft
2. Field winding
3. Commutator
4. Armature winding
Hide Explanation
Answer 3. Commutator
Explanation:
• The commutator converts the alternating current generated in armature into the unidirectional current.
 • It is a mechanical rectifier, so the commutator collects induced EMF or current developed in the armature.
• In the DC motor, the commutator is used to alternate the magnetic field created by the DC current.
• For AC motor the magnetic field is already alternated by the nature of the AC current.
Ques 14. Counter EMF of the DC motor is
1. Less than the applied voltage
2. More than the applied voltage
3. Equal to the applied voltage
4. None of the above
Hide Explanation
Answer 1. Less than the applied voltage
Explanation:
According to DC motor equation,
Ia = (V – Eb)/Ra
⇒ V = Eb + IaRa
From the above equation, it is clear that the Back EMF is always less than the applied voltage.

Ques 15. If the back EMF of DC motor vanishes then

1. The motor continues to run
2. Motor will stop
3. Armature will burn
4. The motor continues to run in slow speed
Hide Explanation
Answer 3. The armature will burn Explanation:
Explanation:
• The presence of back emf makes the d.c. motor a self-regulating machine i.e., it makes the motor to draw as
much armature current as is just sufficient to develop the torque required by the load.
• Armature current is Ia = (V – Eb)/Ra
• When the motor is running on no-load, small torque is required to overcome the friction and windage losses.
• As Eb is zero the armature current will increases to a very high value, therefore a large amount of heat will
be produced which may burn the armature winding.

Ques 16. Why is the speed of DC shunt motor dependent on Back EMF?
1. Because flux is proportional to the armature current
2. Because armature drop is negligible
3. Because Back EMF is equal to armature current
4. Because flux is constant in DC shunt motor
Hide Explanation
Answer 4. Because flux is constant in DC shunt motor.
Explanation:
• In the case of DC motors Speed ∝ Back emf(Eb)/flux(φ).
 • The field winding is connected across the armature. The resistance offered by the field is constant so the
current is constant. As current is constant flux also becomes constant b the cause flux is directly proportional
to current.
• Therefore the speed of the DC shunt motor depends on the back EMF.

Ques 17. What will happen when the field of a DC shunt motor gets opened while the motor is running?
1. Continue to run at the same speed
2. Speed of motor will be reduced
3. The motor will attain dangerous high speed
4. Armature current will be reduced
Hide Explanation
Answer 3. The motor will attain dangerous high-speed Explanation:
Explanation:
• In a DC shunt motor, if we cut the supply for the field winding, the speed would dangerously increase in
order to maintain the back emf of the motor.
• In the case of DC motors Speed ∝ Back emf(Eb)/flux(φ).
• So if flux drops to ZERO theoretically speed will tend to infinity and practically it will damage the windings
of the motor.

Ques 18. Which of the following DC motor have the tendency of load instablity?
1. Cumulative compound motor
2. Shunt Motor
3. Series motor
4. Differentially compound motor
Hide Explanation
Answer 3. Differentially compound motor
Explanation:
• In a differential compound motor, because of the opposition of the series field to the shunt field, the flux
decreases as the load and armature current increase. As we know that the decrease in flux causes an increase
in speed. However, because the speed is proportional to EB/φ, if both factors vary in the same proportion, the
speed will remain constant. This action may occur in the differential compound motor. If more turns are
added to the series coil, it is possible to cause the motor to run faster as the Load is Increased.
 • With over compounding, a slight increase in speed is possible with an increase in load. This speed
characteristic is achieved only with a loss in the rate at which torque increases with load.
• Because the field decreases with a load increase, a differential compound motor has a tendency for load
instability.
• When starting a differential motor, it is recommended that the series field is shorted because the great starting
current in this field may overbalance the shunt field and cause the motor to start in the opposite direction.
Que 22. Which DC motor is preferred for Elevator?
1. Differentially compound motor
2. Series motor
3. Shunt Motor
4. Cumulative compound motor
Hide Explanation
Answer 4. Cumulative compound motor
Explanation:
• Compound motor finds application where high starting torque or pulsating load are required.
• In the elevator, the load is always pulsating and high starting torque is required to run the elevator.
• This high starting torque is provided by the series winding of the compound motor and maximum speed at
no load is limited by shunt winding of the compound motor.

Que 23. Which of the following application requires high starting torque?
1. Air blower
2. Elevator
3. Locomotive
4. Centrifugal Pump
Hide Explanation
Answer 3. Locomotive
Explanation:
• To start up the locomotive we required very high starting torque.
• DC series motor is used as the starting torque is about 500%

Que 24. Which DC motor is preferred for constant speed?

1. Series motor
2. Compound motor
3. Shunt motor
4. Differential motor
Hide Explanation
Answer 3. Shunt motor
Explanation:
• In the case of DC motors Speed ∝ Back emf(Eb)/flux(φ)
• The field winding in shunt motor is connected in parallel to the armature winding and the supply.
• The field winding is connected across the armature.The resistance offered by field is constant so the current
is constant.
• As current is constant flux also constant because the flux is directly proportional to current.since flux is
constant so speed is also constant because speed depends on flux.
• Hence the speed of the shunt motor can be assumed ALMOST constant under normal running conditions.

Que 25. The direction of rotation of D.C series motor can be changed by
1. Interchanging field terminal
2. Interchanging supply terminal
3. Both a & b
4. None of the above
Hide Explanation
Answer 1. Interchanging Field terminal
Explanation:
• If field winding is reversed then the current flowing through the field winding reverses so the effective flux
will be reversed. we know that Torque is proportional to flux.
• As there is a reversal of flux i.e. from positive it becomes negative so torque generated also becomes negative
resulting motor to rotate in reverse direction.
• Note: To reverse the motor, you need to change the polarity of the supply voltage to either the field
winding or the armature winding, but not both.

Que 26. Which DC motor is used for conveyor?

1. Series motor
 2. Cumulative compound motor
3. Differentially compound motor
4. Shunt motor
Hide Explanation
Answer 1. Series motor
Explanation:
• Conveyors require high starting torque because the material is placed before the starting of Conveyors belt.
• Therefore conveyor required high starting torque and constant speed.
• Series motor is suitable for conveyor belts operating in a particular region of its torque speed characteristics.

Que 27. What will happen when the D.C motor is connected to A.C supply then?
1. D.C motor will run at rated speed
2. D.C motor will burn
3. D.C motor will run at slow speed
4. Both 2 & 3.
Hide Explanation
Answer 4. Either 2 & 3
Explanation:
Series Connection:
• In DC machine, T = kφi
where k = number of poles and the number of turns in the winding.
Φ = flux per pole
i = current.
• If saturation of core is neglected, then Flux is proportional to field current.
• So Torque= k *field current*armature current.
• For DC series machine, Armature current = Field Current,
Therefore, Torque = k × Ia2
• If we apply AC then both, during positive as well as negative half cycle, torque is positive from above
relation. So, torque is unidirectional, but due to AC, it will be pulsating.
Parallel connection:
• But, In the case of parallel connection, it won’t rotate at all and will start humming and will create vibrations,
as a torque produced by positive and negative cycle will cancel out each other. D.C. motor will be heated up.

Que 28. Which D.C motor is preferred for machine tools?

1. Series motor
2. Cumulative compound motor
3. Differentially compound motor
4. Shunt motor
Hide Explanation
Answer 4 . Shunt Machine
Explanation:
• DC shunt motor is a constant speed motor tool machine such as lathe machine requires being run at a
constant speed.
• As lathe machines roll down iron pieces reducing Diameters at a constant speed. and also for other purposes,
it requires a constant speed motor.

Que 29. When the speed of D.C motor is increased

1. Back E.M.F increases and current drawn decreases
2. Back E.M.F decreases and current drawn increases
3. Back E.M.F and current drawn both increases
4. Back E.M.F and current drawn both decreases
Hide Explanation
Answer 1. Back E.M.F increases and current drawn decreases
Explanation:
• The Emf equation of DC motor is given as

• As, A, P, Z are constant therefore N is directly proportional to Eb & inversely proportional to flux.
• As we know that in DC motor armature equation is given as

• So As the back emf increase armature current reduced.

Que 35. Which DC motor is preferred for crane and hoist?
1. Series motor
2. Cumulative compound motor
3. Shunt motor
4. Differentially compound motor
Hide Explanation
Answer 1. Series motor
Explanation:
• Crane and hoist require high starting torque during starting because they carry heavy load.
• Therefore series motor is suitable for such kind of machine as it provides high starting torque.

Que 36. What will happen if the 220 volts DC series motor is connected to 220 Volt Ac supply?
1. The motor will not run
2. The armature winding of the motor will burn
3. The motor will run with less efficiency and more sparking
4. Either 2 & 3
Hide Explanation
Answer 4. Either 2 & 3.
Explanation: For explanation check question 27.

Que 37. If Ta be the armature torque and Ia be the armature current then which of the following relation is valid for
DC series motor before saturation?
1. Ta ∝ Ia
2. Ta ∝ Ia2
3. Ta ∝ 1/Ia
4. Ta ∝ 1/Ia2
Hide Explanation
Answer 2. Ta ∝ Ia2
Explanation:
• We know that torque is directly proportional to the product of armature current and field flux, Ta ∝ ɸ.Ia.
• In DC series motors, field winding is connected in series with the armature, i.e. Ia= If. Therefore, before
magnetic saturation of the field, flux ɸ is directly proportional to Ia.
• Hence, before magnetic saturation Ta ∝ Ia2.
• After magnetic saturation of the field poles, flux ɸ is independent of armature current Ia. Therefore, the
torque varies proportionally to Ia only, T ∝ Ia.Therefore, after magnetic saturation, Ta-Ia curve becomes a
straight line.

Que 38. The reason for providing field winding of DC motor with thick wire is
1. To provide large flux
2. To carries large load current
3. To reduce eddy current
4. To increase the flux
Hide Explanation
Answer 2. To carries large load current
Explanation:
• The use of thick and thin wires in DC machines is to have appropriate resistance.
• In DC shunt machine thin wire of larger number of turns is used
• In the series machine, thick wires of smaller turns are used.
• In the series machine, if you use thick wires the resistance of the wire will be lower(inversely proportional
to the area ) and hence larger current will flow as it is directly connected across the supply.

Que 39. In D.C motor the percentage of residual magnetism is

1. 2 – 3%
2. 10 -20%
3. 50%
4. 80 – 90%
Show Explanation
Que 40. Why is the DC motor preferred over AC motor?
1. High-speed operation
2. Low-speed operation
3. Rated speed operation
4. Variable speed operation
Hide Explanation
Answer 4. Variable speed operation
Explanation:
• DC motor provides Speed control over a wide range both above and below the rated speed.
• The speed control can be achieved by armature control method and field control method.

Que 42. When the ratio of back E.MF to applied voltage is ___ than the mechanical power develop by the shunt
generator is maximum?
A. 1.0
B. 0.5
C. 2
D. 3
Hide Explanation
Answer B. 0.5
Explanation:
• Maximum power in DC motor is generated when
Eb = 1/2 Vs
Eb/Vs =0.5

Que 43. The condition for maximum power in D.C motor is

1. Back emf (Eb) = Supply voltage (Vs)
2. Eb = 1/2 Vs
3. 1/2 Eb = Vs
4. Eb = 2 × Vs
Hide Explanation
Answer B. Eb = 1/2 Vs
Explanation:
• Maximum power in DC motor is generated when
Eb = 1/2 Vs
Eb/Vs =0.5

Ques 44. In a DC shunt motor if field current is decreased then the speed of the motor is
1. Decrease
2. Increase
 3. Remain same
4. None of the above
Hide Explanation
Answer 2 . Increase
Explanation:
• This is known as field weakening or constant power mode of operation.
• When the field winding current reduced the Field’s magnetic strength reduced which in turn reduced the back
EMF and at same time the rotor current increases
• Due to reduced magnetic field pole intensity rotor starts rotating faster till it develops same Back EMF which
should be equal to its original value.
• So in simple words when shunt field current If decreases, φ decreases, and the speed rises as speed is inversely
proportional to flux.

Que 45. The function of yoke in a DC machine is

1. To provide mechanical protection
2. To reduce eddy current
3. Flux path completion
4. Both 1 & 3
Show Explanation

Que 46. DC machine windings are

1. Short pitched
2. Full pitched
3. Any of the above
4. None of the above
Show Explanation

Que 47. The function of Dummy coil is to

1. Reduce eddy current
2. Reduce hysteresis loss
3. Increase flux
4. Mechanical Balancing
Show Explanation

Que 48. The flux density under leading pole tip in DC motor tends to
1. Decrease
2. Remain same
3. Increase
 4. None of the above
Hide Explanation
Answer 3. Increase
Explanation:
• Under leading pole tips main flux and armature flux will aid each other. Therefore flux density increases.

Que 49. The flux density under trailing pole tip in DC motor tends to
1. Decrease
2. Remain same
3. Increase
4. None of the above
Hide Explanation
Answer 3. Decrease
Explanation:
• Under trailing pole tips main flux and armature flux will subtract each other. Therefore flux density decrease.
Ques 61. In a d.c. motor, the brushes are shifted from the mechanical neutral plane in a direction opposite to the
rotation to
1. Decrease Speed
2. Increase Speed
3. Reduce Sparking
4. Increase torque
Hide Explanation
Answer 3. Reduce Sparking
Explanation:-
Armature reaction occurs in DC motors and is caused by the stator magnetic field being distorted, or altered, in
reaction to the armature magnetic field. The armature reaction is actually a bending of the motor magnetic field so
that the brushes are no longer aligned with the neutral magnetic plane of the motor. If the brushes are not in alignment
with this magnetic plane, the current conducted to the armature does not split equally in the armature conductors and
therefore causes a voltage difference at the brushes. This causes sparking where the brush meets the commutator. In
a motor with a constant load.
The figure depicts a two-pole generator whose field winding is excited and the direction of the magnetic flux is
shown. Note that the flux distribution is uniform. Vector OFM represents the main field. It is observed that the
MNA(Magnetic Neutral axis) which is always perpendicular to the field and GNA (Geometrical Neutral Axis)
coincide with each other.
The second figure shows an armature connected to a load and armature current flowing through the armature
conductors. This armature current produces its own magnetic field. The vector OFA represents the armature field.

This armature flux interacts with the main flux and a resultant field is produced in the armature as shown in Fig. It
can be seen from the figure that the resultant flux is not uniform. It is concentrated at the trailing tips of the pole and
is rare (weak) at the leading pole tips. The resultant flux is shown by vector OFR which is the vector sum of OFM and
OFA.
Effect of Armature Reaction In DC Machine
Due to armature reaction, mainly two effects are produced which are explained as under.
1. First is the effect of shifting of MNA, which is shown in above figure
In general, the MNA shifts in the direction of the motion in a generator and in opposite direction of the motion in a
motor. So, in a generator, armature coils undergoing commutation are under the influence of the backward pole. This
produces dynamically induced emf in the coils due to the cutting of the flux along the brush axis, which will try to
maintain the current in the original direction. In case of a motor, the coils are under the influence of forward poles.
Therefore, there will also be dynamically induced emf in the coils. The extent of MNA shift depends on the value of
armature current and hence on the load of the machine.
We know that the commutator must short out the armature coils just at the moment when the voltage across them is
zero. When the machine is loaded and the MNA shifts, the brushes short out the coils with some voltage in them.
Therefore heavy sparking occurs as the brushes leave a segment. This is a very serious problem as it reduces the
brush life and causes pitting of the commutator segments.
Moreover, the MNA shift can also lead to flashover in the commutator bars near the brushes. Air near the brushes in
the machine is normally ionized when sparking at the brushes happens. Flashover occurs when the voltage of the
adjacent commutator bars is large enough to sustain an arc. If flashover occurs, the resulting arc can melt the surface
of the commutator and cause severe pitting on the commutator surface.
Hence the brushes are shifted from the mechanical neutral plane in a direction opposite to the rotation to reduce
sparking.
2. The second major problem caused due to the armature reaction is flux weakening. The vector armature field
OFA has two components
(i) OFD which is directly opposite to the main field producing the demagnetizing effect
(ii) OFC which is perpendicular to the main field producing the cross magnetizing effect.
Thus, the armature magnetic field produces:
1. The demagnetizing effect which weakens the main field.
2. Cross magnetizing effect which distorts the main field.
Flux weakening creates problems in both the machines — generators as well as motors. The voltage supplied by the
generator is reduced due to flux weakening for any load. In motors, the effect is even more serious. If the flux in a
motor is reduced, the speed of the motor increases. But this increase in motor speed can increase its load, which in
turn results in more flux weakening. Due to this flux weakening, a runaway condition may crop up.
Ques 62. Interpoles in a DC motor must be
1. Series excited and should have the same polarity as that of the behind main pole in the direction of rotation
of the armature.
2. Series excited and should have the same polarity as that of the ahead main pole in the direction of rotation of
the armature.
3. Shunt excited and should have the same polarity as that of the behind main pole in the direction of rotation
of the armature.
4. Shunt excited and should have the same polarity as that of the ahead main pole in the direction of rotation of
the armature
Hide Explanation
Answer 3. Series excited and should have the same polarity as that of the behind main pole in the direction of
rotation of the armature.
Explanation:-
Interpoles In DC Machine
• In DC machine One way to reduce the effects of armature reaction is to place small auxiliary poles called
“interpoles” between the main field poles.he interpoles have a few turns of large wire and are connected in
series with the armature.
• One of the disadvantages of armature reaction is brush shifting, therefore a person is always required to adjust
the brush position in the machine at the every load change. We observe that sparking in the brushes can be
avoided if the voltage in the coils undergoing commutation is made zero.
• This method tries to do just the same. Small poles called commutating poles or interpoles are introduced in
between the main poles along the geometrical neutral axis. Brushes are also set on this axis and kept fixed at
this position for all the loads. The interpole winding has fewer turns of heavy copper conductor.

• Interpoles are connected in series with the armature winding so that they carry full armature current, as shown
in Fig. As the load on the machine is increased, the current passing through the interpoles also increases,
 hence the flux produced by the interpoles is very large. Consequently, the large voltage is induced in the
conductor that opposes the voltage due to the neutral plane shift and the net result is that they neutralize each
other.
• Note that the interpoles can be used equally effectively in motors as well as in generators. When the mode of
operation of the machine changes from the motor to generator, the currents in the armature and the interpoles
is reverses in direction. Therefore, their voltage effects cancel each other out.
Thus, we can conclude that:
1. In a generator, interpoles must have the same polarity as the next upcoming pole.
2. In a motor, interpoles must have the same polarity as the previous main pole.
The mmf induced on the interpoles must be sufficient enough to neutralize the effect of armature reaction and to
produce enough field in the interpole winding to overcome the reactance voltage due to commutation.

Another important function of the interpole is to neutralize the cross-magnetizing effect of the armature reaction, as
shown in Fig. Here, vector FM represents the mmf due to main poles, FA represents the cross-magnetizing mmf due
to the armature reaction and FC represents the interpole mmf which is directly opposite to the FA so that they cancel
each other out.
It is important to note here that the interpoles do not affect the flux distribution under the pole faces. So, even by
using the interpoles in the machine, the flux weakening problem is not completely eliminated. Most medium-size
general purpose motors correct the sparking problems with the interpoles and just live with the flux weakening
problems.
Main Functions of the Interpole
1. The interpole neutralizes the reactance voltage and gives spark-free commutation.
2. It neutralizes the cross-magnetizing effect of armature reaction so that the brushes are not required to be
shifted from its original position for any load.

Ques 63. In very large d.c. motors with severe heavy duty, armature reaction effects are corrected by
1. Using interpoles Only
2. Using compensating winding in addition to interpoles
3. Shifting the brush position
4. None of the above
Hide Explanation
Answer 2. Using compensating winding in addition to interpoles
Explanation:-
 • As is clear from the above discussion,(ques 62) use of interpoles does eliminate the effect of cross-
magnetizing effect but it still does not remove the effect of the flux weakening problem of the DC machine.
• Moreover, interpoles are effective only in the commutating zone, which means that the armature reaction
effect is removed only under the interpoles while other periphery of the armature is not affected. This is the
very serious problem in the large machines.
• Some large d.c. motors employed in steel mills perform a series of heavy-duty operations. They accelerate,
decelerate, stop, reverse all in a matter of seconds. The corresponding armature current increases, decreases,
reverses in the stepwise fashion, producing very sudden changes in armature reaction. For such motors,
interpoles do not adequately neutralize the armature m.m.f.
• To eliminate this problem, additional compensating windings are connected in series with the armature.
• In this method, a winding called, compensating winding, is placed in the carved in faces of the main poles to
cancel the effect of the armature reaction and to maintain uniform flux distribution under the main poles.
• Compensating winding is connected in series with the armature winding in such a way that the current
flowing in them is directly opposite to the current flowing in the armature located just below the pole faces.
Half of the conductors (say the left-hand side of the pole) is connected in series with the other half of the
conductors (on the right side of the adjacent pole). The compensating winding is shown in Fig.

• The mmf produced by the compensating winding is equal and opposite to the mmf produced by the armature
at every point under the pole faces. Hence the net mmf is just equal to the mmf produced by the main poles
alone. As a result, the flux in the machine remains unchanged regardless of the load on the machine.

Ques 64. A 440-V shunt motor has armature resistance of 0.8 Ω and field resistant 200 Ω. What will be the back
e.m.f when giving an output of 7.46 kW at 85 percent efficiency.
1. 567.2 V
2. 345.4 V
 3. 425.8 V
4. 645 .34 V
Show Explanation

Ques 65. A 4 pole, lap wound d.c motor has 540 conductors and 230 V supply. The armature resistance is 0.8Ω. Its
speed found to be 1000 r.p.m. the flux per pole is 25 mWb. The Induced e.m.f.and Armature current will be
A. 250 V, 10 A
B. 300 V, 6.25 A
C. 225 V, 10 A
D. 225 V, 6.25 A
Show Explanation

Ques 66. A short shunt compound generator supplies a load current of 100 A at 250 V. The generator has the
following winding resistances:
shunt field = 130Ω, Armature 0.1 Ω and series field = 0.1 Ω . Find the Emf generated if the brush drop is 1 V per
brush.
1. 272.2 V
2. 262.2 V
3. 272.0 V
4. 262.0 V
Show Explanation

Ques 67. In flux control method the speed of DC motor is obtained _____
1. Above Base speed
2. Below base speed
3. Both above and below base speed
4. Remain constant
Show Explanation

Ques 68. The method of speed control of DC Shunt motor is used for applications where a very wide range sensitive
speed control is required is
1. Ward-Leonard system
2. Multiple Voltage Control
3. Tapped field control
4. Rheostatic Control
Hide Explanation
Answer.1. Ward-Leonard system
Explanation:-
Ward-Leonard system.
The Ward-Leonard system comprises a fixed speed 3-phase AC induction motor driving; separately excited DC
generator that, in turn, feeds a variable voltage to a shunt wound DC motor. So this is essentially a DC variable speed
drive.

The basic principle of the DC variable speed drive is that the speed of a separately excited DC motor is directly
proportional to the voltage applied to the armature of the DC motor. The main changes over the years have been
concerned with the different methods of generating the variable DC voltage from the 3-phase AC supply.
In the case of the Ward-Leonard system, the output voltage of the DC generator, which is adjusted by controlling
the field voltage, is used to control the speed of the DC motor.This type of variable speed drive had good speed and
torque characteristics and could achieve a speed range of 25:1. It is no longer commonly used because of the high
cost of the 3 separate rotating machines. In addition, the system requires considerable maintenance to keep the
brushes and commutators of the two DC machines in good condition.
Advantages of Ward-Leonard system.
1. Wide range of sensitivity can be obtained by using this method.
2. The absence of an external resistance improves the efficiency at all speeds.
3. No special starting gear is required
4. As the generator induced voltage is gradually raised from zero, the motor starts up smoothly
5. Speed reversal is smoothly carried out.
Disadvantages of Ward-Leonard system.
1. The Initial cost of the system is high as there is a motor generator set installed, of the same rating as that of
the main DC motor.
2. Larger size and weight.
3. Requires large floor area
4. Costly foundation
5. Maintenance of the system is frequent.
6. The overall efficiency of the system is not sufficient, especially it is lightly loaded.
Application of Ward-Leonard System
• Colliery Winders
• Cranes
• Electric Excavators
• Mine hoists
• Elevators
• Steel rolling mills
• Paper Machines
Ques 76. For an application which requires smooth and precise speed control over the wide range, the motor is
preferred is
1. Squirrel cage Induction Motor
2. Synchronous Motor
3. DC motor
4. Wound Rotor Induction Motor
Hide Explanation
Answer.3. DC Motor
Explanation:-
A DC motor is any of a class of rotary electrical machines that converts direct current electrical energy into
mechanical energy. Controlling speed of DC motors is a crucial matter since different machines and equipment have
different aspects and output speed or torque requirement in which prospect. Speed Control may require to be very
precise and over wide ranges as well. So before implementing the proposed system an engineer needs to understand
its operation and according to that how the speed of the drive wit] be controlled need to be decided by him with
proper care.
Generally, the rotational speed of a DC motor is proportional to the voltage applied to it, and the torque is
proportional to the current. Speed control can be achieved by variable battery tapings, variable supply voltage,
resistors or electronic controls. The direction of a wound field DC motor can be changed by reversing either the field
or armature connections but not both. This is commonly done with a special set of contactors (direction contactors).
The effective voltage can be varied by inserting a series resistor or by an electronically controlled switching device
made of thyristors, transistors or, formerly, mercury arc rectifiers.

Speed control over a wide range both above and below the rated speed:
The attractive feature of the dc motor is that it offers the wide range of speed control both above and below the
rated speeds. This can be achieved in dc shunt motors by methods such as armature control method and field
control method. This is one of the main applications in which dc motors are widely used in fine speed applications
such as in rolling mills and in paper mills.

High starting torque:

DC series motors are termed as best suited drives for electrical traction applications used for driving heavy loads in
starting conditions. DC series motors will have a starting torque as high as 500% compared to normal operating
torque. Therefore dc series motors are used in the applications such as in electric trains and cranes.

Accurate steep less speed with constant torque:

Constant torque drives are one such the drives will have motor shaft torque constant over a given speed range. In
such drives, shaft power varies with speed.
• Quick starting, stopping, reversing and acceleration
• Free from harmonics, reactive power consumption and many factors which makes dc motors more
advantageous compared to ac induction motors.

Ques 77. The most commonly used method of speed control of a D.C motor is by varying the
1. The voltage applied to the motor
2. Field Strength
3. Armature circuit Resistance
4. Effective number of conductors in series
Answer.2 Either field or Armature Terminal
Explanation:
The direction of rotation of a DC shunt motor can be reversed by interchanging the leads of either the field winding
or the Armature Winding.
Generally changing the direction of the field is easier, because it carries lesser current as compared to armature
current. However, the reversal should not be done while the armature is excited.

1: What is Electrical machine?

Electrical machine is an electro mechanical device which converts input motive power ( prime mover like turbine in
case of generator or electrical supply in case of dc motor) to output motive power (Electrical power in case of the
generator or mechanical output in case of motor). This uses the principle of electro magentic induction principle.
Electrical Question 2: What is the advantage of DC motors over AC motors?
With the advert of the ac power generation and transmission over long distances with less losses using electrical
transformers, dc machines were out ruled by the ac machines in industrial and home applications. However dc motors
still exist in the industries because of some special properties of the dc machines where ac drives have failed to attain.
DC motors have some special properties such as:

1. High Starting Torque

2. Excellent speed control capability

For traction applications in electrical trains and cranes motor drives require to have high starting torque. DC series
motor has very good starting torque capabilities compared to induction motors and synchronous motors. So still in
present traction applications DC series motors are used In some applications such as paper mills and roll mills speed
control of the motor drive should be accurate else the process will be failure. In such applications of finer speed
control DC shunt machines are widely used.
Electrical Question 3: What is the use of Commutator in DC machine?
Commutator is the part in DC machine that makes the difference from the ac machine. In DC machine the current
flow in the armature is ac. This current is made uni directional with the help of commutator. In ac machines slip
rings are used to collect the armature current from the armature and supply to the load. In DC machines this slip
rings are replaced by the split rings. Split rings consists of 2 conductor materials separated by insulating material.
In first half cycle the induced current will be taken by the split rings or commutator which is in one position.During
the other half cycle when the induced current in the armature changes the split rings position also changes results in
the delivering the unidirectional current to the external load.
Electrical Question 4: Explain essential parts of DC machine?
Essential parts of the dc machine are:

1. Field System
2. Armature
3. Commutator
4. Brushes
5. Brearings and Shaft

Electrical Question 5: Why field poles are laminated in DC machine ?

Field poles of a dc machine is laminated in order to reduce the eddy currents. Eddy currents are the circulating
currents that are induced in the iron by the alternating magnetic field. These eddy currents produced will create a
flux which opposes the main flux. So this eddy current production is considered as loss in the dc machine.Hence in
order to reduce this eddy current losses thin laminations are considered and insulating coating is provided in between
the laminations.
Electrical Questions 6: Do commutator convert ac to dc or dc to ac ?
Commutator in a dc machine converts both ac to dc current and dc to ac current. Consider the dc generator the current
produced in the armature due to the electro magnetic induction is ac. However commutator converts the bi directional
current to uni directional current and supplies the current the external load circuit.
In DC motor the voltage we apply at the terminals is dc. This dc current is converted to ac and supply to the armature
circuit so as to produce the rotational torque. Hence Commutator converts both ac to dc variables and dc to ac
variables.
Electrical Question 7: Why armature teeth of DC machine is skewed ?
The air gap length changes between the slot and teeth of the armature when the armature is rotating under constant
magnetic field. This results in the production of small variation in the torque hence this results can be observed as
small vibrations in the frame of the machine. So in order to avoid this vibration effect armature teeth is skewed.

Q. WHAT IS THE PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF A D.C MOTOR?

A. The operation of a D.C Motor based on the principle that when a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic
field, the conductor experiences a mechanical force. Basically, there is no constructional difference between a d.c.
motor and a d.c generator. The same d.c. machine can be run as a generator or motor.

Q. What is back e.m.f or counter e.m.f?

A. When the armature of a d.c. motor rotates under the influence of the driving torque, the armature conductors move
through the magnetic field and hence e.m.f. is induced in them as in a generator. The induced e.m.f. acts in opposite
direction to the applied voltage V (Lenz’s law) and in known as back or counter e.m.f Eb. It is always less than the
applied voltage V, although this difference is small when the motor is running under normal conditions.

Q. What is speed regulation?

A. Speed regulation is the change in speed when the load on the motor is reduced from rated value to zero. It is
expressed as a percentage of rated load speed.

Q. Why series motor cannot be started on no-load?

A. Series motor cannot be started without load because of high starting torque. Series motor are used in Trains, Crane
etc.

Q: Which type of motor is used in trains, what is the rating of supply used?
A. Dc series is in the used in trains to get high starting torque while starting of the trains and the operating voltage
is 1500v dc.

A. Speed control of a d.c shunt motor can be done using

1. Flux control method ()
2. Armature control method
3. Voltage control method
Q. Explain different methods of speed control of d.c series motors?
A. Speed control of a d.c series motor can be done using
1. flux control method
2. Armature-resistance control control method

Q. Why is the starting current high in a DC motor (or) Why do we use a starter?
A. For DC motors, Voltage equation is
V=Eb-IaRa
Where V = Terminal voltage,
Eb = Back emf in Motor
Ia = Armature current
Ra = Aramture resistance.
At starting, Eb is zero. Therefore, V=IaRa, Ia = V/Ra, where Ra is very less like 0.01ohm.i.e, Ia will become
enormously increased. The excessive current will damage commutator and brushes and eventually blow out the
fuses.

Q. How can you reverse the direction of rotation of a D.C Motor?

A. We can reverse the direction of rotation of a D.C Motor by either reversing the field current or armature current.
If both the currents are reversed the motor will run in original direction.

Q. Why the field of a D.C Shunt motor should not be open?

A. The shunt motor will achieve dangerously high speed and may destroy itself.

Q. What will happen if the direction of current at the terminals of a D.C Motor is reversed?
A. The direction of rotation of motor remains the same as current in armature and field.

Q. What happens when a D.C motor is connected across an A.C supply?

A. 1. The motor will run but it would not carry same load as it would on d.c supply.
2. More sparking at the brushes
3. Eddy currents will be high and will cause overheating and may eventually burn on a.c supply

Q: Mention the methods for starting an induction motor?

A. 1. DOL – direct online starter
2. Star delta starter
3. Auto transformer starter
4. Resistance starter
5. Series reactor starter

Q. What are the types of starters used for starting of D.C Motors?
A. There are two principal types of d.c. motor starters viz., three-point starter and four-point starter. As we shall
see, the two types of starters differ only in the manner in which the no-volt release coil is connected.

Q. What are the advantages of star-delta starter with induction motor?

A. The main advantage of using the star delta starter is reduction of current during the starting of the motor.
Starting current is reduced to 3-4 times of current of Direct online starting. As the starting current is reduced, the
voltage drops during the starting of motor in systems are reduced.
Q. What are the different tests conducted on D.C Machines?
A. 1. Brake test
2. Swinburne’s test or No-load test
3. Regeneration test or Hopkinson’s test
4. Retardation or Running down test

Q. Why is Swinburne’s test conducted?

A. Swinburne’s test is conducted at No-load condition to predetermine the efficiency at different loads and to
measure the losses separately.
40.What is the resistance of the field winding of a d.c. shunt generator kept low?
If the field resistance of a d.c. generator is more than particular value ( critical resistance),
The generator will fail to build up the voltage. For this reason, the field resistance of a d.c. shunt
generator is kept low.
41.What do you understand by external characteristics of a d.c. generator?
The graph between the terminal voltage and load current is known as external
characteristics of a d.c. generator, provided speed and field current remain constant.
42.What will happen if the d.c. machine is operated below rated speed?
This will result in overheating due to two reasons; first, more field current has to be maintained in order to produce
the rated voltage. Second, decrease in fanning action due to dsecrease in speed.
43.What is the most important precaution in any experiment with d.c. shunt motor?
Before switching on d.c. supply, a sufficient resistance should be put in series with the
armature of the d.c. shunt motor.
44.What range of speed can you get with the field control method of speed control of d.c. shunt motor?
Speed higher than rated speed can be obtained by using this method.
45.What range of speed can you get with the armature control method of speed control of d.c. shunt motor?
Speed lower than the rated speed can be obtained by the armature control method.
46.Does the direction of rotation of d.c. shunt motor would get reversed if the armature current and field
current both are reversed?
No.
47.If the rated speed of a d.c. shunt motor is1440 r.p.m, which method of speed control would you suggested
to obtain a speed of 1500 r.p.m?
Field control method of speed control is suggested.
48.What will happen if the d.c. shunt motor opened accidentally running on no-load has its shunt field
winding?
• The field will be reduced to only to the value of residual flux. The speed will be very high.
• The parts of motor may even fly apart.
49.What is the most essential condition for the voltage build up for a d.c. shunt generator?
There should be a residual magnetism in the poles of the DC shunt generator.
50. A d.c. shunt motor is found suitable to drive fans because they require
Small torque at start up and large torque at high speeds

Difference between DC Motor and DC Generator

DC motor and DC generator are similar from the mechanical perspective, however from a technical stand point,
both differ from each other significantly. The most significant difference between DC motor and DC generator
lies in the conversion mechanism. DC motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy whereas DC
generator converts mechanical energy into an electrical energy. Furthermore, in DC motors, EMF in the armature
is less than its terminal voltage (Eb<VEb<V) whereas in DC generators, generated EMF is more than its terminal
voltage (Eg>VEg>V).
Difference between DC Motor and DC Generator

Characteristics DC Motor DC Generator

Input/output Motor has a DC Current as an input and Generator has a mechanical energy as
provides mechanical output an input and provides DC Current as an
output

Commutation Motor uses commutators for changing Generator uses the commutators in
the magnetic field polarity order to cancel the polarization effect

Electromotive force Emf is utilized by coil and useful for EMF, produced around the coil, is
(EMF) rotating the axle transmitted to the load and used by
them

EMF Vs Terminal EMF in armature is less than its Produced EMF is more than its
Voltage terminal voltage (Eb<VEb<V) terminal voltage (Eg>VEg>V)

Generated For DC motor, back EMF is: For DC Generator, generated EMF is:
EMF/Back EMF Eb=V−IaRa, Eb=V−IaRa Eg=V+IaRa, Eg=V+IaRa
Whereas V is the terminal voltage, I a Whereas V is the terminal voltage, I a
is the armature current, and R a is the is the armature current, and R a is the
armature resistance armature resistance

Rule of hand It’s working principle is based on It’s working principle is based on
(Working Principle) Fleming Left-hand rule Fleming Right-hand rule

Operation If apply more power, it rotates its shaft It produces fixed voltage at a rated rpm
faster which is contingent upon motor’s (revolution per minute)
rating

Types Shunt and compound wound Shunt, compound, and series wound

Back EMF and Its Significance in DC Motor

What is Back EMF?
When the armature of a DC motor rotates under the influence of the driving torque, the armature conductors move
through the magnetic field and hence emf is induced in them as in a generator. The induced emf acts in opposite
direction to the applied voltage V (Lenz’s law) and is known as Back EMF or Counter EMF (Eb).The equation to
find out back emf in a DC motor is given below,

The back emf Eb(= PΦZN/60 A) is always less than the applied voltage V, although this difference is small when
the motor is running under normal conditions.

How Back EMF Occur in DC Motor

Consider a shunt wound dc motor as shown in the figure below.

Shunt Wound DC Motor

When dc voltage V is applied across the motor terminals, the field magnets are excited and armature conductors
are supplied with current.
Therefore, driving torque acts on the armature which begins to rotate. As the armature rotates, back emf Eb is
induced which opposes the applied voltage V.The applied voltage V has to force current through the armature
against the back emf Eb. The electric work done in overcoming and causing the current to flow against Eb is
converted into mechanical energy developed in the armature. It follows, therefore, that energy conversion in a dc
motor is only possible due to the production of back emf Eb.

Net voltage across armature circuit = V – Eb

If Ra is the armature circuit resistance, then, Ia = (V – Eb)/Ra

Since V and Ra are usually fixed, the value of Eb will determine the current drawn by the motor. If the speed of the
motor is high, then back e.m.f. Eb (= PφZN/60 A) is large and hence the motor will draw less armature current and
vice-versa.

The significance of Back EMF

The presence of back emf makes the d.c. motor a self-regulating machine i.e., it makes the motor to draw as
much armature current as is just sufficient to develop the torque required by the load.

Armature current (Ia),

When the motor is running on no load, small torque is required to overcome the friction and windage losses.
Therefore, the armature current Ia is small and the back emf is nearly equal to the applied voltage.

If the motor is suddenly loaded, the first effect is to cause the armature to slow down. Therefore, the speed at which
the armature conductors move through the field is reduced and hence the back emf Eb falls.

The decreased back emf allows a larger current to flow through the armature and larger current means increased
driving torque. Thus, the driving torque increases as the motor slows down. The motor will stop slowing down when
the armature current is just sufficient to produce the increased torque required by the load.

If the load on the motor is decreased, the driving torque is momentarily in excess of the requirement so that
armature is accelerated. As the armature speed increases, the back emf Eb also increases and causes the armature
current Ia to decrease. The motor will stop accelerating when the armature current is just sufficient to produce the
reduced torque required by the load.

Therefore, the back emf in a DC motor regulates the flow of armature current i.e., it automatically changes the
armature current to meet the load requirement.