Uganda Technical College - Lira: IMPORTANT SAMPLE QUESTIONS (Design of Concrete Structures To Eurocode 2)

UGANDA TECHNICAL COLLEGE – LIRA
DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING AND CIVIL ENGINEERING
NDBCE 223: Elementary Design of Structures [SAMPLE TEST QUESTIONS + Solutions]

Instructions to candidates:
 There are NO ERRORS in this question paper; The information provided is adequate!
 This paper consists of Several Revision questions; including their solutions! This is amazing!
 The requirements for this paper are Eurocode 2, & tables of bar areas.
IMPORTANT SAMPLE QUESTIONS [Design of Concrete Structures to Eurocode 2]
QUESTION #01
a) Differentiate between an under reinforced, over reinforced and balanced concrete

section (6 marks)
b) Explain why an over reinforced and balanced sections should be avoided in design and it
should always be ensured that an under reinforced section is designed. (3 marks)
c) A single span T beam of 6m effective span is fixed at its ends and carries a uniformly
distributed permanent load inclusive of self – weight of 15kN/m and a variable load of
6kN/m. the beam is 300mm wide × 600mm deep; Assuming grade 30 concrete, grade 460
steel, 20mm cover, 8mm links and 16mm diameter longitudinal bars;
i) Calculate the applied moment; (2 marks)
ii) Determine the effective depth of the beam; (2 marks)
iii) Determine its effective flange width; (2 marks)
iv) Calculate the area of tensile steel in the span; (4 marks)
v) Calculate the area of tensile steel in the support; (6 marks)
QUESTION #02
a) Using sketches, differentiate between one way and two way spanning slabs (2 marks)
b) Give the three functions of distribution steel in solid one way spanning reinforced
concrete slabs (3 marks)
c) The four span slab shown in the figure below is cats monolithically with the beams and
supports a variable load of 3.0kN/m2, plus floor finish and underside plaster of 1.0kN/m2.
The characteristic material strengths are fck = 25 kN/m2 and fyk = 250 kN/m2, assuming
© May 2014Prepared by Mr. OLENG Morris (+256 703 688 747; wotmuko@gmail.com) Page 1 of 37
an overall depth of 175mm, the unit weight of concrete is 24 kN/m3, 12mm diameter bars
and 20mm cover;
i) Determine the ultimate load in kN/m2; (2 marks)
ii) Using coefficients, draw shear force and bending moment diagrams; (6 marks)
iii) Determine the end span reinforcement; (3 marks)
iv) Check that the spacing of the end span reinforcement satisfies crack control
requirements; (2 marks)
v) Check that deflections are permissible; (7 marks)
7m
3m 3m 3m 3m
QUESTION #03
a) Basing on the properties of materials, give three reasons why concrete should be
reinforced with steel bars (3 marks)
b) Name three fire resistance categories that are considered during a fire (3 marks)
c) Explain what is meant by creep of a concrete member and give two factor which affect
creep (3 marks)
d) Give one cause of shrinkage, one way how it can be controlled, on advantage of shrinkage
and one disadvantage of shrinkage (4 marks)
e) A member contains 1.0% reinforcement and the free shrinkage strain of concrete is
200 × 10-6. For steel the modulus of elasticity Es = 200N/mm2 and for concrete
Ecm = 25 N/mm2. Determine the stress in steel and concrete given that the member is
restrained by reinforcement only; (6 marks)
f) Give one advantage of mild steel bars over high yield bars (1 mark)
g) 12mm diameter reinforcement bars made of mild steel are used in a pad footing. The
anchorage bond length Lb is determined as the length from the column face. Determine
this anchorage bond length. (5 marks)
QUESTION #04
a) Give two advantages of maxspan (RC ribbed slabs with permanent blocks) slabs over solid
reinforced concrete slabs (2 marks)
b) Explain why a steel fabric is provided in the topping of a maxspan slab (2 marks)
c) Determine the depth of topping to be provided in a maxspan slab assuming 20mm cover,
12mm diameter bars over supports, 6mm mat (A142 BRC) also to serve as distribution
steel, 10mm spacers between the A142 BRC and the hollow blocks (2 marks)
d) A ribbed hollow block slab continuous over three equal spans of 3m and is supported by
walls carries a variable load of 2.0kN/m2, has a topping of 60mm, cement sand screed
floor finish of 25mm and underside plaster of 25mm. The hollow blocks (maxspans) are
300mm long, 125mm deep, 380mm wide at the top and 300mm wide at the bottom and
weigh 6kg. the cross – section of the RC hollow block slab is shown in the figure below. To
allow for passage of the porker vibrator, the ribs are 70mm at the top and 150mm at the
bottom. The materials are grade 30 concrete and grade 250 steel. Assuming 20mm cover,
12mm diameter bars, unit weight of concrete is 24kN/m3 and that of finishes and
underside plaster is 20 kN/m3;
(i) Determine the number of maxspans per square meter (3 marks)
(ii) Determine the ultimate load of the slab per square meter and per 0.45m strip
of slab (5 marks)
(iii) Using coefficients, draw shear and bending moment diagrams (5 marks)
(iv) Determine the reinforcement per rib in the first span (3 marks)
(v) Check the shear resistance of the slab (3 marks)
MORE IMPORTANT SAMPLE QUESTIONS (including solutions)
Question ONE
The footing is required to resist characteristic axial loads of 1100KN permanent and 450KN
variable from a 400mm square column. The safe bearing pressure on the soil is 190KN / m 2 and
the characteristic material strengths are f ck  25 N / mm 2 and f yk  500N / mm 2 , assuming a
footing weight of 130KN so that the total permanent load is 1230KN , a 600mm thick footing, an
effective depth of 530mm , 16mm diameter bars
a) Determine the size of the base ( 1 mark)
b) Determine ground pressure ( 3 marks)
c) Check maximum shear resistance ( 4 marks)
d) Determine bending reinforcement ( 9 marks)
e) Check punching shear ( 4 marks)
f) Check maximum shear ( 4 marks)
SOLUTION:
400 sq
d=530
h=600
14H16@215
3.0m. sq
Fig.1.1 Pad footing

a). For the serviceability limit state
Total design axial load  1.0Gk  1.0Qk  1230  450  1680KN
1680
Required base area   8.842m 2 ; Provide a base 3.0m square  9.0m 2
1900
b). For the ultimate limit state
Column design axial load, N Ed  1.35Gk  1.5Qk
 1.351100  1.5  450  2160KN
2160
Earth pressure   240KN / m 2
3.0 2
c). At the column face
  f ck  f ck
Maximum shear resistance, VRd ,max  0.5ud 0.61  
  250  1.5
  25  25
 0.5(4  400)  530  0.61   103
  250  1.5
 3816KN ( N Ed  2160KN )
d). Bending reinforcement-see figure 1.2(a).

At the column face which is the critical section
1.3
M Ed  (240  3.0 1.3)   608.4 KNm
2
1.3 m 0.77 m 1.0d=0.53 m
3.0 m
(a) Bending (b) Shear

Fig.1.2 Critical sections
For the concrete
M Ed 608.4  106
K   0.0289  K bal  0.167
bd 2 f ck 3000 5302  25
Therefore no compression reinforcement is required.
From the lever arm equation
z  d [0.5  (0.25  K / 1.134) ]  d [0.5  (0.25  0.0289 / 1.134) ]  0.9738d  0.95d
Therefore adopt upper limit of 0.95d and lever arm z  0.95d  0.95 530  503.5mm :
M Ed 608.4 106
As    2777.8mm 2
0.87 f yk z 0.87  500  503.5
Provide fourteen H16 bars at 215mm centers, As  2814mm 2 . Therefore
100As 100  2777.8
  0.1747( 0.13)
bd 3000 530
That is, the minimum steel area requirement is satisfied.
e). Check of punching shear

The shear resistance of the concrete without shear reinforcement can be obtained from table below
where 1 can be taken as the average of the steel ratios in both directions;
As 2777.8
1    0.001747 ( 0.1747%  0.25%) ; hence from table below v Rd ,c  0.4 N / mm 2 .
bd 3000 530
Shear resistance of slabs without shear reinforcement v Rd ,c N / mm 2 (Class C30/35 concrete)
Effective depth, d (mm)
1  As / bd
 200 225 250 300 350 400 500 600 750
0.25% 0.54 0.52 0.50 0.47 0.45 0.43 0.40 0.38 0.36
0.50% 0.59 0.57 0.56 0.54 0.52 0.51 0.48 0.47 0.45
0.75% 0.68 0.66 0.64 0.62 0.59 0.58 0.55 0.53 0.51
1.00% 0.75 0.72 0.71 0.68 0.65 0.64 0.61 0.59 0.57
1.25% 0.80 0.78 0.76 0.73 0.71 0.69 0.66 0.63 0.61
1.50% 0.85 0.83 0.81 0.78 0.75 0.73 0.70 0.67 0.65
2.00% 0.94 0.91 0.89 0.85 0.82 0.80 0.77 0.74 0.71
d h
Maximum
shear 2.0d Punching shear perimeter
= column perimeter +4pd
Shear
Bending 1.0d
Fig.1.3 Critical sections for design

The critical section for checking punching shear is at a distance 2d as shown in figure 1.3.
Critical perimeter  column perimeter  4d
 4  400  4  530  8281.16mm
Area within perimeter  (400  4d ) 2  (4   )(2.0d ) 2
 (400  4  530) 2  (4   )(2.0  530) 2
 5.386 106 mm 2
Punching shear force VEd  240(3.0 2  5.386)  867.36KN
Therefore the shear resistance of the concrete, VRd ,c is given by:

VRd ,c  v Rd ,c ud  0.40  8281.6  530  103  1755.7 KN ( VEd  868.36 KN )
Therefore punching shear reinforcement is not required.
f). Maximum Shear Force – see figure 1.2(b)

At the critical section for shear, 1.0d from the column face:
Design shear VEd  240 3.0  0.77  554.4KN
As before, v Rd ,c  0.40N / mm 2
 VRd ,c  v Rd ,c bd
 0.40  3000 530  103  636 KN ( VEd  554.4 KN )
Therefore no shear reinforcement is required.
Question TWO
The column rectangular section with an unsymmetrical arrangement of reinforcement resists an

axial load of 1350KN and a moment of 285KNm at the ultimate limit state. The characteristic
material strengths are f yk  500N / mm 2 and f ck  30N / mm 2 . Assuming an overall depth of 420mm ,
breadth of 320mm , d   80mm, d 2  60mm and Es  200Gpa . Select a depth of neutral axis of
210mm .
a) Determine steel strains in compression and tension ( 7 marks)
b) Determine steel stresses in compression and tension ( 3 marks)
c) Determine the areas of reinforcement required ( 15 marks)
SOLUTION:
a). Steel strains in compression and tension

From the strain diagram
0.0035 0.0035
steel strain  sc  ( x  d )  (210  80)  0.00216
x 210
and
0.0035 0.0035
steel strain  s  (d  x)  (360  210)  0.0025
x 210
x  210mm .
320
0.0035
d '=80
A's x
420
360
neutral
axis sc
As
d 2=60
s
Section Strains
Fig.2 Unsymmetrical column
b). Yield strain,  y  0.00217 for grade 500 steel

 s  0.00217; therefore f s  0.87 f yk  0.87  500  435N / mm 2 ; and
 sc  0.00217; therefore f sc  Es  sc  200103  0.00216  432N / mm 2 , compression.
c). Areas of reinforcement required
Compression reinforcement
 h 
N Ed  e   d 2   0.567 f ck bs(d  s / 2)  f sc As (d  d )
 2 
M Ed 285 106
e   211.11mm
N Ed 1350 103
s  0.8 x  0.8  210  168mm
To allow for the area of concrete displaced
f sc becomes 432  0.567 f ck  432  0.567  30  414.99N / mm 2
and from equation 9.7
1350103 (211.11  420 / 2  60)  0.567  30  320 168(360  168 / 2)
As 
414.99(360  80)
 2023.3mm 2
Tension reinforcement
N Ed  0.567 f ck bs  f sc As  f s As
(0.567  30  320  168)  (414.99  2023.3)  (1350 103 )
As 
435
 929mm 2
Thus As  As  2023.3  929  2952.3mm 2 for x  210mm
Question THREE
The five-span slab shown in Fig.1-1 supports a variable load of 3.0KN / m2 plus floor finishes and a ceiling
load of 1.5KN / m 2 . The characteristic material strengths are f ck  30 N / mm 2 and f yk  500 N / mm .
2
Assuming an overall depth of 170mm , 12mm diameter bars and 25mm cover
a) Determine the ultimate loading in KN ( 2 marks)
b) Using coefficients draw shear force and bending moment diagrams ( 7 marks)
c) Determine the effective depth of the slab ( 1 mark)
d) Determine the end span bending reinforcement ( 7 marks)
e) Check span-effective depth ratio ( 3 marks)
Beam
Beam
Beam
Beam
Beam
Beam
Span Span Span Span Span
7m
Plan
4.5 m 4.5 m 4.5 m 4.5 m 4.5 m
Elevation
Fig.1-1 Continuous slab
SOLUTION:
a). Slab loading

Self-weight of slab  170  25 103  4.25KN / m 2
Total permanent load  1.5  4.25  5.75KN / m2
For a 1m width of slab:
Ultimate load F  (1.35g k  1.5qk )4.5
 (1.35 5.75  1.5  3.0)4.5  55.18KN
b). Shear force and bending moment diagrams
Using the coefficients, assuming the end support is pinned, the moments and shear forces are given by
the Fig.1-2:
21.35 KNm 21.35 KNm
15.64 KNm 15.64 KNm
B.M.D.
15.64 KNm 15.64 KNm 15.64 KNm

21.35 KNm 21.35 KNm
22.07 KN 27.59 KN 27.59 KN 27.59 KN 33.1 KN
S.F.D.
33.1 KN 27.59 KN 27.59 KN 27.59 KN 22.07 KN
Fig.1-2 Shear force and bending moment diagrams
c). Effective depth of the slab

d  h  cover   / 2  170  25  12 / 2  139mm
d). End span bending reinforcement

M  0.086Fl  0.086 55.18 4.5  21.35KNm
M 21.35  106
  0.0368
bd 2 f ck 1000 1392  30
From the lever arm equation; z  d [0.5  (0.25  K / 1.134) ]  d [0.5  (0.25  0.0368/ 1.134) ]  0.966d  0.95d
Therefore adopt upper limit of 0.95d and lever arm z  0.95d  0.95139  132mm :
M 21.35 106
As    371.8mm 2 / m
0.87 f yk z 0.87  500132
Provide H12 bars at 300mm centres, As  377mm 2 / m .
e). Check span-effective depth ratio

100As ,req 100  371.8
   0.267% ( 0.15% minimum requirement)
bd 1000139
From figure below, this corresponds to a basic span-effective depth ratio in excess of 321.3 (for an
end span)  41.6 . The actual ratio  4500/ 139  32.37 ; hence the chosen effective depth is acceptable.
Question FOUR
The column rectangular section with an unsymmetrical arrangement of reinforcement resists an

axial load of 1150KN and a moment of 240KNm at the ultimate limit state. The characteristic
material strengths are f yk  500N / mm 2 and f ck  25N / mm 2 . Assuming an overall depth of
400mm , breadth of 300mm , effective depth of 340mm , d   80mm, d 2  60mm and Es  200Gpa .
Select a depth of neutral axis of 185mm .
a) Determine steel strains in compression and tension ( 5 marks)
b) Determine steel stresses in compression and tension ( 5 marks)
c) Determine the areas of reinforcement required ( 10 marks)
SOLUTION:
a). Steel strains in compression and tension
300
0.0035
d '=80
A's x
400
340
neutral
axis sc
As
d 2=60
s
Section Strains
Fig.2 Unsymmetrical column
x  185mm .
From the strain diagram
0.0035 0.0035
steel strain  sc  ( x  d )  (185  80)  0.00198
x 185
and
0.0035 0.0035
steel strain  s  (d  x)  (340  185)  0.00293
x 185
b). Yield strain,  y  0.00217 for grade 500 steel

 s  0.00217; therefore f s  0.87 f yk  0.87  500  435N / mm 2
and
 sc  0.00217; therefore f sc  Es  sc  200103  0.00198  396N / mm 2 , compression.
c). Areas of reinforcement required
Compression reinforcement
 h 
N Ed  e   d 2   0.567 f ck bs(d  s / 2)  f sc As (d  d )
 2 
M Ed 240  106
e   208.7mm
N Ed 1150 103
s  0.8 x  0.8  185  148mm
To allow for the area of concrete displaced
f sc becomes 396  0.567 f ck  396  0.567  25  381.825N / mm 2
and from equation 9.7
1150103 (208.7  400 / 2  60)  0.567  25  300 148(340  148 / 2)
As 
381.825(340  80)
 2353mm 2
Tension reinforcement
N Ed  0.567 f ck bs  f sc As  f s As
(0.567  25  300  148)  (381.825 2353)  (1150103 )
As 
435
 868.5mm 2
Thus
As  As  2353  868.5  3221.5mm 2 for x  185mm
Question FIVE
The simple beam supports the following uniformly distributed loads; permanent load
g k  62KN / m , including self-weight, variable load qk  19KN / m
The characteristic strengths of the concrete and steel are f ck  30N / mm 2 and f yk  500N / mm 2 .
Assuming effective depth, d  540mm , breadth, b  300mm , d   50mm , basic span-effective
depth ratio=14, effective span  6.3m , breadth of supporting beam  300mm .
a) Determine maximum design moment ( 3 marks)
b) Determine bending reinforcement ( 8 marks)
c) Check span-effective depth ratio ( 3 marks)
d) Check maximum shear at the face of the support ( 3 marks)
e) Determine shear links ( 3 marks)
SOLUTION:
a). Maximum design moment

Ultimate loading
wu  (1.35g k  1.5qk ) KN / m
 (1.35 62  1.5 19)  112.2KN / m
wu L2 112.2  6.32
Therefore; maximum design moment M    556.7 KNm
8 8
b). Bending reinforcement

M 556.7  106
K   0.212  K bal  0.167
bd 2 f ck 300  5402  30
Therefore compression reinforcement As is required.
d  / d  50 / 540  0.092  0.171 , therefore f sc  0.87 f yk
( K  K bal ) f ck bd 2 (0.212  0.167)  30  300 5402
Compression steel As    554 mm 2
f sc (d  d ) 0.87  500(540  50)
Provide three H16 bars, As  603mm 2
0.167 f ck bd 2
Tension steel, As   As
0.87 f yk z
Where; z  0.82d  0.82  540  442.8mm and therefore
0.167  30  300  5402
As   554
0.87  500  442.8
 2275  554  2829mm 2
Provide three H32 bars and three H16 bars, for As , area  3013mm 2 , 100As / bd  1.746  0.15 .
c). Check span-effective depth ratio
  100As ,req / bd  (100 2829) /(300 540)  1.746 per cent.
Basic span-effective depth ratio  14
3013
Modified ratio  14.0   14.91
2829
6300
Span-effective depth ratio provided   11.67
540
which is less than the allowable upper limit, thus deflection requirements are likely to be satisfied.
d). Check maximum shear at the face of the support

Check maximum shear  wu  effective span / 2  112.2  6.3 / 2  353.43KN
Maximum shear at the face of support VEd  353.43 112.2  0.15  336.6KN
Crushing strength VRd ,max of diagonal strut, assuming angle   22, cot  2.5 is
VRd ,max  0.124bw d (1  f ck / 250) f ck
 0.124  300  540(1  30 / 250)  30  103
 530KN ( VEd  336.6 KN )
Therefore angle   22 and cot  2.5 as assumed.
e). Shear links

At distance d from face of support the design shear is
VEd  336.6  wu d  336.6  112.2  0.54  276.012KN
Asw VEd

s 0.78df yk cot
276.012  103
  0.524
0.78  540  500  2.5
Using table; Provide 8mm links at 175mm centres, Asw / s  0.575.
Question SIX
The stair is spanning longitudinally and set into pockets in the two supporting beams, the
effective span is 3m and the rise of the stairs is 1.5m with 260mm treads and 150mm risers.
The variable load is 3.5KN / m 2 and the characteristic material strengths are f ck  30N / mm 2 and
f yk  500N / mm 2 . Assuming the thick waist of 150mm and the effective depth of d  115mm
a) Determine the ultimate loading in KN ( 6 marks)
b) Determine bending reinforcement ( 6 marks)
c) Check span-effective depth ratio ( 6 marks)
d) Give transverse distribution steel ( 2 marks)
SOLUTION:
a). Ultimate loading in KN

Slope length of stairs  (32  1.5 2 )  3.35m
Consider a 1m width of stairs:
Weight of waist plus steps  (0.15 3.351  0.26 1.5 / 2)25  17.44KN
Variable load  3.5  3 1  10.5KN
Ultimate load, F  1.3517.44  1.5 10.5  39.3KN
With no effective end restraint:
Fl 39.3  3.0
M   14.74KNm
8 8
b). Bending reinforcement

M 14.74  106
  0.037
bd 2 f ck 1000 1152  30
From the lever arm equation
z  d [0.5  (0.25  K / 1.134) ]  d [0.5  (0.25  0.037 / 1.134) ]  0.966d  0.95d .
M 14.74 106
As    310.2 mm 2 / m
0.87 f yk z 0.87  500 0.95 115
Maximum allowable spacing is 3h  3 150  450mm with an upper limit of 400mm.
Provide H12 bars at 250mm centres, As  452mm 2 / m .
c). Check span-effective depth ratio

100As ,req 100  310.2
At the centre of the span     0.27
bd 1000115
which is greater than the minimum requirement of 0.15 for class C30 concrete.
The basic span-effective depth ratio for a simply supported span with  req  0.5% is 20.
Allowing for the actual steel area provided:
limiting span-effective depth ratio  20  As , prov / As.req  20  452 / 310.2  29.14
actual span-effective depth ratio  3000 / 115  26.09
Hence the slab effective depth is acceptable.
d). Transverse distribution steel

Transverse distribution steel  0.2 As  0.2  452  90.4mm 2 / m
This is very small, and adequately covered by H10 bars at the maximum allowable spacing of 400mm
centres, area  174mm 2 / m .
PART TWO (CONTINUATION): DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES TO EUROCODE 3
INSTRUCTIONS:
 All questions carry equal marks
 Requirements include:
(a) Eurocode 3, part 1,5 and 8; Design of steel Structures
(b) Steel tables
QUESTION ONE
A 203×203×52kg/m UC section extends through a height of 4.5 metres. The column is fixed to a
substantial foundation at the bottom and is pinned at the top. Check whether this member is
suitable to support a design axial permanent load inclusive of its self weight of 250kN together
with a minor axis variable bending moment of 30kNm applied at the top of the element.
Assuming S355 steel:
(i) Determine the design bending moment and axial force (2 marks)
(ii) Carry out strength classification for the section (2 marks)
(iii) Carry out section classification (4 marks)
(iv) Check resistance of the cross-section to combined axial force and moment (7 marks)
(v) Check buckling resistance of the member to the combined effects (10 marks)
SOLUTION:
1. DESIGN SUMMARY
Axial permanent action = 250 kN
Axial variable action = 0 kN
Permanent bending action = 0 kN
Variable bending action = 30 kNm
Grade S355 steel
Effective length factors for both axial and lateral torsional buckling are 0.85
2. DESIGN BENDING MOMENT AND AXIAL FORCE

Factored axial load is
N Ed = 250 × 1.35 = 337.5 kN
Factored bending moment is
M Ed = 30 × 1.5 = 45 kNm
3. STRENGTH CLASSIFICATION
Flange thickness = 12.5 mm, steel grade S355
Hence from Table 1.1, f y  355Nmm 2
4. SECTION CLASSIFICATION
From the table 1.2 for grade S355 steel
235 235
   0.81
fy 355
 Flange check
c / t f  7.04
9  9  0.81  7.29
So c / t f  9 and flange class is Class 1 plastic.
 Web check in compression
d / t w  20.35
33  33 0.81  26.73
So d / tw  33 and web class is Class 1 plastic.
Overall section class for compression is Class 1 plastic.
5. RESISTANCE OF CROSS-SECTIONS: BENDING AND AXIAL FORCE

Since cross-section is class 1 check
M Ed  M N , Rd
Af y 6630 355
0.25N pl , Rd  0.25   0.25   103  588.4125KN  N Ed  337.5KN OK
 M0 1.0
0.5hwt w f y 0.5  (206.2  2  12.5)  7.9  355
  103  254.087KN  N Ed  337.5 KN
 M0 1.0
Hence, allowance needs to be made for the effect of axial load on the plastic moment of resistance
moment about the y–y axis.
N Ed N Ed 337.5 103
n    0.143
N pl , Rd ( Af y /  M 0 ) 6630 355 / 1.0
( A  2bt f ) (6630  2  204.3 12.5)
a   0.23  0.5 OK
A 6630
W pl , y f y 567  103  355
M pl , y , Rd    106  201.285KNm
 M0 1.0
Since n < a
 1 n  (1  0.143)
M N , y , Rd  M pl , y , Rd    201.285  194.92KNm  M pl , y , Rd  201.285KNm OK
 1  0.5a  (1  0.5  0.23)
 M Ed  45KNm OK
6. RESISTANCE OF MEMBER: COMBINED BENDING AND AXIAL COMPRESSION

For buckling about y–y
Effective length of column about y–y, Lcr , y , is given by
Lcr , y = 0.85L = 0.85 × 4500 = 3825 mm
 2 EI y  2  210 103  5259104
N cr , y    7450052.479 N
L2cr , y 38252
Af y 6630 355
y    0.562
N cr , y 7450052.479
h 206.2
  1.01  1.2 and t f  12.5mm  100mm . Hence, from Table 3.2, for buckling about y–y axis
b 204.3
buckling curve b is appropriate and from Table 3.1, α = 0.34
  
 y  0.5 1   ( y  0.2)   y  0.5 1  0.34(0.562  0.2)  0.5622  0.72
2

1 1
y    0.854  1.0 OK
 y  (   y )2
y
2
0.72  (0.722  0.5622 )
For buckling about the minor axis, z–z
Effective length of column about z–z, Lcr ,z , is given by
Lcr ,z = 0.85L = 0.85 × 4500 = 3825 mm
 2 EI z  2  210103 1778104
N cr , z    2518766.554N
L2cr , z 38252
Af y 6630 355
z    0.966
N cr , z 2518766.554
h 206.2
  1.01  1.2 and t f  12.5mm  100mm . Hence, from Table 3.2, for buckling about z–z axis
b 204.3
buckling curve c is appropriate and from Table 3.1, α = 0.49
  
 z  0.5 1   (z  0.2)  z  0.5 1  0.49(0.966  0.2)  0.9662  1.15
2

1 1
z    0.564  1.0 OK
 z  ( 2z   z )
2
1.15  (1.152  0.9662 )
7. MEMBER BUCKLING RESISTANCE IN BENDING

Equivalent uniform moment factor, Cmi (Table 3.4)
Cmi  0.6  0.4  0.4
  1 ( for bending about z-z)
 Cmz  1.0,
kyz, kzz
For class 1 cross-sections
 N Ed   N Ed 
k zz  Cmz 1  [2 z  0.6]   Cmz 1  1.4 
  z N Rk /  M 1    z N Rk /  M 1 
 337.5 103 
 1.01  [2  0.966  0.6]   1.34
 0.564  6630 355 / 1.0 
 N Ed   337.5  103 
 Cmz 1  1.4   1.01  1.4   1.356
  z N Rk /  M 1   0.564  6630 355 / 1.0 
Hence k zz  1.34
k yz  0.6k zz  0.6 1.34  0.804
Interaction equations
 N Ed  M  M y ,Ed  M  M z ,Ed 
   k yy  y ,Ed   k yz  z ,Ed   1.0
  N /    M   M 
 y Rk M 1   LT y ,Rk /  M 1   z , Rk /  M 1 
 337.5 103   45 106  0 
    0  0.804 
 0.854  6630 355 / 1.0   264 10  355 / 1.0 
3
 0.168  0  0.386  0.554  1.0 OK

 N Ed  M  M y ,Ed  M  M z ,Ed 
   k zy  y ,Ed   k zz  z ,Ed   1.0
   M / 
  z N Rk /  M 1    LT M y ,Rk /  M 1   z , Rk M1 
 337.5 103   45 106  0 
    0  1.34 
 0.564  6630 355 / 1.0   264 10  355 / 1.0 
3
 0.254  0  0.643  0.897  1.0 OK
Hence the section is suitable.
QUESTION TWO
A simply supported 356 368 202kg / m UC section in grade S275 steel, 10m long, carries a
uniformly distributed permanent load inclusive of its self weight of 14kN/m and a variable load of
10kN/m. It has lateral and torsional restraint only at the supports. Using the method for rolled
I-sections determine whether the steel beam is stable against lateral torsional buckling.
(15 marks)
SOLUTION:
1. SECTION PROPERTIES
Table 2.1: Universal Column: dimensions for 356 368 202kg / m
Mass Web Flange Root Depth Flange Web Flange
per Depth Breadth thickness thickness radius between
Size outstand slenderness slenderness
metre h (mm) b (mm) r fillets d
t w (mm) t f (mm) c (mm) d / tw c/tf
(kg) (mm) (mm)
356 
202 374.6 374.7 16.5 27.0 15.2 290.2 163.9 17.59 6.07
368
Table 2.2: Universal Column: properties for 356 368 202kg / m

Warpi Torsio
Mass Second
Radius of Elastic Plastic ng n Shear
per moment of gyration modulus modulus consta consta area
Area
Size metr area
nt nt
e Iz
Iy iy iz Wel , y Wel , z W pl , y Wpl , z Iw IT Av A
(kg) 4 (cm4) 3 3 3 3 6 4 (cm
2 2
)
(cm ) (cm) (cm) (cm ) (cm ) (cm ) (cm ) (dm ) (cm ) (cm )
356  6626 2368 16.1 9.6 3538 1264 3972 1919 7.16 558 67.5 257
202
368 1 8
2. DESIGN BENDING MOMENT

Design action; FEd  1.35Gk  1.5Qk  (1.3514)  (1.5 10)  33.9 kN/m
FEd L2 33.9 102
Design bending moment; M Ed    423.75 kNm
8 8
3. CHECK STRENGTH CLASSIFICATION

Flange thickness for a 356 368 202kg / m UC, t f  27mm  40mm from steel table 2.1.
Hence, from Table 1.1, f y  265N / mm 2 .
4. CHECK SECTION CLASSIFICATION

235 235
   0.94
fy 265
 Flange check
c / t f  6.07
9  9  0.94  8.46
 Web check
d / t w  17.59
72  72  0.94  67.68
Overall section class for bending is Class 1 plastic .
Using the provision of clause 6.3.2.3 (i.e. procedure for rolled I or H sections)
Elastic critical moment, M cr
Length of beam between points which are laterally restrained, Lcr  10000mm
1
 EI Z  I w
2
L GI t 
2 2
M cr   
cr

 I Z  EI Z 
2 2
L cr
0.5
 2  210 103  23688104  7160109 100002  81000 5580103 
   
4 
 171.68 107 Nmm
(10 103 ) 2  2368810   210 10  2368810 
4 2 3
For class 1 sections W y  W pl , y  3972 103 mm 3

Wy f y 3972103  265
LT    0.783
M cr 171.68 107
Using the provision of case clause 6.3.2.2
h 374.6
  0.9997
b 374.7
h
For rolled section U.C,  0.9997  2.0 , From Table 2.13 use buckling curve b ⇒  LT = 0.34 (Table
b
2.11)

 LT  0.5 1   LT ( LT   LT , 0 )   LT
2
 
 0.5 1  0.34(0.783  0.4)  0.75  0.7832  0.795 
1 1
 LT    0.826
 LT  ( 2LT  LT
2
) 0.795  (0.7952  0.75  0.7832 )
 LT  1.0 and also
1 1
 LT    1.63 OK
 2
LT 0.7832
From Table 2.14, Correction factor, kc  0.94 .
   
f  1  0.5(1  k c ) 1  2(LT  0.8) 2  1  0.5(1  0.94) 1  2(0.783  0.8) 2  0.97  1.0 OK
 LT 0.826
 LT ,mod    0.851  1.0 Ok
f 0.97
 LT ,modW y f y
M b, Rd 
 M1
0.851 3972103  265
  895.74 106 Nmm
1.0
 895.74KNm  M Ed  423.75KNm OK
QUESTION THREE
A simply supported 356171 51kg / m UB section in grade S275 steel, 9m long, carries a
uniformly distributed permanent load of 10kN/m inclusive of self weight and a variable load of
7kN/m. Assuming that the beam is fully laterally restrained:
(i) Determine the design bending moment and shear force (2 marks)
(iii) Carry out section classification for the section (5 marks)
(iv) Check the bending resistance for the cross section (4 marks)
(v) Check the shear resistance for the cross-section (6 marks)
(vi) Check the shear buckling resistance for the cross-section (3 marks)
(vii) Check the flange-induced buckling (3 marks)
SOLUTION:
Table 3.1: Universal Beam: dimensions for 356 171 51kg / m
Mass Flange Root Depth Flange Flange
Web Web
(kg) (mm) (mm)
356 
51 355.0 171.5 7.4 11.5 10.2 311.6 71.9 42.1 6.25
171
Table 3.2: Universal Beam: properties for 356 171 51kg / m
Warpi Torsio
Mass Second
Area
Size metr area
nt nt
e Iz
(kg) 4 (cm4) 3 3 3 3 6 4 (cm
2
2
)
356  51 1413 968 14.8 3.86 796 113 896 174 0.286 23.8 28.7 64.9
171 6
1. DESIGN BENDING MOMENT, M Ed

Design action, FEd  1.35Gk  1.5Qk
 1.35  10  1.5  7
 24 kN/m
FEd L2 24  9 2
Therefore design bending moment, M Ed    243kNm
8 8
FEd L 24  9
The design shear force, VEd    108KN
2 2
2. STRENGTH CLASSIFICATION FOR THE SECTION

Flange thickness for a 356 171 51kg / m UB, t f  11.5mm  16mm from the table 3.1 above, steel grade
S275. Hence from steel table 1.1, f y  275N / mm 2
3. SECTION CLASSIFICATION OF THE SECTION

235 235
   0.92
fy 275
Bending
 Flange check
c / t f  71.9 / 11.5  6.25
9  9  0.92  8.28
 Web check
d / t w  311.6 / 7.4  42.1
72  72  0.92  66.2
Overall section class for bending is Class 1 plastic.
4. RESISTANCE OF CROSS-SECTION
Bending moment
M Ed
 1.0
M c ,Rd
Since beam section belongs to class 1, plastic moment of resistance, M pl ,Rd , is given by
W pl , y f y 896  103  275
M c , Rd  M pl , Rd  
 M0 1.0
 246.4  106 Nmm
 246.4 KNm  M Ed ( 243 KNm ) OK
from the steel table 3.2 above, W pl (i.e. plastic modulus about Y-Y for EC)  W pl , y  896cm 3 and
 M 0  1.0 .
 The steel section is safe against bending.
Shear
VEd
 1.0 ( V pl ,Rd  Vc ,Rd )
Vc , Rd
FEd L 24  9
The design shear force, VEd    108KN
2 2
For class 1 section, design plastic shear resistance, V pl , Rd , is given by
Av ( f y / 3 )
V pl ,Rd 
M0
where, Av  shear area  A  2bt f  (t w  2r )t f  hwt w
from the steel tables 3.1 and 3.2
t f  11.5mm, t w  7.4mm, r  10.2mm, b  171.5mm and A  64.9cm 2
 Av  64.9  102  (2  171.5  11.5)  (7.4  2  10.2)  11.5  2865.2mm 2
Checking that Av  hwtw
hw  h  2t f  355  (2  11.5)  332mm
hwt w  1.0  332  7.4  2456.8mm 2  Av  2865.2mm 2 OK
2865.2(275 / 3 )
Therefore V pl ,Rd   103  454.9 KN
1.0
Since V pl , Rd  454.9 KN  VEd  108KN
 The steel section is safe against shear.
5. RESISTANCE OF CROSS-SECTION TO SHEAR BUCKLING

From clause 6.2.6(6), the shear buckling resistance of unstiffened beam webs has to be checked when
hw 72

tw 
hw h  2t f 355  2  11.5
   44.86
tw tw 7.4
72 72  0.92
  66.24
 1.0
hw 72
Since  44.86   66.24 , thus no check on shear buckling is required.
tw 
Therefore the section is safe against shear buckling.
6. FLANGE-INDUCED BUCKLING
According to clause 8(1), EC3-5, to prevent the compression of flange from buckling in the plane of
the web
hw E Aw
k
tw f yf A fc
Aw  area of the web
Aw  hwt w  (h  2t f )t w  (355  2  11.5)  7.4  2456.8mm 2
A fc  area of compression flange
A fc  bt f  171.5  11.5  1972.25mm 2
hw h  2t f 355  2  11.5
   44.86
tw tw 7.4
k  0.3 for class 1 members, [where the rotation is fully utilized]
E Aw 210000 2456.8
k  0.3   255.69
f yf Afc 275 1972.25
hw E Aw
Since  44.86  k  255.69
tw f yf Afc
Therefore induced buckling will not occur and no check is required.
QUESTION FOUR
A simply supported 406140 53kg / m UB section in grade S275 steel, 10m long, carries a
uniformly distributed permanent load of 10kN/m inclusive of self weight and a variable load of
8kN/m. Assuming that the beam is fully laterally restrained:
(i) Determine the design bending moment and shear force (2 marks)
(iii) Carry out section classification for the section (5 marks)
(iv) Check the bending resistance for the cross section (4 marks)
(v) Check the shear resistance for the cross-section (6 marks)
(vi) Check the shear buckling resistance for the cross-section (3 marks)
(vii) Check the flange-induced buckling (3 marks)
SOLUTION:
Table 1.1: Universal Beam: dimensions for 406140 53kg / m
(kg) (mm) (mm)
406 
53 406.6 143.3 7.9 12.9 10.2 360.4 57.5 45.6 4.46
140
Table 1.2: Universal Beam: properties for 406140 53kg / m

Warpi Torsio
Mass Second
Area
Size metr area
nt nt
e Iz
(kg) 4 (cm4) 3 3 3 3 6 4 (cm
2
2
)
406  1828 635 16.4 3.06 899 89 1031 139 0.246 29 34.6 67.9
53
140 3
1. DESIGN BENDING MOMENT, M Ed

Design action, FEd  1.35Gk  1.5Qk
 1.35  10  1.5  6
 22.5 kN/m
FEd L2 22.5 102
Therefore design bending moment, M Ed    281.25 kNm
8 8
F L 22.5 10
The design shear force, VEd  Ed   112.5KN
2 2
2. STRENGTH CLASSIFICATION FOR THE SECTION

Flange thickness for a 406140 53kg / m UB, t f  12.9mm  16mm from the table 1.1 above, steel grade
S275. Hence from steel table 1.1, f y  275N / mm 2
3. SECTION CLASSIFICATION OF THE SECTION

235 235
   0.92
fy 275
Bending
 Flange check
c / t f  4.46
9  9  0.92  8.28
 Web check
d / t w  45.6
72  72  0.92  66.2
4. RESISTANCE OF CROSS-SECTION
Bending moment
M Ed
 1.0
M c ,Rd
Since beam section belongs to class 1, plastic moment of resistance, M pl ,Rd , is given by
W pl , y f y 1031 103  275
M c , Rd  M pl , Rd  
 M0 1.0
 283.525 106 Nmm
 283.525KNm  M Ed ( 281.25 KNm ) OK
from the table 1.2 above, W pl (i.e. plastic modulus about Y-Y for EC)  W pl , y  1031cm 3 and  M 0  1.0 .
 The steel section is safe against bending.
Shear
VEd
 1.0 ( V pl ,Rd  Vc ,Rd )
Vc , Rd
FEd L 22.5 10
The design shear force, VEd    112.5KN
2 2
For class 1 section, design plastic shear resistance, V pl , Rd , is given by
Av ( f y / 3 )
V pl ,Rd 
M0
where, Av  3460mm 2
Checking that Av  hwtw
hw  h  2t f  406.6  (2 12.9)  380.8mm
hwt w  1.0  380.8  7.9  3008.32mm 2  Av  3460mm 2 OK
3460(275 / 3 )
Therefore V pl , Rd   103  549.348KN
1.0
Since V pl ,Rd  549.348KN  VEd  112.5KN
 The steel section is safe against shear.
5. RESISTANCE OF CROSS-SECTION TO SHEAR BUCKLING

From clause 6.2.6(6), the shear buckling resistance of unstiffened beam webs has to be checked when
hw 72

tw 
hw h  2t f 406.6  2  12.9
   48.2
tw tw 7.9
72 72  0.92
  66.24
 1.0
hw 72
Since  48.2   66.24 , thus no check on shear buckling is required.
tw 
Therefore the section is safe against shear buckling.
6. FLANGE-INDUCED BUCKLING
According to clause 8(1), EC3-5, to prevent the compression of flange from buckling in the plane of
the web
hw E Aw
k
tw f yf A fc
Aw  area of the web
Aw  hw t w  (h  2t f )t w  380.8  7.9  3008.32mm 2
A fc  area of compression flange
A fc  bt f  143.3  12.9  1848.57mm 2
hw 380.8
  48.2
tw 7.9
k  0.3 for class 1 members, [where the rotation is fully utilized]
E Aw 210000 3008.32
k  0.3   292.2
f yf A fc 275 1848.57
hw E Aw
Since  48.2  k  292.2
tw f yf A fc
Therefore induced buckling will not occur and no check is required.
QUESTION FIVE
Calculate the design resistance of the connection detail shown in Fig.1. The cover plates are
made of S275 steel and connected with either
a) non-preloaded bolts of diameter 22 mm and class 4.6 or
b) prestressed bolts of diameter 20 mm and class 10.9#
Assume that in both cases, the shear plane passes through the unthreaded portions of the
bolts.
Fig.1
Solution:
1. NON-PRELOADED BOLTS
Design shear resistance
Design shear resistance per shear plane, Fv,Rd , is given by
A 452.38
Fv , Rd   v f ub  0.6  400   86857N  86.857KN
M2 1.25
where
v  0.6 for class 4.6 bolts (Table 4.3)
f ub  400N / mm 2 (Table 4.1)
 M 2  1.25
d 2   242
A   452.38mm 2
4 4
All four bolts are in double shear. Hence, shear resistance, FEd , of connection is
FEd  4  (2  86.857)  694.856 KN
Bearing resistance
Bearing failure will tend to take place in the cover plates since they are thinner. According to Table 3.4
of EC 3–8,
b is the smallest of
 e1 35 f 400 
For end bolts,  b  min   0.486; ub   0.93; 1.0 
 3d 0 3  24 f u 430 
 p1 1 70 1 f 
For inner bolts,  b  min     0.722; ub  0.93; 1.0 
 3d 0 4 3  24 4 fu 
Hence, b may be conservatively taken as 0.486.
 e2 35 
For edge bolts, k1  min 2.8  1.7  2.8   1.7  2.38; 2.5 
 d0 24 
 p2 70 
For inner bolts, k1  min1.4  1.7  1.4   1.7  2.38; 2.5 
 d0 24 
Hence, k1  2.38 and the design bearing resistance of one shear plane, Fb,Rd , is given by
k1 b f u dt 2.38  0.486  430  22  6

Fb, Rd    52522.5 N  52.522 KN
M2 1.25
Bearing resistance of double shear plane is
2  52.522  105.044 KN
Bearing resistance of bolt group is
4 105.044  420.176 KN
Tensile resistance of cover plates
The design tension resistance of the cover plates, N t ,Rd , should be taken as the smaller of the design
plastic resistance of the gross cross-section, N pl ,Rd , and the design ultimate resistance of the net cross-
section at holes for fasteners, N u ,Rd :
Af y (6  140)  275
N pl ,Rd    103  231KN
M0 1.0
Net area of cover plate, Anet  6 140  2  6  24  552 mm 2
0.9 Anet f u 0.9  552  430
N u , Rd    103  194.2 KN (critical)
M2 1.1
Total ultimate resistance of connection i.e. two cover plates  (2 194.2)  388.4 KN . Hence design
resistance of the connection with class 4.6, 22 mm diameter non-preloaded bolts is 388.4 KN .
2. PRESTRESSED BOLTS
Slip resistance
Preloading force, Fp ,c , is given by
Fp ,c  0.7 f ub As  0.7 1000 245  171500N  171.5 KN
Assuming the surfaces have been shot blasted, i.e. class A, take μ = 0.5. For two surfaces n = 2,
standard clearances ks  1.0 and  M 3  1.25
Hence, slip resistance for each bolt, Fs ,Rd , is given by:
k s nFp ,c 1 2  0.5  171.5
Fs , Rd    137.2 KN
 M3 1.25
Hence design resistance  4 137.2  548.8 KN
Tensile resistance of cover plates

Net area of cover plate, Anet  6 140  2  6  22  576 mm 2
Tensile resistance of cover plate is given by
Anet f y 576  275
N net , Rd    103  158.4 KN
 M0 1.0
Total ultimate resistance of connection i.e. two cover plates  (2 158.4)  316.8 KN . Hence, design
resistance of connection made with grade 10.9, 20 mm diameter prestressed bolts is 316.8 KN .
QUESTION SIX
A simply supported 356 406 235kg / m UC section in grade S275 steel, 9m long, carries a
uniformly distributed permanent load inclusive of its self weight of 15kN/m and a variable load of
10kN/m. It has lateral and torsional restraint only at the supports. Using the general method
determine whether the steel beam is stable. (25 marks)
SOLUTION:
Table 5.1: Universal Column: dimensions for 356 406 235kg / m
per Depth Breadth thickness thickness radius between slenderness
Size outstand slenderness
(kg) (mm) (mm)
356 
235 381 394.8 18.4 30.2 15.2 290.2 173 15.77 5.73
406
Table 5.2: Universal Column: properties for 356 406 235kg / m
Warpi Torsio
Mass Second
Area
Size metr area
nt nt
e Iz
(kg) 4 2
(cm2) (cm )
6 4
(cm4) (cm ) (cm) (cm) (cm3) (cm3) (cm3) (cm3) (dm ) (cm )
356  7908 3099 16.3 10.2 4151 1570 4687 2383 9.54 812 75.7 299
235
406 5 3
2. DESIGN BENDING MOMENT

Design action; FEd  1.35Gk  1.5Qk  (1.3515)  (1.5 10)  35.25kN/m
FEd L2 35.25  9 2
Design bending moment; M Ed    356.9 kNm
8 8
Flange thickness for a 356 406 235kg / m UC, t f  30.2mm  40mm .

235 235
   0.94
fy 265
 Flange check
c / t f  5.73
9  9  0.94  8.46
 Web check
d / t w  15.77
72  72  0.94  67.68
Overall section class for bending is Class 1 plastic .
Using the Method for uniform members in bending – General case (Cl. 6.3.2.2)
1
 2 EI Z  I w L2cr GI t  2
M cr    
L2cr  I Z  EI Z 
2
0.5
 2  210 103  30993104  9540109 90002  81000 812 103 
   
4 
 156.76 107 Nmm
(9 10 ) 3 2
 30993 10 4
 2
 210  10 3
 30993 10 
Wy f y 4687103  265
LT    0.89
M cr 156.76 107
h 381
For rolled section U.C,   0.965  2.0 .
b 394.8
From Table 2.12 use buckling curve a ⇒  LT  0.21 (Table 2.11)

 LT  0.5 1   LT ( LT  0.2)   LT
2
 
 0.5 1  0.21(0.89  0.2)  0.89 2  0.97 
1 1
 LT    0.737  1.0 OK
 LT  ( 2
LT  )
2
LT 0.97  (0.97 2  0.892 )
 LTW y f y
M b, Rd 
 M1
0.737  4687103  265
  915.4 106 Nmm
1.0
 915.4KNm  M Ed  356.9KNm
Since buckling resistance of the beam (= 915.4 kNm) is greater than the design moment ( M Ed = 356.9
kNm), the beam section is stable.
QUESTION SEVEN
Determine the design buckling resistance moment of an unrestrained 686 254140kg/m UB

segment in S275 steel with an effective length of 5.5m if the bending moment is constant along
the segment. (25 marks)
Solution:
Table 6.1: Universal Beam: dimensions for 686 254140kg/m
(kg) (mm) (mm)
686 
140 683.5 253.7 12.4 19.0 15.2 615.1 105.5 49.6 5.55
254
Table 6.2: Universal Beam: properties for 686 254140kg/m
Warpi Torsio
Second
Mass Radius of Elastic Plastic ng n Shear
moment of Area
per gyration modulus modulus consta consta area
area
Size metr nt nt
e Iy Iz iy iz Wel , y Wel , z W pl , y Wpl , z Iw IT Av A
2
(kg) (cm ) (cm (cm) (cm) (cm3) (cm3) (cm3) (cm3) (dm ) (cm4)
4 6
(cm ) (cm )
2
4
)
686  13626 5183 27.6 5.39 3987 409 4558 638 5.72 169 90.2 178
140
254 7
The effective length L is given; L  5500mm
E  210Gpa , G  81Gpa
Flange thickness for a 686 254140kg/m UB, 16mm  t f  19mm  40mm .

235 235
   0.94
fy 265
 Flange check
c / t f  5.55
9  9  0.94  8.46
 Web check
d / t w  49.6
72  72  0.94  67.68
4. THE DESIGN BUCKLING RESISTANCE MOMENT

Using the provision of clause 6.3.2.3 (Method ii)
1
 2 EI Z  I w L2cr GI t  2
M cr    
L2cr  I Z  EI Z 
2
0.5
 2  210 103  5183104  572 1010 55002  81000169 104 
   2 
4 
 1.37 109 Nmm
(5.5 10 )  518310   210 10  518310 
3 2 4 3

W pl , y f y 4558103  265
LT    0.94
M cr 1.37 109
h 683.5
  2.69  2.0 . From Table 2.13 use buckling curve c ⇒  LT = 0.49 (Table 2.11)
b 253.7

 LT  0.5 1   LT ( LT   LT , 0 )   LT
2
 
 0.5 1  0.49(0.94  0.4)  0.75  0.942  0.96 
1 1
 LT    0.68
 LT  ( 2LT  LT
2
) 0.96  (0.962  0.75  0.942 )
 LT  1.0 and also
1 1
 LT    1.13 OK
 2
LT 0.94 2
The bending moment is constant along the segment, so from the table 2.14, kc  1.0 .
  
f  1  0.5(1  k c ) 1  2(LT  0.8) 2  1  0.5(1  1) 1  2(0.94  0.8) 2  1.0 
 LT 0.68
 LT ,mod    0.68  1.0 Ok
f 1.0
 LT ,modW pl , y f y
M b, Rd 
 M1
0.68  4558103  265
  821.35 106 Nmm
1.0
Design buckling resistance moment of the beam is 821.35 KNm .

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UGANDA TECHNICAL COLLEGE – LIRA

DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING AND CIVIL ENGINEERING

NDBCE 223: Elementary Design of Structures [SAMPLE TEST QUESTIONS + Solutions]

IMPORTANT SAMPLE QUESTIONS [Design of Concrete Structures to Eurocode 2]

a) Differentiate between an under reinforced, over reinforced and balanced concrete

Fig.1.1 Pad footing

d). Bending reinforcement-see figure 1.2(a).

(a) Bending (b) Shear

e). Check of punching shear

Fig.1.3 Critical sections for design

Therefore the shear resistance of the concrete, VRd ,c is given by:

f). Maximum Shear Force – see figure 1.2(b)

The column rectangular section with an unsymmetrical arrangement of reinforcement resists an

a). Steel strains in compression and tension

b). Yield strain,  y  0.00217 for grade 500 steel

Thus As  As  2023.3  929  2952.3mm 2 for x  210mm

4.5 m 4.5 m 4.5 m 4.5 m 4.5 m

Fig.1-1 Continuous slab

a). Slab loading

b). Shear force and bending moment diagrams

15.64 KNm 15.64 KNm 15.64 KNm

22.07 KN 27.59 KN 27.59 KN 27.59 KN 33.1 KN

33.1 KN 27.59 KN 27.59 KN 27.59 KN 22.07 KN

Fig.1-2 Shear force and bending moment diagrams

c). Effective depth of the slab

d). End span bending reinforcement

e). Check span-effective depth ratio

The column rectangular section with an unsymmetrical arrangement of reinforcement resists an

b). Yield strain,  y  0.00217 for grade 500 steel

a). Maximum design moment

b). Bending reinforcement

d). Check maximum shear at the face of the support

e). Shear links

a). Ultimate loading in KN

b). Bending reinforcement

c). Check span-effective depth ratio

d). Transverse distribution steel

2. DESIGN BENDING MOMENT AND AXIAL FORCE

5. RESISTANCE OF CROSS-SECTIONS: BENDING AND AXIAL FORCE

6. RESISTANCE OF MEMBER: COMBINED BENDING AND AXIAL COMPRESSION

7. MEMBER BUCKLING RESISTANCE IN BENDING

 0.168  0  0.386  0.554  1.0 OK

 0.254  0  0.643  0.897  1.0 OK

Hence the section is suitable.

Table 2.2: Universal Column: properties for 356 368 202kg / m

2. DESIGN BENDING MOMENT

3. CHECK STRENGTH CLASSIFICATION

4. CHECK SECTION CLASSIFICATION

For class 1 sections W y  W pl , y  3972 103 mm 3

From Table 2.14, Correction factor, kc  0.94 .

1. DESIGN BENDING MOMENT, M Ed

2. STRENGTH CLASSIFICATION FOR THE SECTION

3. SECTION CLASSIFICATION OF THE SECTION

5. RESISTANCE OF CROSS-SECTION TO SHEAR BUCKLING

Table 1.2: Universal Beam: properties for 406140 53kg / m

1. DESIGN BENDING MOMENT, M Ed

2. STRENGTH CLASSIFICATION FOR THE SECTION

3. SECTION CLASSIFICATION OF THE SECTION