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Design of Hydraulic structure

Lecture 2
Introduction and Channel design

Types of hydraulic structure base on function

of operation
1. Control structure, ( head regulator , course regulator ).
2. Conveyance structure.
3. Measuring structure .
4. Protective structure.
5. Energy dissipation structure.
6. River training and water stabilizing structure.
7. Storage structure.
8. Hydraulic machines.
9. Shore protection.
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Hydraulic structure design studies

• Hydrology study:
1. Unit hydrograph and time series river discharge
2. Statistical analysis of river flow

• Hydraulic study:
1. Calculations of water forces
2. Calculation of uplift forces
3. Flow through body structure
4. Flow under and exit from structure
5. Flow over structure

• Structural study :
1. Structural study against all static and dynamic forces.

Principles of hydraulic design

For hydraulic design of any hydraulic structure, the following information should be
known;
1. The function of structure.
2. Discharge through the structure max. Q and min. Q.
Q max= 1.2 Qnormal and Q min= 0.60 Q normal
3. Head loss occurs in flow through structures
4. Upstream and down stream parameters ( water velocity, water level and
discharge )

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Principles of hydraulic design

5. Best location of the structure
6. Shape of approaches and the other component of the structure
7. The Requirement of water way.
8. Protection against scouring
9. Method of dissipation energy
10. Hydraulic forces acting on all parts
• Hydrostatic pressure, dynamic forces
• Live load, dead load and seismic pressure

1- Control structure, ( head regulator , cross

regulator )
Control structure is a special type of hydraulic structure used for regulating and diverting water
form river and main canal to feeding canal. It may be located at river head and it is called head
regulator or at head of branch canal and it is called cross regulator.

River
Cross
Main Regulator
Regulator

Main Canal

Barrage
Head
Branch Canal

Regulator

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Control structure, ( head regulator , cross

regulator ) sketch and real case

Head Regulator and Cross regulator Barrage and Main regulator Kirkuk
Irrigation project

Uses of Control structure, ( head regulator , cross

regulator
• The head work can be used for :
1. Controlling discharge
2. Controlling silt and sedimentation
3. Measuring discharge

• Cross regulator can be used for

1. Controlling the entrance of necessary water ( irrigation water )
2. Heading up water level on upstream side

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2- Conveyance structure.
Used to convey water from location to another based on the requirements
a- Canal b-Culvert

c- Inverted siphon d- aqueduct

3- Measuring structure.
This structure are used for measuring water discharge or water level
Like : weir, partial flume, open flow meter

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4- Protective structure
This type of hydraulic structure are used for protecting surrounding areas and
related structure

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5- Energy dissipation structure

This type of hydraulic structure are used to prevent erosion and
scouring

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6- River training and water stabilizing structure. Like levees, locks

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7- Storage structure. Like dam reservoir or tanks

8- Hydraulic machines. Turbine , pumps

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9- Shore protection.
• Used to protect river banks and harbors, like dikes, revetments

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Cases of failure of hydraulic structure

• Failure due to subsurface flow
a) Failure by piping
preventing by : increase floor length and cutoff at upstream and down stream
b) Failure by uplift pressure
preventing by : sufficient length floor, increase thickness of floor and cut off at upstream
• Failure due to surface flow
a) Failure by hydraulic jump, create suction force, negative pressure and
cavitation action
preventing by : additional thickness of floor and construction in mass concrete
b) Failure by scouring at upstream and down stream
preventing by :increase cutoff to sufficient depth, shape of pears , lunching apron- stone

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Design of open channel for uniform flow

• Non erodible channel:
The channel which covered by hard material to withstand erosion
process are non erodible canal. It can be on site construction or
built-up canal.
• Lining material,
The non erodible material are used to form the lining of channel and
the body of built up channel such as ; concrete, stone , timber and
plastic.
Most recent type of channel lining is HDPE sheet.
High Density Polyethylene Sheet

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Design of open channel for uniform flow

• Lined channel.
• Concrete lining : recommended thickness of lining are given in table
below
Channel capacity Lining thickness ( t ) in mm
M3/sec
Non reinforced concrete Reinforced concrete Asphaltic concrete
0.15 -1.5 65 90 70
1.5-5.0 80 100 85
> 5.0 100 100 105

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Hydraulic design of channel section

• Hydraulic design of channel cross section used for determine the
channel parameter. Like;
• Bed width –B
• Depth of water –Y FB
• Side slope – Z
Y
• Free board –FB
Z
• Longitudinal slope of canal bed –S
• Slop of water surface – Sw B
• Slop of energy line - Se

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• Manning equation :
One the most commonly used equations governing Open Channel Flow is known as the Mannings’s
Equation. It was introduced by the Irish Engineer Robert Manning in 1889 as an alternative to the
Chezy Equation. The Mannings equation is an empirical equation that applies to uniform flow in
open channels and is a function of the channel velocity, flow area and channel slope.

Where:
Q = Flow Rate, (ft3/s) or m3/sec
v = Velocity, (ft/s) or m/s
A = Flow Area, (ft2) or m2
n = Manning’s Roughness Coefficient
R = Hydraulic Radius, (ft) or m
S = Channel Slope, (ft/ft) , m/m
P= wetted parameter R=

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Hydraulic design of channel section

Channel side slope ( Z ) ; the recommended side slope for main branch is 1.5
FB
.
= then Z=1.5 Y
Z

B
Longitudinal slop ( S ); the recommended slope to maintain sediment transport and prevent weed
growth for main and branch distributary channel is between S min and S max
S min = 0.00015 Q -0.20
S max = 0.00025 Q -0.20
where : Q discharge in m3/sec

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Hydraulic design of channel section

• Roughness coefficient ( n)
Type of surface Min. Design
Concrete 0.012 0.015
Asphalt concrete 0.012 0.014

• Bed width to water depth ratio

The recommended ratio of channel bed width to water high is range of (1-2) for economic cross section,
this is vailed for channel discharge less than 10 m3/s
• The minimum velocity
V min = 0.33 Q 0.20
Where
V is velocity in m/s
Q is discharge in m3/s
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Hydraulic design of channel section

• Free board:
The minimum recommended freeboard of many types of channels are given in table below ( for
lined channel only )

Channel capacity m3/s Freeboard of different type lining in mm

Non reinforced concrete reinforced concrete Asphaltic concrete

0.15-1.5 65 90 70
1.5-5.0 80 100 85
>5.0 100 100 105

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Example;
Design a branch canal lined with non-reinforced concrete for discharge of 1 m3/s
Solution:
Assume the cross – section of channel as a trapezoidal.

FB

Y
Z

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FB

Y
Z

25

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Use same information of previous example with but use rectangular

section

FB

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Design of alluvial channels ( unlined channel)

Two most important method is used :
1- Permissible velocity method
2- Tractive force method

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1- permissible velocity
In permissible velocity method, channel size is selected such that mean flow
velocity for design discharge under uniform flow conditions is less than permissible
velocity.
Permissible Velocity is defined as the mean velocity at or below which bottom and
sides of channels are not eroded.

Permissible velocity depends upon:

• Type of soil
• Size of particles
• Depth of flow
• Curvature of channel
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Design procedure:
1- find Max permissible velocity from table
2- compute
.
3- Find R from manning equation
/ /

4- Find P

5- A=f ( B,Y )
6- P = F (B, Y )
7- solve equation 1 and 2 to get B and Y

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Example : Design a channel to carry a flow of 6.91 m3/s. The channel will be
excavated through stiff clay at a channel bottom slope of 0.00318.
Solution:
For stiff clay, n = 0.025, suggested side slope, z = 1 : 1 (, and the
permissible flow velocity (from Table ) is
Hence,

Substituting values for V, n, and So into Manning equation and solving

for R,

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Substitution into expressions for P and A and equating them to the values
computed above, we obtain

Eliminating B from these equations yields

Solution of above quadratic equation yields y= and hence B=

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