Practical 12: To Study The Effect of Residual Gasses On Environment

Practical 12
To study the effect of residual gasses on environment.
Introduction:
A mixture of gases derived as by-product from the distillation of crude oil and the
processing of oil products in refineries and the chemical industry. The mixture
consists mainly of hydrogen, methane, ethane and carbon dioxide OR The gases
that remain in the cylinder of an internal-combustion engine after the exhaust
stroke has been completed. Residual gases contain combustion products and
nitrogen. Before combining with the incoming fuel-air mixture, residual gases
have a temperature between 700° and 800°C. They constitute from 8 to 15 percent
of the weight of fresh charge in the cylinder. The contents of cylinders in an idling
engine have the maximum possible proportion of residual gases 25 percent. For
every percent of weight of the mixture of fresh charge and residual gases that is
contributed by the residual gases, the air-fuel mixture is warmed by 8° to 10°C. As
compression in the cylinder increases, both the absolute and relative amounts of
residual gases in the cylinder decrease.
Residual Gasses in gas turbine power plants

and automobiles Power Plants
Combustion gas in gas turbine power plants generally consists of CO 2, SO2, O2,
N2, and H2O on the based on complete combustion. The gas volume generated
from a unit mass of fuel is called combustion gas volume on a wet basis. The
measurement of component analysis of combustion gas is carried out after
removing water vapour. The volume excluding water vapour from the combustion
gas is referred as combustion gas volume on a dry basis. The combustion is
sometimes incomplete, which may be at times occurred for the purpose of NOx
reduction. At the incomplete combustion, unburned carbon, carbon monoxide,
hydrogen, and unburned hydrocarbons are contained in the combustion gas. On
the combustion equipment for power generation, hydrogen and unburned
Hydro-carbons are rarely generated and can be ignored. Therefore, CO is
considered as the product of incomplete
combustion.
The work carried out showed strong air
pollution in the cities. The application of
satellite imagery shows a significant
heterogeneity in the distribution of NO
in the atmosphere, with heavier NO2
concentrating in the lower and NO in the
upper layers of the atmosphere. The
most dangerous consequences from the
ecological point of view for the person and the nature caused by some products of
combustion of fuels. The quality of fuels has significant effect on formation of
harmful emissions. Undesirable is the presence in the fuels of large amounts of
olefinic and aromatic hydrocarbons, sulfur, ash components.
The qualitative and quantitative indicators of the release of harmful pollutants with
exhaust gases of vehicles during their transport work are ambiguous and depend
on many factors:
 On the type of the used fuel.
 From the design, conditions and operating conditions of the engine.
 On the amount of the done work.
 On the type and characteristics of the car’s movement.
In particular, the percentage of residual gas fraction (RGF) in the engine cylinder
can significantly alter the temperature and composition of the working fluid as
compared with the air-fuel mixture inducted into the engine, thus affecting engine-
out emissions. Accurate measurement of the RGF is cumbersome and expensive,
thus making it hard to accurately characterize the initial mixture composition and
temperature in any given engine cycle. This uncertainty can lead to challenges in
accurately interpreting experimental emissions data.
Numerical results show that small uncertainties (~2–4%) in the measured values of
the RGF can significantly affect the engine-out NO/CO emissions.
Impact of residual Gases On Environment:
Composition of exhaust gases of internal combustion engines, vol. %.

Components Gasoline engine Diesel engine
Nitrogen 74-77 76-78
Oxygen 0.3-8 2-18
Water 3,55 0,5-4
Carbon dioxide 5-12 1-10
СО 1-10 0.01-0.5
NOx 0.1-0.5 0.001-0.4
SO x 0-0.002 0-0.03
Hydrocarbons 0.01-0,1 0.01-0.5
Aldehydes 0-0.2 0-0.009
Soot, g/m3 0-0.04 0.01-1.1
Benz(a) pyrene to 0.00002 to 0.00001
Except direct negative impact on health of the

person, emissions of the motor transport have
greenhouse and ozone-depleting effect on the
atmosphere of the earth. It is connected with
the content in the fulfilled gases of the engine
of the following substances:
Carbon dioxide CO2, the main component in
the exhaust gases of the engine, creating a
greenhouse effect in the atmosphere
(greenhouse gas);
Methane CH4,
Ammonia NH3,
Nitrous oxide N2O – greenhouse and ozone-depleting substances contained in the
exhaust gases of the engine.
Techniques to reduce the effect of residual gasses

Automobile Use of In-Cylinder Catalyst
The use of an in-cylinder catalyst (on glow plugs) during diverse engine operating
conditions results in a few percent reduction in the mass of carbon monoxide,
hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide and the number of solid particles.
A) In Automobiles:
Catalytic Converters:
Among all the ways to reduce the

toxicity of man-made emissions into
the atmosphere, catalytic oxidation
of harmful components is one of the
promising methods of improving the
atmosphere. The applicability of the
latest catalytic systems requires the
presence of sophisticated electronic
control systems for the combustion
process in the engine, which is
interrelated with a constant rapid analysis of the quality of the neutralizer
and the composition of the exhaust gases.
It is very important to reduce emissions of NO2 and particulate matter (soot),
conducting qualitative tests of catalysts in real conditions for obtaining more
complete information on the operation of catalytic converters.
It is necessary to tighten regulatory emissions in a legislative way because
the purification of exhaust gases from motor vehicles and chemical
industries is a scientific, technical and social problem.
Use of a platinum metals catalyst:
The use of a platinum metals catalyst in the combustion chamber of an

internal combustion engine offers an opportunity to develop an engine
which emits particularly low levels of nitrogen oxides while giving the fuel
economy generally associated with an un-throttled engine, such as a diesel.
Using Catalytic Engine:
By using a catalytic engine. A catalytic engine is an internal combustion

engine where the heat release is brought about by the use of a catalyst. This
definition includes engines where the combustion is commenced, sustained,
or aided by the action of a catalyst on the air/fuel mixture.
Adjusting Air Fuel Ratio
There is therefore a need for a method of combustion which would enable

very lean mixtures to be efficiently oxidised, and operate in an internal
combustion engine at a compression ratio of about 12:1.
B) In Power Plants:
Control on Excessive Emissions:
Adopting new technology, efficient training of employees for safe use and
development of better technology for disposal of waste, and being more
conscientious about the use of raw materials can help control industrial
pollution at the source.
Proper Waste Treatment:

By developing and implementing adequate treatment facilities for handling
industrial waste and proper habits can reduce pollution.
Turning Waste Gases Into Power:
Different mechanisms should be developed to reuse the wasted gases which
are left into environment by re-combustion or other methods.
Treatment of Gases with Humic Acid:

Humic acid (HA) is a natural adsorbent and has special physical and
chemical characteristics that form the foundation for disposal of pollutants
from a combustor flue gas. HA, which occurs widely in soil, water, and low
rank coals, has already been proposed as a candidate that can be used as a
sorbent for air pollution control.
Conclusion:
In this experiment we have seen that what are residual gases and what are
the effects of the residual gases on the environment and the measures that
can be taken to reduce the harmful effects of residual gases on the
environment.

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Practical 12

To study the effect of residual gasses on environment.

Residual Gasses in gas turbine power plants

Composition of exhaust gases of internal combustion engines, vol. %.

Nitrogen 74-77 76-78

Oxygen 0.3-8 2-18

Water 3,55 0,5-4

Carbon dioxide 5-12 1-10

NOx 0.1-0.5 0.001-0.4

Hydrocarbons 0.01-0,1 0.01-0.5

Aldehydes 0-0.2 0-0.009

Soot, g/m3 0-0.04 0.01-1.1

Benz(a) pyrene to 0.00002 to 0.00001

Except direct negative impact on health of the

Techniques to reduce the effect of residual gasses

Among all the ways to reduce the

The use of a platinum metals catalyst in the combustion chamber of an

Using Catalytic Engine:

By using a catalytic engine. A catalytic engine is an internal combustion

Adjusting Air Fuel Ratio

There is therefore a need for a method of combustion which would enable

Proper Waste Treatment:

Treatment of Gases with Humic Acid:

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