ÔÕÐÏËÏÃÉÏ ÌÁÈÇÌÁÔÉÊÙÍ

Ðñùôåýïíôá ôüîá áíôßóôñïöùí ôñéãùíïìåôñéêþí óõíáñôÞóåùí.

ÓõíÜñôçóç Ðåäßï ïñéóìïý Ðåäßï ôéìþí

y = arcsin x −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 −π/2 ≤ y ≤ π/2

y = arccos x −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 0≤y≤π
y = arcsecx x ≤ −1 Þ x≥1 π/2 < y ≤ π Þ 0 ≤ y < π/2
y = arccscx x ≤ −1 Þ x≥1 −π/2 ≤ y < 0 Þ 0 < y ≤ π/2
y = arctan x −∞ < x < ∞ −π/2 < y < π/2
y = arccotx −∞ < x < ∞ 0<y<π

ÓõíÜñôçóç ÐáñÜãùãïò
ÔñéãùíïìåôñéêÝò ó÷Ýóåéò sin x cos x
cos x − sin x

sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1 tan x = sin x/ cos x 1/ cos2 x

tan2 θ + 1 = sec2 θ cot x = cos x/ sin x −1/ sin2 x
cot2 θ + 1 = csc2 θ . sec x = 1/ cos x sec x tan x
csc x = 1/ sin x − csc x cot x
Áíôßèåôá ôüîá:
arcsin x Þ sin−1 x  1 , |x| < 1
1−x 2
sin(−θ) = − sin θ, cos(−θ) = cos θ, tan(−θ) = − tan θ, arccos x Þ cos−1 x − 1 , |x| < 1
1−x 2
cot(−θ) = − cot θ, sec(−θ) = sec θ, csc(−θ) = − csc θ .
arctan x Þ tan−1 x 1
1+x 2
ÓõìðëçñùìáôéêÜ ôüîá: arccot x Þ cot−1 x − 12
1+x
π  π  π  arcsec x Þ sec−1 x 1 , |x| > 1
sin ± θ = cos θ, cos ± θ = ∓ sin θ, tan ± θ = ∓ cot θ, 2
x x −1
arccsc x Þ csc−1 x
2 2 2
π  π  π  − 1 , |x| > 1
cot ± θ = ∓ tan θ, sec ± θ = ∓ csc θ, csc ± θ = sec θ . x x 2 −1
x −x
2 2 2 sinh x = e −e 2 cosh x
x −x
ÐáñáðëçñùìáôéêÜ ôüîá: cosh x = e +e 2 sinh x
x −x
sin (π − θ) = sin θ, cos (π − θ) = − cos θ, tan (π − θ) = − tan θ, tanh x = sinh x/ cosh x = ex −e−x 1/ cosh2 x
e +e
x −x
cot (π − θ) = − cot θ, sec (π − θ) = − sec θ, csc (π − θ) = csc θ, coth x = cosh x/ sinh x = ex +e−x −1/ sinh2 x
e −e
sin (π + θ) = − sin θ, cos (π + θ) = − cos θ, tan (π + θ) = tan θ, sech x = 1/ cosh x = x 2 −x −sech x tanh x
e +e
cot (π + θ) = cot θ, sec (π + θ) = − sec θ, csc (π + θ) = − csc θ .
csch x = 1/ sinh x = x 2 −x −csch x coth x
e −e
¢èñïéóìá - äéáöïñÜ ôüîùí: arcsinh x Þ sinh−1 x  1
x 2 +1
sin(a ± b) = sin a cos b ± cos a sin b, arccosh x Þ cosh−1 x  1 ,x>1
x 2 −1
cos(a ± b) = cos a cos b ∓ sin a sin b, arctanh x Þ tanh−1 x 1 , |x| < 1
1−x 2
tan a ± tan b
tan(a ± b) = , arccoth x Þ coth−1 x 1 , |x| > 1
1 ∓ tan a tan b 1−x 2
cot a cot b ∓ 1 arcsech x Þ sech −1 x −  1 ,0<x<1
cot(a ± b) = . x 1−x 2
cot b ± cot a
arccsch x Þ csch −1 x − 1 , x = 0
|x| 1+x 2
ÁðëÜ - äéðëÜóéá ôüîá:
1
sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ, cos 2θ = 2 cos2 θ − 1, cos a cos b = [cos(a − b) + cos(a + b)]
2
cos 2θ = cos2 θ − sin2 θ, cos 2θ = 1 − 2 sin2 θ 1
sin a cos b = [sin(a − b) + sin(a + b)] .
1 − cos 2θ 1 + cos 2θ 2
sin2 θ = , cos2 θ =
2 2
2 tan θ Ó÷Ýóåéò óå áíôßóôñïöåò ôñéãùíïìåôñéêÝò óõíáñôÞóåéò:
tan 2θ = .
1 − tan2 θ
arcsin(−θ ) = − arcsin θ, arccos(−θ ) = π − arccos θ,
Çìßôïíï, óõíçìßôïíï áðü åöáðôïìÝíç: arctan(−θ ) = − arctan θ, arccot(−θ ) = π − arccot θ,
arcsec(−θ ) = π − arcsec θ, arccsc(−θ ) = −arccsc θ,
tan θ 1
sin θ =  , cos θ =  . π π
1 + tan2 θ 1 + tan2 θ arcsin θ + arccos θ = , arctan θ + arccot θ = ,
2 2
π
ÐïëëáðëÜóéá ôüîá: arccsc θ = arcsin(1/θ), arcsec θ = arccos(1/θ), arccot θ = − arctan(θ).
2

sin 3θ = 3 sin θ − 4 sin3 θ, Äéùíõìéêü ÁíÜðôõãìá - ÓåéñÜ:

cos 3θ = 4 cos3 θ − 3 cos θ,
  y  n(n − 1)  y 2 
3 tan θ − tan3 θ n(n − 1)(n − 2)  y 3
tan 3θ = , (x + y)n = x n 1 + n + + + ··· .
1 − 3 tan2 θ x 2! x 3! x
sin 4θ = 4 sin θ cos θ − 8 sin3 θ cos θ,
ÁíÜðôõãìá Taylor:
cos 4θ = 8 cos4 θ − 8 cos2 θ + 1,
• Áí ç f Ý÷åé ðáñáãþãïõò üëùí ôùí ôÜîåùí óå Ýíá áíïéêôü äéÜóôçìá ðïõ ðåñéÝ÷åé ôï a, ôüôå
4 tan θ − 4 tan3 θ
tan 4θ = . ãéá êÜèå öõóéêü áñéèìü n êáé ãéá êÜèå x óôï åí ëüãù äéÜóôçìá èá éó÷ýåé
1 − 6 tan2 θ + tan4 θ

ÄõíÜìåéò óõíáñôÞóåùí: f  (a) f (n) (a)

f (x) = f (a) + f  (a)(x − a) + (x − a)2 + · · · + (x − a)n + Rn+1 ,
2! n!
3 1
sin3 θ = sin θ − sin 3θ,
4 4 üðïõ,
3 1
cos3 θ = cos θ + cos 3θ,
4 4 f (n+1) (cn+1 )
3 1 1 Rn+1 = (x − a)n+1 ,
sin4 θ = − cos 2θ + cos 4θ, (n + 1)!
8 2 8
3 1 1 ãéá êÜðïéï cn+1 óôï äéÜóôçìá (a, x).
cos4 θ = + cos 2θ + cos 4θ .
8 2 8
• Áí óôï ôýðï ôïõ Taylor áíôéêáôáóôÞóïõìå ôï a ìå ìçäÝí, áí ôï ìçäÝí åßíáé óçìåßï ôïõ
äéáóôÞìáôïò [a, b], ôüôå Ý÷ïõìå ôç ìïñöÞ
ÐñÜîåéò ìåôáîý ôñéãùíïìåôñéêþí óõíáñôÞóåùí:

a+b a−b x 2  x n (n) x n+1 (n+1)

sin a + sin b = 2 sin cos f (x) = f (0) + xf  (0) + f (0) + · · · + f (0) + f (c)
2 2 2! n! (n + 1)!
a+b a−b
sin a − sin b = 2 cos sin
2 2 ìå ôï c óçìåßï ìåôáîý ôïõ 0 êáé ôïõ x. Ï ôýðïò áõôüò ëÝãåôáé ôýðïò ôïõ Maclaurin.
a+b a−b
cos a + cos b = 2 cos cos ÌÝèïäïò N-R:
2 2
a+b b−a
cos a − cos b = 2 sin sin
2 2
f (xn )
1 xn+1 = xn − , n = 0, 1, . . .
sin a sin b = [cos(a − b) − cos(a + b)] f  (xn )
2
Õðïëïãéóìüò üãêïõ óôåñåïý áðü ðåñéóôñïöÞ:

• ÐåñéóôñïöÞ ãýñù áðü ôïí x−Üîïíá.

1) ¸óôù f (x) óõíÜñôçóç óõíå÷Þò êáé èåôéêÞ óôï [a, b] äéÜóôçìá. ¼ôáí ï Üîïíáò ðåñéóôñïöÞò åßíáé ôìÞìá ôïõ óõíüñïõ ôïõ åðéðÝäïõ ôüðïõ R, ôüôå ï üãêïò ôïõ óôåñåïý ðïõ ðñïêýðôåé áðü

ôçí ðåñéóôñïöÞ ôïõ R ãýñù áðü ôïí x−Üîïíá, äßíåôáé áðü ôç ó÷Ýóç V = ab π[f (x)]2 dx.
2) ¼ôáí ç ðåñéï÷Þ ðïõ ðåñéóôñÝöåôáé ïñßæåôáéáðü äýï êáìðýëåòf (x), g(x) ìå f (x) > g(x) óå Ýíá äéÜóôçìá [a, b], ôüôå ï üãêïò ôïõ óôåñåïý ðïõ ðñïêýðôåé áðü ôçí ðåñéóôñïöÞ ãýñù áðü

ôïí x−Üîïíá, äßíåôáé áðü ôç ó÷Ýóç V = ab π [f (x)]2 − [g(x)]2 dx.

• ÐåñéóôñïöÞ ãýñù áðü ôïí y−Üîïíá.


1)¸óôù f (x) óõíÜñôçóç óõíå÷Þò êáé èåôéêÞ óôï [a, b] äéÜóôçìá. Áí ç ðåñéóôñïöÞ åßíáé ãýñù áðü ôïí y−Üîïíá ôüôå ï üãêïò äßíåôáé áðü ôç ó÷Ýóç V = ab 2πxf (x)dx.
2) ¼ôáí ç ðåñéï÷Þ ðïõ ðåñéóôñÝöåôáé ïñßæåôáé áðü äýï êáìðýëåò f (x), g(x) ìå f (x) > g(x) óå Ýíá äéÜóôçìá [a, b], ôüôå ï üãêïò ôïõ óôåñåïý ðïõ ðñïêýðôåé áðü ôçí ðåñéóôñïöÞ ãýñù áðü

ôïí y−Üîïíá, äßíåôáé áðü ôç ó÷Ýóç V = ab 2π x[f (x) − g(x)]dx.

Õðïëïãéóìüò åìâáäïý åðéöÜíåéáò óôåñåïý áðü ðåñéóôñïöÞ:

¸óôù ç óõíå÷Þò óõíÜñôçóç y = f (x) óôï äéÜóôçìá [a, b].

 b


dy 2
1) Áí ç y = f (x) ðåñéóôñáöåß ãýñù áðü ôïí x−Üîïíá, ôüôå ôï åìâáäüí ôçò åðéöÜíåéáò ôïõ óôåñåïý ðïõ äçìéïõñãåßôáé, äßíåôáé áðü ôç ó÷Ýóç E = 2π |f (x)| 1 + dx.
a dx

 d

dx 2
2) Áí x = g(y), c ≤ y ≤ d ðåñéóôñáöåß ãýñù áðü ôïí y−Üîïíá, ôüôå ôï åìâáäüí ôçò åðéöÜíåéáò ôïõ óôåñåïý ðïõ äçìéïõñãåßôáé, äßíåôáé áðü ôç ó÷Ýóç E = 2π |g(y)| 1 + dy.
c  dy
t2 
3) Áí ç êáìðýëç äßíåôáé óå ðáñáìåôñéêÞ ìïñöÞ x = x(t), y = y(t), t1 ≤ t ≤ t2 ïðüôå dx = ẋ(t)dt, dy = ẏ(t)dt, ïé ðéï ðÜíù ôýðïé ôïõ åìâáäïý ãßíïíôáé E = 2π |y(t)| ẋ (t) + ẏ 2 (t) dt,
2
t1
 t 
2
E = 2π |x(t)| ẋ 2 (t) + ẏ 2 (t) dt.
t1
4) Áí ç êáìðýëç äßíåôáé óå ðïëéêÞ ìïñöÞ r = r(φ), ìå φ1 ≤ φ ≤ φ2 ôüôå x(φ) = r(φ) cos φ, y(φ) = r(φ) sin φ (äçëáäÞ ðÜëé Ý÷ïõìå ðáñáìåôñéêÝò åîéóþóåéò ìå ðáñÜìåôñï φ), ïðüôå
 φ   φ 
2 2
dx/dφ = r  (φ) cos φ − r(φ) sin φ êáé dy/dφ = r  (φ) sin φ + r(φ) cos φ êáé ïé ôýðïé ôïõ åìâáäïý ãßíïíôáé E = 2π |r(φ) sin φ| r 2 (φ) + r 2 (φ) dφ = 2π |y(φ)| x 2 (φ) + y 2 (φ) dφ,
φ1 φ1
 φ   φ 
2 2
E = 2π |r(φ) cos φ| r 2 (φ) + r 2 (φ) dφ = 2π |x(φ)| x 2 (φ) + y 2 (φ) dφ.
φ1 φ1

ÌÞêïò êáìðýëçò:
 b
• ¸óôù y = f (x) ìßá åðßðåäç êáìðýëç ïñéóìÝíç óôï äéÜóôçìá [a, b]. Ôï ìÞêïò ôçò êáìðýëçò äßíåôáé áðü ôç ó÷Ýóç: L = 1 + (f  (x))2 dx.
a
 t

2
b dx 2 dy
• Áí ç êáìðýëç äßíåôáé óå ðáñáìåôñéêÞ ìïñöÞ x = g(t), y = h(t), ôüôå ç ó÷Ýóç ðïõ äßíåé ôï ìÞêïò ôçò êáìðýëçò ãßíåôáé: L = + dt, üðïõ ta , tb åßíáé ç ôéìÞ ôïõ t óôç
ta dt dt
èÝóç a êáé b áíôßóôïé÷á.
 θ

2 dr 2
• ÔÝëïò áí ç êáìðýëç äßíåôáé óå ðïëéêÞ ìïñöÞ r = r(θ) êáé θ1 ≤ θ ≤ θ2 , ôüôå ôï ìÞêïò äßíåôáé áðü ôç ó÷Ýóç: L = r2 + dθ .
θ1 dθ

ÃñáöéêÝò ðáñáóôÜóåéò Ôñéãùíïìåôñéêþí ÓõíáñôÞóåùí: