ECT 206 COMPUTER CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

PCC 3 1 0 4
ARCHITECTURE AND
MICROCONTROLLERS*
Preamble: This course aims to impart knowledge of basic computer architecture and
modern microcontrollers.

Prerequisite: ECT203 Logic Circuit Design

Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be able to
CO 1 Explain the functional units, I/O and memory management w.r.t a typical
computer architecture.
CO 2 Distinguish between microprocessor and microcontroller.
CO 3 Develop simple programs using assembly language programming.

CO 4 Interface 8051 microcontroller with peripheral devices using ALP/Embedded C

CO 5 Familiarize system software and Advanced RISC Machine Architecture.

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
CO 1 3 3
CO 2 3 3
CO 3 3 3 3 3
CO 4 3 3 3 3 3
CO 5 3 3 3

Assessment Pattern
Bloom’s Category Continuous Assessment End Semester
Tests Examination
1 2
Remember 10 10 10
Understand 20 20 20
Apply 20 20 70
Analyse
Evaluate
Create

Mark distribution
Total CIE ESE ESE
Marks Duration
150 50 100 3 hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Attendance : 10 marks
Continuous Assessment Test (2 numbers) : 25 marks
Course project : 15 marks
It is mandatory that a course project shall be undertaken by a student for this subject. The
course project can be performed either as a hardware realization/simulation of a typical
embedded system using Embedded C/ Assembly Language Programming. Instead of two
assignments, two evaluations may be performed on the course project along with series tests,
each carrying 5 marks. Upon successful completion of the project, a brief report shall be
submitted by the student which shall be evaluated for 5 marks. The report has to be submitted
for academic auditing. A few sample course projects are listed below:

Sample Course Projects

The below projects shall be done with the help of IDE for 8051/PIC/MSP/Arduino/Raspberry
Pi-based interfacing boards/sensor modules.
1. Relay control
2. Distance measurement
3. Temperature measurement / Digital Thermometer
4. RF ID tags
5. Alphanumeric LCD display interface.
6. OLED display interfacing

End Semester Examination Pattern: There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A
contain 10 questions with 2 questions from each module, having 3 marks for each question.
Students should answer all questions. Part B contains 2 questions from each module of which
student should answer any one. Each question can have maximum 2 sub-divisions and carry
14 marks.

Course Level Assessment Questions

SYLLABUS

Module 1: Computer Arithmetic and Processor Basics

Algorithms for binary multiplication and division. Fixed and floating-point number
representation. Functional units of a computer, Von Neumann and Harvard computer
architectures, CISC and RISC architectures. Processor Architecture – General internal
architecture, Address bus, Data bus, control bus. Register set – status register, accumulator,
program counter, stack pointer, general purpose registers. Processor operation – instruction
cycle, instruction fetch, instruction decode, instruction execute, timing response, instruction
sequencing and execution (basic concepts, datapath.

Module 2: 8051 Architecture

Microcontrollers and Embedded Processors. Architecture – Block diagram of 8051, Pin
configuration, Registers, Internal Memory, Timers, Port Structures, Interrupts. Assembly
Language Programming - Addressing Modes, Instruction set (Detailed study of 8051
instruction set is required).

Module 3: Programming and Interfacing of 8051

Simple programming examples in assembly language. Interfacing with 8051 using Assembly
language programming: LED, Seven segment LED display. Programming in C - Declaring
variables, Simple examples – delay generation, port programming, code conversion.
Interfacing of – LCD display, Keyboard, Stepper Motor, DAC and ADC -- with 8051 and its
programming.

Module 4: Advanced Concepts

8051 Timers/Counters - Modes and Applications. Serial Data Transfer – SFRs of serial port,
working, Programming the 8051 to transfer data serially. Introduction to ARM - ARMfamily,
ARM 7 register architecture. ARM programmer’s model. System software - Assembler,
Interpreter, Compiler, Linker, Loader, Debugger.

Module 5: The Memory System

Types of memory - RAM, ROM. Memory Characteristics and Hierarchy. Cache memory – The
basics of Caches, Mapping techniques, Improving Cache performance. Virtual memory –
Overlay, Memory management, Address translation. Input/Output Organization –
Introduction, Synchronous vs. asynchronous I/O, Programmed I/O, Interrupt driven I/O,Direct
Memory Access.

Text Books

1. Muhammed Ali Mazidi & Janice Gilli Mazidi, R.D. Kinley, The 8051 microcontroller
and Embedded System, Pearson Education, 2nd edition.

2. Subrata Ghoshal, Computer Architecture and Organization: From 8085 to Core2Duo

and beyond, Pearson, 2011.

3. Steve Furber, ARM System - on-chip Architecture, Pearson Education

Reference Books

1. Mano M M, Computer System Architecture, 3rd Ed, Prentice Hall of India.

2. Computer organization and design: The Hardware/Software interface/David A.

Patterson, John L. Hennessy. — 5th ed.

3. Computer Organisation V. Carl Hamacher, Zvonko G. Vranesic, Safwat G.Zaky.

4. John P Hayes, Computer Architecture and Organization, McGraw Hill.

5. Ramesh S Goankar, 8085 Microprocessor Architecture, Applications and

Programming, Penram International, 5/e.

6. The 8051 Microcontrollers: Architecture Programming and Applications, K Uma Rao

& Andhe Pallavi, Pearson, 2011.

7. Stallings W., Computer Organisation and Architecture, 5/e, Pearson Education.

Course Contents and Lecture Schedule

No Topic No. of Lectures

1 Computer Arithmetic and Processor Basics
1.1 Algorithms for binary multiplication and division 2
1.2 Fixed- and floating-point number representation in computers. 1
1.3 Functional units of a computer, Von Neumann and Harvard computer 1
architectures, CISC and RISC architectures.
1.4 Processor Architecture – General internal architecture, Address bus, Data bus, 2
control bus. Register set – status register, accumulator, program counter, stack
pointer, general purpose registers.
1.5 Processor operation – instruction cycle, instruction fetch, instruction decode, 3
instruction execute, timing response, instruction sequencing and execution
(basic concepts), data path
.

2 8051 Architecture
2.1 Microcontrollers and Embedded Processors and Applications 1
2.2 Architecture – Block diagram of 8051, Pin configuration, Registers, Internal 3
Memory, Timers, Port Structures, Interrupts.
2.3 Addressing Modes of 8051 1
2.4 Instruction sets (Detailed study of 8051 instructions) 4

3 Programming and Interfacing of 8051

3.1 Simple programming examples in assembly language. 2
3.2 Interfacing programming in Assembly language 2
3.3 Programming in C - Declaring variables, Simple examples – delay generation, 3
port programming, code conversion.
3.4 Interfacing of 7 segment LCD display 1
3.5 Interfacing of Keyboard and stepper motor 2
3.6 Interfacing of DAC and ADC 2

4 Advanced Concepts
4.1 8051 Timers/Counters - Modes and Applications 2
4.2 Serial Data Transfer – SFRs of serial port, working, Programming the 8051 to 2
transfer data serially
4.3 Introduction to ARM - ARM family, ARM 7 register architecture. ARM 2
programmer’s model
4.4 System software - Assembler, Interpreter, Compiler, Linker, Loader, Debugger. 2

5 Memory System
5.1 Types of memory - RAM, ROM. Memory Characteristics and Hierarchy 2
5.2 Cache memory – The basics of Caches, Mapping techniques, Improving Cache 2
performance
5.3 Virtual memory – Overlay, Memory management, Address translation 2
5. 4 Input/Output Organization – Introduction, Synchronous vs. asynchronous I/O, 3
Programmed I/O, Interrupt driven I/O, Direct Memory Access.
 Simulation assignments
The following examples may be solved in C program

1. Program to convert the ASCII number into unpacked BCD.

2. Program to swap a number 0 x ab to 0 x ba, where a and b are hex digits.
3. Program to find the number of 1’s in an 8-bit data item.
4. Program to display ‘M’ and ‘E’ on the LCD connected to 8051 using the BUSYFLAG.
5. Program to rotate a stepper motor 500 in the clock wise direction.
6. Program to toggle pin P1.4 every second using interrupts for a frequency of 22 MHz.Use timer 1 in
mode 1.
7. Program to generate a square wave of 1 kHz with duty cycle 33%. Use timer 1 ininterrupt mode
with a crystal frequency of 11.0592 MHz.
 A P J Abdul Kalam Technological University
Fourth Semester B Tech Degree Examination
Branch: Electronics and Communication
Course: ECT 206 COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE AND MICROCONTROLLERS
Time: 3 Hrs Max. Marks: 100

Part – A
Answer all questions. Questions carry 3 marks each.

1. Represent 4946.278941 as a 32 bit number in IEEE 754 format.

2. Which is more important for the functioning of a basic processor, Program Counter or Stack
Pointer. Justify your answer.

3. List the components of 8051 microcontroller.

4. Write the operations happening in the following instructions:

ADD A, 56
XCHD A, @R1
DJNZ R6, LABEL
DIV AB
XRL A, #0FFh
JB P1.2 LABEL

5. Write an embedded C program for 8051 microcontroller to continously rotate a stepper motor
clockwise.

6. Write an embedded C program for 8051 microcontroller to blink P2.5 every 2 seconds

7. List the different modes and give corresponding uses of timers in 8051 microcontroller

8. Which are the SFRs used for serial communication in 8051 microcontroller. Give there
functions.

9. Illustrate the memory hierarchy in a computer system.

10. Is ROM a random access memory? Justify your answer.

 Answer one question each from all modules

Module – 1
11. a) With an example explain the “shift and add” algorithm for multiplying two binary numbers.
(5 marks)
b) With relevant diagrams illustrate the functioning of a basic (non – pipelined) processor.
(9 marks)

OR

12. a) Differentiate RISC and CISC architectures. (4 marks)

b) Explain Instruction Cycle with a sample timing diagram (10 marks)

Module – 2
13. a) Illustrate the complete memory organisation of 8051 microcontroller (10 marks)

b) Differentiate microprocessors and microcontrollers. (4 marks)

OR

14. a) Explain about the Addressing Modes of 8051 microcontroller with examples. (7 marks)

b) Describe the classification of the Instruction Set of 8051 microcontroller with examples.
(7 marks)

Module – 3
15. a) Write an embedded C program for 8051 microcontroller to read an analogue signal from an
ADC and reproduce the same using a DAC (9 marks)
b) Write an assembly language program for 8051 microcontroller to sort N number in
ascending order. Assume that the numbers are stored in continuous locations starting from
0x4321 onwards. (5 marks)

OR

16. a) Write an embedded C program for 8051 microcontroller to repeatedly display the sequence
1,5,8,0,2,6,4,9,3,7 using a 7 – segment display with a delay of 1.5 seconds between each
number. (9 marks)
b) Write an assembly language program for 8051 microcontroller to find the cube of an 8 – bit
number (5 marks)

Module – 4
17. a) Assume a switch is connected to pin PL7. Write a embedded C program for 8051
microcontroller to monitor its status and
send two messages to serial port continuously as follows:
SW=0 send “NO”
SW=1 send “YES”
Assume XTAL = 11.0592 MHz, 9600 baud, 8-bit data, and 1 stop bit. (10 marks)
b) Describe the ARM 7 register architecture (4 marks)
 18. a) Write a embedded C program for 8051 microcontroller to send the message
“Hello World !” to serial port. Assume a SW is connected to pin P1.2.
Monitor its status and set the baud rateas follows:
SW =
0,
4800
baud
rate
SW =
1,
9600
baud
rate
Assume XTAL = 11.0592 Mhz, 8 – bit data, and 1 stop bit
(
10 marks)
b) Explain how a HLL program is executed as machine language in a processor

(4 marks)

Module – 5
19. a) Differentiate synchronous and
asynchronous I/O.
Which is more efficient with respect to processor utilisation? Justify your answer (8
marks)
b) Explain direct mapping of cache memory with an example (6
marks)

OR

20. a) Differentiate interrupt driven and programmed I/O.

Which is more efficient with respect to processor utilisation? Justify your answer (8
marks)
b) Explain about memory management using virtual memory. (6
marks)