BRITISH STANDARD |

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446 : 1997
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Grout for prestressing |
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tendons Ð |
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Grouting procedures |
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Licensed copy:Cowi AS, 15/03/2007, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI

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The European Standard EN 446 : 1996 has the status of a |
British Standard |
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ICS 91.100.10;91.100.30 |
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NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW
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 BS EN 446 : 1997

Committees responsible for this

British Standard
The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by Technical Committee
B/525, Building and civil engineering structures, to Subcommittee B/525/2, Structural
use of concrete, upon which the following bodies were represented:

Association of Consulting Engineers

British Cement Association
British Precast Concrete Federation Ltd.
Concrete Society
Department of the Environment (Building Research Establishment)
Department of the Environment (Construction Sponsorship Directorate)
Department of Transport (Highways Agency)
Institution of Civil Engineers
Institution of Structural Engineers
Steel Reinforcement Commission
Licensed copy:Cowi AS, 15/03/2007, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI

This British Standard, having

been prepared under the
direction of the Sector Board for
Building and Civil Engineering,
was published under the
authority of the Standards Board
and comes into effect on
15 November 1997

 BSI 1997
Amendments issued since publication
Amd. No. Date Text affected

The following BSI references

relate to the work on this
standard:
Committee reference B/525/2
Draft for comment 91/10646 DC

ISBN 0 580 28316 X

 BS EN 446 : 1997

National foreword

This British Standard has been prepared by Subcommittee B/525/2 and is the English
language version of EN 446 : 1996 Grout for prestressing tendons Ð Grouting
procedures published by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN).
EN 446 was produced as a result of European discussions in which the UK took an
active part. The UK voted against this standard at the CEN Formal Vote stage because
UK industry considered the standard to be insufficient in providing suitable
specification requirements for grouting materials and procedures, particularly for
highway bridges.
The UK conducted significant development work and subsequently published Concrete
Society Technical Report No. 47 Durable Bonded Post Tensioned Concrete Bridges,
prepared by a Concrete Society Working Party in collaboration with the Concrete
Bridge Development Group (September 1996), to which reference may be made.
At the CEN Formal Vote stage, however, the analysis of voting resulted in a positive
vote and in accordance with CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations Part 2 : Common
rules for standards work EN 446 was accepted as a European Standard.
Cross-reference
Publication referred to Corresponding British Standard
ENV 1992-1-1 : 1991 DD ENV 1992 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete
structures
Part 1-1 : 1992 General rules and rules for buildings
(together with United Kingdom National Application
Licensed copy:Cowi AS, 15/03/2007, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI

Document)

Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity

from legal obligations.

Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, an EN title
page, pages 2 to 6, an inside back cover and a back cover.

 BSI 1997 i
 Licensed copy:Cowi AS, 15/03/2007, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI

ii
blank
 EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 446
NORME EUROPEÂENNE
EUROPAÈISCHE NORM March 1996

ICS 91.100.30

Descriptors: Cables, ropes, prestressed concrete, grouting, tests, injection, quality control

English version

Grout for prestressing tendons Ð Grouting procedures

Coulis pour caÃble de preÂcontraintes Ð EinpreûmoÈrtel fuÈr Spannglieder Ð

ProceÂdures d'injection de coulis Einpreûverfahren

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 1994-10-28. CEN members are
bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the
conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard
Licensed copy:Cowi AS, 15/03/2007, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI

without any alteration.

Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards
may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German).
A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a
CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the
same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Denmark,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands,
Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.

CEN
European Committee for Standardization
Comite EuropeÂen de Normalisation
EuropaÈisches Komitee fuÈr Normung

Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels

 1996 Copyright reserved to CEN members

Ref. No. EN 446 : 1996 E
 Page 2
EN 446 : 1996

Foreword Contents
This European Standard has been prepared by Page
Technical Committee CEN/TC 104, Concrete Ð
Performance, production, placing and compliance Foreword 2
criteria, the Secretariat of which is held by DIN. 0 Introduction 3
This European Standard shall be given the status of a 1 Scope 3
national standard, either by publication of an identical 2 Normative references 3
text or by endorsement, at the latest by
September 1996, and conflicting national standards 3 Definitions 3
shall be withdrawn at the latest by September 1996. 3.1 Grouting 3
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, 3.2 Post injection 3
the following countries are bound to implement this
3.3 Post grouting 3
European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Denmark,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, 4 Preliminary assessment 3
Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, 5 Suitability assessment 3
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom
5.1 General 3
5.2 Materials assessment 3
6 Equipment 3
6.1 General 3
6.2 Screen 3
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6.3 Storage reservoir 4

6.4 Pump 4
6.5 Hoses 4
6.6 Inlet connections 4
6.7 Standby equipment 4
7 Grouting procedure 4
7.1 General 4
7.2 Personnel 4
7.3 Inlets and outlets 4
7.4 Precautions before grouting 5
7.5 Temperature at grouting 5
7.6 Grouting operations 5
7.7 Precautions after grouting 5
7.8 Post injection 5
7.9 Post grouting 5
8 Quality control 6
8.1 General 6
8.2 Materials 6
8.3 Equipment 6
8.4 Grout 6
8.5 Grouting 6

 BSI 1997
 Page 3
EN 446 : 1996

0 Introduction 4 Preliminary assessment

In post-tensioned prestressed concrete construction, When undertaking this assessment care shall be taken
the grouting of tendons is an important operation. The to ensure that the materials used shall be those which
intention of this European Standard is to provide a are proposed for use. The materials shall be assessed
specification for grouting, compliance with which will in a laboratory both separately and in the
satisfy the recommendations in ENV 1992-1-1. combinations proposed for use.
The main function of grouting is to fill the sheaths or NOTE. The combination for cement and admixture(s) is sensitive
cable ducts as fully as possible with grout in order to and requires to be verified by preliminary assessment.
provide protection to the tendons against corrosion
and to provide bond between the tendons and the
sheaths. 5 Suitability assessment
5.1 General
1 Scope Prior to the start of a job a proposal covering
This European Standard gives the procedures to be materials, equipment, grouting procedures and quality
used in grouting of post-tensioned prestressed concrete control shall be assessed by the competent authority.
with common grout. Other more specialized grouts In certain circumstances, grouting trials on sheaths in
may require additional specification to that given representative forms of a construction may be
herein. required, e.g. when there is doubt about the ability to
This standard also covers preliminary assessment, grout a particular sheath successfully.
suitability assessment and quality control procedures The properties of the grout, made with the materials,
for grouts and their component materials. and using the plant and personnel proposed for use on
In this standard some values are specified which are site, shall be assessed for suitability for the intended
marked (+). These values may be varied depending purpose sufficiently in advance of grouting operations,
upon circumstances on site, provided that all the other to enable adjustments to be made in the use of the
Licensed copy:Cowi AS, 15/03/2007, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI

requirements of this standard are met. materials or plant or personnel.

5.2 Materials assessment
2 Normative references
The materials assessment shall consist of the
This European Standard incorporates by dated or preparation of the grout, made with the materials, and
undated reference, provisions from other publications. using the plant and personnel proposed for use on site,
These normative references are cited at the
and the testing of it in accordance with clause 5 of
appropriate places in the text and the publications are
EN 447 and EN 445. The preparation shall be carried
listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent
out under the conditions of temperature given in 7.5 of
amendments to or revisions of any of these
this standard or expected on site.
publications apply to this European Standard only
when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For The above requirement may be waived where the
undated references the latest edition of the publication results of earlier tests on grout made with materials
referred to applies. and on plant sensibly identical to that proposed for
use, are satisfactory. These test results shall date from
EN 445 Grout for prestressing tendons Ð not more than two months before grouting.
Test methods
EN 447 Grout for prestressing tendons Ð 6 Equipment
Specification for common grout
ENV 1992-1-1 : Eurocode 2: Design of concrete 6.1 General
1991 structures Ð Part 1: General rules Grouting equipment shall consist of a mixer, a storage
and rules for buildings reservoir and a pump with all the necessary
connection hoses, valves, measuring devices for water,
cement and admixtures and testing equipment.
3 Definitions
The mixing equipment shall be capable of producing
3.1 grouting grout which possesses an even distribution of cement,
The injection into sheaths or tendon ducts with grout an even dispersal of admixtures and a minimum
in a continuous operation. presence of cement lumps and accords with the
3.2 post injection requirements of clause 5 of EN 447.
Complementary operation to grouting in order to 6.2 Screen
replace air or water voids by grout in the ducts before
the stiffening of the original grout. The grouting equipment shall contain a screen the
openings of which shall be 2 mm maximum, through
3.3 post grouting
which the grout passes prior to its introduction into
Complementary operation to grouting in order to the storage reservoir.
replace air or water voids by grout in the ducts after
the stiffening of the original grout.

 BSI 1997
 Page 4
EN 446 : 1996

6.3 Storage reservoir 7 Grouting procedure

The mixer shall have an additional storage reservoir
7.1 General
with an agitator to keep the grout moving continually
before it is pumped into the duct. During interruptions Prior to the start of grouting operations a proposal
in pumping, the grout shall be recirculated. concerning grouting procedure shall be provided by
the contractor and be assessed by the competent
The capacity of the mixer and the storage reservoir
authority. The procedure shall ensure that the sheaths
shall be such that the duct can be filled without
are properly filled with grout. In certain circumstances
interruption and at the required speed.
grouting trials on sheaths in representative forms of
6.4 Pump construction may be required, e.g. when there is a
The pump shall provide a continuous flow of grout and doubt about the ability to grout a particular sheath
shall maintain a pressure of at least 1 MPa; it shall be successfully.
equipped with a pressure gauge. NOTE. In some countries there are special requirements based on
the current knowledge and experience gained with particular
A pressure relief valve shall be incorporated to prevent grouts, equipment and grouting procedures.
pressures above 2 MPa, or above any other value
determined by the chosen grouting procedure. 7.2 Personnel
Limiting the grout pressure serves to: Grouting operations shall be under the charge of a
person with appropriate knowledge, training and
± prevent blow-outs of hoses, inlets and outlets; experience in production, testing and control systems
± prevent damage to the concrete structure; who shall be responsible for the production and
± protect the equipment and valves from damage; injection of the grout. That person, or an appropriately
± protect the operators; trained representative, shall be present during all
grouting procedures and shall be responsible for all
± prevent segregation; safety precautions relating to the preparatory and
± control the grout flow. grouting operations.
Licensed copy:Cowi AS, 15/03/2007, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI

The use of compressed air for pumping shall not be NOTE. In some countries there are special requirements regarding
allowed. The pump shall be constructed in such a way standards of knowledge, training and experience for the different
tasks.
as to prevent introduction of air, oil or other foreign
substances into the grout. The capacity of the pump 7.3 Inlets and outlets
shall be such that the duct can be adequately grouted. The position of the inlets and outlets is related to the
The use of a pump with a variable output gives the type and geometry of the tendons as well as to the
advantage that it can be adapted to the requirements of procedure for grouting and post grouting the ducts.
ducts of different diameters.
Inlets and outlets are normally placed at the following
6.5 Hoses locations:
The diameter and rated pressure capacity of the grout ± inlets or outlets at the anchorages and couplers;
hoses shall be compatible with the pump output, the ± outlets at or near the high points of the duct if the
assumed maximum pressure and the length needed. difference between the highest and lowest point is
Hose connectors shall normally not reduce the inside more than 0,5 m ((+) see clause 1);
clear diameter available in the hoses.
± inlets at the lowest points of strongly inclined,
6.6 Inlet connections vertical or loop tendons and at specific points when
The grout hoses shall be tightly connected to the inlets grouting is to be carried out in stages.
of the duct. Clamps, bayonet or similar connections are
recommended. Narrow openings, through which the
grout must pass, shall be avoided, as the resulting
pressure build-up can lead to danger of blockage.
A pressure gauge shall normally be mounted at the
grout inlet.
NOTE. This should apply only where the hose length is greater
than 30 m ((+) see clause 1).
In the event of sudden and abnormal pressure
increases, an additional pressure gauge located at the
grout inlet will indicate whether the reason for the
pressure build-up lies within the tendon duct or in the
grout hoses.
6.7 Stand-by equipment
The arrangements for the provision of stand-by
equipment shall be decided in each case.

 BSI 1997
 Page 5
EN 446 : 1996

7.4 Precautions before grouting 7.6 Grouting operations

NOTE. Sheaths should be grouted as soon as possible after the Non-retarded grout shall be used within 30 min after
steel is tensioned. If the delay between inserting the tendons and mixing. The time limit is particularly important when
grouting the sheaths is likely to permit corrosion of the tendons,
consideration should be given to the possible use of protective
the grout includes an expanding admixture.
soluble oils on the steel or dry air in the sheath. These operations NOTE 1. The maximum length grouted in one operation should be
should only proceed in accordance with the recommendations of not more than 50 m ((+) see clause 1) unless additional injection
the supplier of the system and it should be verified that their use points are provided.
will not have an adverse effect upon the tendons or the properties Normally the rate of grouting will vary
of the grout or its bond with the tendons. Some countries require
the permission of authority for the use of some of these from 5 to 15 m/min ((+) see clause 1). In general the
procedures. ducts shall be grouted from the lowest inlet.
Depending upon the tendon installation method, it may Grouting shall continue until the fluidity of the grout
be necessary to ensure that the sheath, vents, inlets flowing from the outlets is the same as the grout being
and outlets are capable of accepting injection of the injected to within the limits specified in 5.2 of EN 447.
grout. This shall be done by blowing through the The outlets shall be successively closed as the filling of
system with dry air. the duct progresses.
Where there is water in the duct it shall be removed. After completion of grouting the unintended loss of
Outlets at the lowest points and compressed air may grout from the duct shall be prevented.
be used for this purpose. The consequences of water NOTE 2. This may be facilitated by maintaining a pressure
remaining in the duct must be considered in order to of 0,5 MPa for 1 min.
choose the appropriate grouting procedure. The outlets at high points shall be opened shortly after
The injection procedure shall ensure that sheaths are grouting to allow bleed water to be displaced from the
completely filled. Sheaths shall be grouted at a ducts. Vertical ducts shall be grouted from the lowest
continuous and steady rate which shall be slow point using appropriate procedures.
enough to prevent the segregation of the water from Attention shall be given to anchorages, couplers and
Licensed copy:Cowi AS, 15/03/2007, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI

the grout at points where flow is restricted. high points especially in undulating tendons with
Undulating ducts shall be grouted from the lowest difference in level more than 0,5 m ((+) see clause 1)
point if the maximum deflection is more than and in strongly inclined or vertical tendons.
1,5 m ((+) see clause 1). 7.7 Precautions after grouting
7.5 Temperature at grouting Anchorages, vents and other metallic items that are to
Records shall be kept of the maximum and minimum remain permanently in place shall be protected against
air temperatures and the temperatures of the members corrosion and the ingress of water or other aggressive
to be grouted. agents prevented.
Grout shall normally be injected when the air 7.8 Post injection
temperature and the temperature of the members to be Post injection shall normally be carried out with
grouted and the grout are within the ranges given in freshly mixed grout.
table 1. NOTE. If tendons consist of prestressing strands, pressure
grouting may be applied. Directly after grouting, the post injection
Table 1. Temperatures at grouting of grout into the duct should be continued at gradually increasing
pressure to a maximum of not greater than 1 MPa. The anchorages
Temperature Air Member Grout
should be sealed in such a way that the ends of strands protrude
ÊC
from the anchorages.
Minimum 5 5 10 If tendons consist of prestressing bars, wires or strands the post
injection of grout may be carried out when most of the bleed
Maximum 30 25 25 water is separated in the duct and just before the grout stiffens.
Pumping grout through inlets at various points may be needed in
When any of the temperatures are less than the order to expel bleed water through outlets.
minimum or greater than the maximum given in
7.9 Post grouting
table 1 special precautions valid in the place of
grouting may be necessary which ensure that the When the grout in ducts is already stiffened and
sheaths can be grouted successfully. control procedures at inlets and outlets show that
water or air voids are formed, post grouting shall be
Tendons shall not be heated unless the general
carried out. These voids shall be filled with freshly
temperature of the members to be grouted is also
mixed grout. In some cases vacuum grouting may be
raised by heating. Materials and equipment shall be
required.
completely free of snow, frost and ice.
Notwithstanding the above requirements the
temperature of freshly mixed grout shall not
exceed 35 ÊC.

 BSI 1997
 Page 6
EN 446 : 1996

8 Quality control 8.4 Grout

Compliance shall be established when the grout
8.1 General
complies with requirements given in clause 5 of
Quality control consists of: EN 447. Consideration shall be given to the
± internal control conducted by the contractor environmental conditions on site. The testing of the
according to rules established by the client or by the grout shall be carried out at least:
competent authority; ± prior to the start of a job (a minimum of 24 h);
± external control carried out by an independent ± at the following minimum frequency of testing in
organization to verify the results of internal control.
the course of the grouting.
Additional checking procedures may be required by
the client or the competent authority. Bleeding two tests per day. One sample is
8.2 Materials to be taken at the mixer and one
sample at the duct outlet when
It has to be checked that only constituent materials are
the grout there has a satisfactory
used which comply with European Standards (see
fluidity value.
EN 447, clause 4) or with European Technical
Approvals. Volume change one test per day.
8.3 Equipment Strength one test per seven days or a
minimum of two tests per job,
The equipment shall be assessed as follows: whichever is greater.
± checking and approving grouting equipment and
Fluidity three tests per 8 h.
qualifications of personnel by the competent
authority;
± when a significant change in the source of supply
± inspecting and approving grouting installations by of materials occurs.
the competent authority.
Licensed copy:Cowi AS, 15/03/2007, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI

8.5 Grouting
The effectiveness of grouting shall be checked by
appropriate means. At anchorages as well as at
intermediate inlets and outlets visual control shall be
carried out. In some cases a non-destructive
examination of ducts may be required.

 BSI 1997
 BS EN 446 : 1997

List of references

See national foreword.

Licensed copy:Cowi AS, 15/03/2007, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI

 BSI 1997
 |
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