Ans Biology Work Book1

Answers Workbook
1 Plants 2 Humans
1.1 Leaves, stems, and roots 2.1 The human skeleton
1 From top to bottom: flower, stem, leaf, root. 1 A – a hinge joint, found in the knee, lets leg bend
2 The missing words are: stems, leaves, flowers, and straighten.
reproduce, organ, minerals, food, leaves, water, B – a ball and socket joint, connects leg to hip,
minerals. lets leg swing freely.
3 Leaf: absorbs light, makes food. 2 Ligament – holds bones together but lets them
Stem: provides support. swing freely.
Root: takes in water, takes in minerals, holds Cartilage – prevents the end of bones from
plant in place. banging together in a joint.
Flower: allows reproduction, produces seeds. Bone – provides support and can be pulled around
4 a Leaf. b Stem. c Root. by muscles to move your arms and legs.
5 a F b T c F Synovial fluid – lubricates joints so bones can
Stems carry water from roots to leaves. slide over each other smoothly.
Every organ in a plant needs water. 3 a T b F c F d F e T
E Either stores water to keep the plant alive b Your backbone prevents damage to your
between rain storms or carries out photosynthesis spinal cord.
so the leaves become spines to conserve water c Your backbone is a column of small bones
and for defence. that runs down your back.
d Your bones are joined together by hinge joints
1.2 Questions, evidence, and explanations
at your elbow and knee.
1 The missing words are: questions, answer,
Ea A is cartilage, B is synovial fluid.
explanations, investigations, evidence, accepted.
b The cartilage in an arthritic joint is worn away.
2 Evidence: a growing plant takes in a lot of water.
c The arthritic joint is painful and difficult to move.
Explanation: plants are made from water.
Evidence: a growing plant gains more mass than 2.2 Muscles and movement
soil loses. Explanation: plants do not get their 1 The correct words are: bones, muscles, tendons,
food from the soil they grow in. straightens, bends.
Evidence: seedlings stop growing if their leaves 2 a F b T c F d T
are cut off. Explanation: a plant’s leaves make the a Tendons hold muscles and bones together.
food it needs. c Muscles pull on bones to make you move.
Evidence: growing plants take a gas out of the 3 a Karis, b Mikayla.
air. Explanation: leaves use a gas from the air to 4 The muscles added to diagram B should be
make food. shorter and fatter at the back of the arm (triceps)
Evidence: plants do not grow well in pure and longer and thinnner at the front (biceps) as
rainwater. Explanation: plants need small amounts shown below.
of minerals to grow, and they get them from soil.
Evidence: leaves, stems, and roots have tubes
running through them. Explanation: tubes carry
water from roots to leaves and food from leaves
to roots.
3a How does the number of leaves affect the growth
of a plant?
b There is more extra growth when the number of
leaves on the plant increases.
c More leaves make more food and this allows
more growth. E Carla’s muscles are controlled by nerve messages
Ea Take identical plants; give them different volumes from her brain. If these are not controlled they will
of water each day; control every other variable; receive instructions to contract at random times.
measure their height or mass after a specific time.
Downloaded By Success Groups

b Up to a certain point, plants grow more when they
have more water. Then adding more water makes no
difference because they cannot make any more food.
HF
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Checkpoint_Biology_TG_WB_Ans.indd 126 28/11/2013 16:10

2.3 Organ systems 2.6 Extending lives
1 a Respiratory system. b Digestive system. 1 The missing words are: transplant, rejection,
c Nervous system. d Circulatory system. kidney, two, waste, urine, live.
2 Skeletal system – provides support and 2 Transplant – move an organ from one person to
protection, allows movement. another.
Muscular system – contracts and pulls on bones Kidney – the organ that cleans your blood and
to cause movement. makes urine.
Nervous system – senses your surroundings and Urine – a waste product made by your kidneys
controls your actions. and stored in your bladder.
Respiratory system – carries out gas exchange, Scaffold – what tissues are grown on to build
adds oxygen to your blood, and removes body parts like ears.
carbon dioxide. Reject – fail to accept a transplanted organ.
Digestive system – breaks down large particles in 3 a T b F c F d T
food so they can get into your blood. 4a More organ transplants will be needed in future
3 a Nervous system. b Digestive system. because the population is rising and people are
c Respiratory system. d Skeletal system. living longer, which means that their organs are
e Muscular system. more likely to wear out.
E The correct order is: e, d, a, f, c, b b A heart will be harder to grow than a bladder
Emran’s nervous system controls his muscles; because it has a complex 3D shape and contains
his muscles pull on bones to make him move; his several different sorts of tissue.
skeletal system provides support; and his joints to
allow him to move. 3 Cells and organisms
2.4 The circulatory system 3.1 The characteristics of living things
1 From the top: lung, vein, heart, artery. 1 Respiration – a chemical reaction that releases
2 The missing words are: reaction, oxygen, energy inside living things.
digestive, respiratory, energy. Sensitivity – the ability to detect chemicals, light,
3 Artery – carries blood away from the heart. heat, pressure, or sound.
Vein – returns blood to the heart. Excretion – the removal of waste products from a
Capillary – thin-walled to let gases in and out. living thing.
E When the blood supply is cut, heart muscle gets 2 The statements that apply to all living things are:
no glucose or oxygen, respiration stops, and it a, b, d, e, f, g.
runs out of energy. 3 a i b iii c ii d ii e i
4 Any three from: they move by extending their
2.5 Studying the human body
stems and roots; they use respiration to release
1 The missing words are: body, healthy, disease,
the energy they need to stay alive; they sense
lives, knowledge.
things in their surroundings, such as light; they
2 Haematologist – examines blood to help doctors
increase in size during their lifetime; they produce
diagnose illnesses.
offspring; they remove waste products from their
Optometrist – examines your eyes to check for
bodies; they make nutrients.
signs of disease and poor vision.
E Respiration would raise the temperature by
Neuroscientist – studies how the nervous system
releasing heat; respiration would remove oxygen
controls our bodies.
and add carbon dioxide to the surroundings.
Dietician – recommends how we could improve
our health by changing what we eat. 3.2 Microbes
Prosthetic limb developer – makes replacements 1 a Fungus. b Bacteria.
for missing hands, arms, and legs. c Protozoan. d Fungi (yeast).
3a Dietician. 2 a Fungus. b Bacteria.
b Optometrist. c Yeast (fungi). d Protozoan. e Algae.
c Prosthetic limb developer.
d Haematologist.
e Neuroscientist.
Ea Dietician – to study the food patients eat.
b Sports scientist – to measure fitness.
c Haematologist – to check their blood for signs
of illness.
© Oxford University Press 2013: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute 127

3 Venn diagram as shown: b Put the same volume of milk in two test tubes;
add the same amount of bacteria to each of them;
light keep them at different temperatures; measure the
microscope pH at regular intervals; the one with the lowest
b f pH produces lactic acid most quickly; repeat to
a check the results are reliable.
e g
3.5 Useful micro-organisms
SEM c d TEM 1 The missing words are: dough, flour, yeast,
microscope microscope respiration, carbon dioxide, soft.
h
2a Extra bacteria gave the milk a lower pH after
4 hours.
Ea They reproduce. b Bacteria use the sugars for respiration and
b They do not show the seven characteristics of produce lactic acid as a waste product.
living things and they can only reproduce inside Ea Graph as shown below.
a living organism. 120
3.3 Louis Pasteur

1 Ferment – convert sugar into alcohol and carbon 100
dioxide.
bubbles per minute

Alcohol – a chemical produced by yeast during 80
respiration.
Pasteurisation – heating food or drink for long 60
enough to destroy most of the micro-organisms
it contains. 40
Organic matter – materials made by living things.
Lactic acid – a sour chemical some bacteria 20
produce during respiration.
2 a Yeast. b Both. c Yeast. 0
d Bacteria. e Bacteria. f Both. 30 35 40 45 50
3 The correct order is: b, e, c, a, d. temperature (ºC)
Ea During the fermentation stage, yeast converts
b The number of bubbles per minute increases as
sugar from the plant material into alcohol.
the temperature increases until it reaches 40 °C,
b Bacteria need to be kept out of the fermenting
because yeast respire faster at higher temperatures.
mixture to prevent other products forming.
Above 40 °C, there are fewer bubbles per minute
3.4 Testing predictions as the temperature increases because higher
1 Says: when yeast land in liquids full of nutrients temperatures destroy the yeast.
they grow and reproduce, and make them
3.6 Planning investigations
ferment – suggest an explanation.
1 The missing words are: change, question,
Thinks: if I keep yeast out of a nutrient solution
measure, effect, controlled, same.
it will not go cloudy because it will not ferment –
2a The nutrient added.
make a prediction.
b The diameter of the balloon.
Places nutrient solutions in flasks with S-shaped
c Any three from: quantity of yeast; mass of
necks, and boils them to destroy any micro-
nutrient added; temperature of the water; the size/
organisms present: test the explanation.
type of balloon; the size/shape of the flask.
Notices that nutrient solutions do not go cloudy in
d Carbon dioxide.
flasks with S-shaped necks – review the evidence.
e Respiration (fermentation).
Breaks the neck of one of the flasks and observes
f Glucose.
that the nutrient solution begins to ferment and
Ea The temperature of the milk.
turn cloudy – collect extra evidence.
b The time the milk takes to reach pH 5.
2 The statements are: evidence, explanation,
c Flasks or test tubes to hold the milk and
evidence, explanation, evidence, explanation,
bacteria; a water bath to raise its temperature;
evidence, evidence, explanation.
a thermometer to check the temperature; a pH
Ea Put the same volume of fruit juice in two test
meter or universal indicator to check the pH;
tubes; add different amounts of yeast to each
a clock/timer to measure the time; a measuring
of them; keep them at the same temperature;
cylinder or pipette to measure out the milk and
measure the time it takes for bubbles to appear in
liquid holding the bacteria.
each tube; repeat to check the results are reliable.

d Control the volume/type of milk and number/type 2 Red blood cell – contains haemoglobin to
of bacteria added. transport oxygen around the body.
e The time to reduce the pH to 5 would get less Muscle cell – contains fibres which can make
as the temperature increases, until it reaches themselves shorter.
about 40 °C, because bacteria respire faster at Fat cell – contains a large oil droplet which acts
higher temperatures. Above 40 °C, the time as an energy store.
will increase because higher temperatures will Bone cell – produces fibres that attract minerals to
destroy bacteria. make a rigid solid.
Root hair cell – has a long, thin side branch to
3.7 Harmful micro-organisms
absorb water and minerals.
1 Athlete’s foot – a fungus that grows on skin.
3a Red blood cell.
Typhoid – bacteria that infect the digestive
b Fat cell.
system.
c Muscle cell.
Malaria – protozoa injected into the bloodstream
4 A red blood cell needs a large surface area so
by mosquitoes.
that it can deliver as much oxygen as possible
Flu – a virus that infects your lungs.
to other cells in the body. A root hair cell has a
Hepatitis – a virus that infects the liver.
large surface area so that it can collect water and
2a Typhoid.
nutrients from the soil more easily.
b Hepatitis.
Ea Xylem cell.
c Athlete’s foot.
b Phloem cell.
d Malaria.
c Root hair cell.
e Ringworm.
3 a F b F c T d F e T f T 3.10 Nerves
4 Any two from: it is spread by mosquitoes that 1 The missing words are: cells, electrical, sensory,
are difficult to destroy; it is present in many ears, light-detecting, brain, images, electrical,
countries; the protozoa that cause it are difficult muscles, movement.
to destroy. 2a Electrical.
Ea Any three from: improve sewage treatment so that b Chemical.
drinking water is never contaminated with faeces; 3 The nerve connected to bladder A releases a
make sure everyone can get clean drinking water; chemical signal. Some of the chemical signal
encourage people to wash their hands after using stays in the liquid around the bladder. This makes
the toilet; encourage people who sell or prepare bladder B contract.
food not to work when they feel ill. 4 The correct order is: b, d, a, e, c, f.
b People infected with hepatitis C can pass the 3.11 Tissues and organs
virus to other people before they know they 1 The missing words are: heart, tissues, cells,
have it. specialised, different.
3.8 Plant and animal cells 2 Skin surface cell tissue – keep out micro-
1 The missing words are: cells, respiration, organisms.
nutrients, repair, photosynthesis, nutrients. Fatty tissue – stores energy and reduces heat loss
2 a nucleus, b vacuole, c cytoplasm, through the skin.
d chloroplast, e cell membrane, f cell wall Bone tissue – gives support and structure to
3 Cell membrane – controls what enters or leaves limbs.
the cell. Muscle tissue – causes movement.
Chloroplast – absorbs light and allows Blood tissue – brings nutrients and oxygen to
photosynthesis. other tissues.
Nucleus – controls the activities of the cell. 3a Organ.
Cell wall – stops the cell bursting when its b Tissue.
vacuole fills with water. c Organ system.
Cytoplasm – where most chemical reactions d Organ.
take place. e Cell.
E Muscle cells would contain more mitochondria 4 Any four tissues found in the neck and their
because they need to respire more to release more functions, e.g. bone to support your head; muscle
energy to cause movement. to pull on bones and turn your head; blood to
3.9 Specialised cells carry nutrients and oxygen to your head; nerves to
1 The missing words are: specialised, job, different, carry electrical signals to and from the brain; skin
sizes, contents. to keep out micro-organisms; connective tissue to
join the rest together.

Ea Stems cells are controlled by growth factors made 4.3 Feeding ourselves
by other cells. 1 The missing words are: chains, habitats, pollution,
b Growth factors make different genes turn on animals, chemicals.
in different cells. These genes make cells build 2
Method How it can How it can
different components and take on different shapes.
used increase the damage
4 Living things in their environment mass of food natural food
grown chains
4.1 Habitats use of supplies minerals can kill fish
1 a rainforest; b rainforest; c desert; fertilisers
d desert; e rainforest; f desert.
use of stops weeds taking destroys wild
2a Antarctic
herbicides the crop’s light, plants
b Desert
water and minerals
c Rainforest.
d Antarctic and desert. use of stops insects destroys
e Desert. insecticides eating the crop useful insects
f Rainforest. 3 Labelled diagram as shown below:
g Desert. rice cleans the water fish eat insects
3 Any three from: thick fur, small ears or large and gives the fish shade that attack rice
rounded body – to reduce heat loss; wide feet to
avoid sinking in snow or to help the bear to swim;
sharp claws or teeth to help catch its prey.
E Students should draw an animal adapted to life in
the desert, label its main adaptations, and explain
why they are useful, e.g. wide feet to avoid minerals from
sinking in the sand; sand coloured for camouflage; fish waste improve
large body to avoid sudden temperature changes; rice growth
burrows to avoid extreme temperatures; large fat 4 a N b P c N d P e P f P
stores to last between meals; gets all its water E Algae can be used produce fuels and animal feeds
from its food; conserves water by not sweating so that more land is available to grow food.
and producing concentrated urine.
4.4 Changing the planet
4.2 Food chains 1 The missing words are: atmosphere, pollutants,
1 Predator – hunts and eats other animals. ozone, ultraviolet, fuels, rainwater, warming.
Prey – is hunted and eaten by other animals. 2a Increase = 24 – 3 = 21 million square kilometres.
Consumer – eats other living things to obtain b Since the year 2000 the hole has shrunk by
nutrients. 24 – 18 = 6 million square kilometres.
Producer – makes its own food. c The use of CFCs, which destroy ozone, has been
Herbivore – eats only plants. banned.
Carnivore – eats only animals. 3a Sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide.
Scavenger – eats only animals that have already b Any two from: take sulfur out of fuels before they
been killed. are burned; neutralise acidic gases before they can
2a Maize. escape; burn less coal/fuel.
b Mice. Ea Carbon dioxide raises Earth’s temperature by
c Snakes. preventing some of its heat escaping.
d The arrows show the direction in which energy is b Any two from: global warming could be reversed
transferred. by reducing the amount of carbon dioxide
e The maize harvest will increase because none of released; finding new ways to take carbon dioxide
it will be eaten by mice. out of the atmosphere, or reflecting heat away
3b Increases. from Earth using mirrors or clouds.
c Decreases.
4.5 Preventing extinction
E Herbivores use some of the energy in the leaves
1 Conservation – preventing extinction.
to build new tissues (muscles and fat). When
Sanctuary – a place where species can be protected.
carnivores eat herbivores, the energy in these
Captive breeding – breeding animals in zoos.
tissues passes to them.
2a Remove its predators.
b Provide sanctuaries.
c Save its habitat.
d Captive breeding.

3a Jaguar numbers have fallen due to loss of habitat 2 Labels as shown below:
and hunting. carbon dioxide
b The species could be conserved by saving its in the air
habitat or providing sanctuaries.
4a Goats reduced the tortoise’s food supply. used to make food carbon dioxide
b Tortoise numbers could be growing because the from burning
goats have been removed or they have found a fuels
new source of food.
E Leatherback turtles are endangered because:
the beaches where they lay their eggs are being
built on; humans eat their eggs and meat; they carbon carbon
are accidently caught in fishing nets; climate in plants in fuel
change is raising sea levels and covering the
beaches where they nest; the oceans are polluted biofuels
with pieces of plastic which resemble jelly- produced
fish from below and fill turtle stomachs; rising
3 Extra carbon dioxide is released when fuels are
temperatures cause more females to hatch than
burned to release the energy needed to convert
males which could reduce the number that
plant material into biofuels and when trees are
reproduce in future.
burned to clear land to grow plants for fuel.
Conservation methods include: protecting
4a Yeast.
nesting beaches; encouraging local people to
b Fungi.
protect the turtles and their nests; redesigning
c Sugars.
fishing nets so turtles can escape from them;
5 Fuel Advantages Disadvantages
finding their migration routes so these can be
protected. biodiesel grow fast grow best in
from algal oil can form expensive
4.6 Obtaining energy
oil 60% of algae’s photobioreactors
1 Biofuel – a fuel made by living things.
Geothermal energy – heat from hot rocks under biomass
the Earth’s surface. can grow in
Solar cells – devices that use light to produce contaminated
electricity. water
Renewable energy – energy sources that are use up waste
constantly replaced. carbon dioxide
2 Replaced; constantly/continually. don’t use
3 a F b F c F d T up valuable
e T f F g T farmland
4a Solar cells.
could be grown
b Geothermal energy.
anywhere
c Biofuels.
d Wind power. bioethanol cheaper to sugar can only
e Water power (hydroelectricity). from sugar produce form 20% of
f Biofuels. cane in warmer sugar cane’s
E Students should describe the renewable energy countries biomass
sources available in their own country. They could expensive
choose from: solar cells, biofuels, wind power, enzymes are
water power, or geothermal energy. needed to
convert the
4.7 Growing fuels
rest of the plant
1 The missing words are: renewable, plant
into sugars
oils, sugars.

6 Students could include the following points: oil 5.2 Causes of variation
palms use up land which could be left as rainforest 1
or used to grow food crops; clearing land to grow
oil palms releases large amounts of carbon dioxide a f b d
which contributes to global warming; algal oil inherited environmental
c e
could be produced in places where crops will not variation variation
g h
grow; the algae could use up the carbon dioxide
released from power stations; algae grow fast so
they could meet the demand for fuel.
5 Variation and classification 2 a T b T c F d T e T f T g F

c Identical twins always have identical genes.
5.1 Variation g Cells specialise by switching on different
1 The missing words are: unique, identify, range, genes.
continuous, discontinuous. 3 The average height of students is increasing in
2 a D b C c C d D e C many parts of the world because they eat more
3 blood groups in India nutritious food and a bigger percentage reach the
40
maximum height their genes can produce.
4a Identical twins separated at birth have the same
30 genes so any differences between them must be
number of people (%)
caused by environmental differences.

b If inherited variation determines behaviour,
20
identical twins separated at birth will be just as
alike as identical twins who grew up together.
10
5.3 Species
1 The missing words are: characteristic, species,
0 Latin, world, infertile, hybrids.
O A B AB
blood groups 2
Same Similar Very different
4 test score species species species
10 Equus ferus Tetracerus
quadricornis
8 Equus Syncerus caffer
africanus
number of people (%)
6 3 a T b F c T d F e T f F
b Similar species share the same first Latin
name.
4
d Members of the same species don’t always
look similar.
2 f Members of different species usually have
infertile offspring if they breed.
Ea Dzos have not bred to form large herds because
0 they are infertile hybrids.
0–20 21–40 41–60 61–80 81–100
score (%) b Yaks and dzos could be distinguished using
breeding experiments (only yaks would
Ea Biometric data prevents the use of stolen passports produce fertile offspring), or by examining
because no two people have the same data. their DNA.
b Security systems used at airports need to be fast
and reliable so the best biometric data to use 5.4 Classification
could be iris patterns for security or face shapes 1 The missing words are: differences, groups,
for speed. classification, backbones, invertebrates,
characteristics, species.

2 Top row: molluscs – soft bodies; cnidarians – 2 does it have
tentacles; annelids – segmented bodies; roots and veins?
flatworms – flat bodies. yes no
Bottom row: echinoderms – spiny skin;
arthropods – jointed legs; nematodes – long does it make a moss
spores or seeds?
thin bodies.
spores seeds
3 Arachnids – 8 legs; insects – 6 legs; crustaceans –
2 pairs of antennae; myriapods – long bodies
b fern does it have
divided into segments. cones or flowers?
E The dung beetle is: an arthropod because it has cones flowers
jointed legs; an insect because it has 6 legs; and
a beetle because it has tough covers over its c conifer d flowering plant
wings.
5.5 Vertebrates 3 A Conifer. C Fern.
1 Top row: mammals – have fur, give birth or B Flowering plant. D Moss.
produce milk, warm blooded; reptiles – have hard E Flowering plants are better adapted to life on land
scales, lay waterproof eggs, cold blooded; fish – because they have roots and veins to carry water
lay eggs in water and have soft scales, gills, and through the plant and they produce seeds which
fins, cold blooded. can survive dry conditions.
Bottom row: birds – have feathers and wings and
6 Plants
lay shelled eggs, warm blooded; amphibians –
have smooth skin and lay their eggs in water, cold 6.1 Why we need plants
blooded, and their larvae have gills. 1 The missing words are: biomass, photosynthesis,
2 a T b T c F d T energy, carbon dioxide, water, oxygen,
e F f T g F respiration.
c Amphibians can only reproduce where there 2
is water, or reptiles can reproduce without
water.
e Fish and larval amphibians have gills. a b c d g
g Whales are mammals and feed their young photosynthesis respiration
on milk. e f
3a Mammals.
b Mammals have fur or hair and feed their young
on milk.
c Echidnas lay eggs instead of giving birth to live 3 Palisade cells – contain most chloroplasts to
young. absorb light.
Ea Archaeopteryx is difficult to classify because it Stomata – tiny pores which let gases in and out
has features from more than one group. of leaves.
b It shares features with birds (feathers and a beak) Xylem vessels – hollow tubes that carry water up
and reptiles (teeth and a tail). from the roots.
Mesophyll cells – form a spongy layer which
5.6 Classification of plants
gases can diffuse through.
1
Type of flowering E In summer there is more light so more
moss ferns conifers
plant plants photosynthesis takes place and the glucose that
Roots and isn’t needed is stored as starch. In winter there is
no yes yes yes less light, less photosynthesis takes place, and the
veins?
plant’s glucose stores are depleted.
Spores or
spores spores seeds seeds 6.2 Asking scientific questions
seeds?
1 The missing words are: variables, changed,
Cones, measured, more, repeat, reliable.
flowers or neither neither cones flowers 2 a S b NS c NS d S e S
neither?

3a The volume of water the plant receives. 7 Diet
b The increase in height or mass.
c Any two from: the age, height, mass, number of 7.1 Food
leaves and type of plant; the amounts of light, 1 Carbohydrates – most of our energy intake should
minerals, carbon dioxide and space they are given. come from these.
4 a B b B c L d L e B Fats – used to build cell membranes and a good
Ea Set up the apparatus shown below in each beaker. source of energy.
Make sure the pondweed in each beaker is Proteins – essential for growth and repairing cells.
identical, has the same temperature, and receives Vitamins – help chemical reactions take place in
the same amount of light. your cells.
Minerals – help cells to function properly and
oxygen strengthen bones and teeth.
2a Carbohydrates.
water
b Fats.
oxygen c Carbohydrates and fats.
bubble d Proteins and fats.
e Proteins and fats.
10 cm3 f Carbohydrates.
g Proteins and fats.
pondweed
h Carbohydrates.
3 Fats are needed: for insulation, for making cell
Time how long it takes to produce a specific membranes, and as a source of energy.
volume of oxygen, or measure the volume of 4 Nutrient Small molecules joined to make it
oxygen produced in a certain time.
b Up to a certain point, the plants will carry out starch glucose
photosynthesis faster when they have more proteins amino acids
carbon dioxide, because carbon dioxide is needed fats glycerol and fatty acids
for photosynthesis – so the measuring cylinders
will fill faster. After a certain point, adding more E Their diet lacks protein so their growth may be
carbon dioxide will make no difference because slowed (stunted).
the plants cannot make food any faster without 7.2 Managing variables
extra light, minerals, or a higher temperature. 1 a Changed. b Controlled. c Controlled.
6.3 Water and minerals d Controlled. e Measured. f Measured.
1 The missing words are: water, photosynthesis, g Calculated.
absorb, vacuoles, cell, support, wilt. 2 Measuring Quantity Units used
2 A Water evaporates through stomata. instrument measured
B Moves up through xylem vessels. thermometer temperature °C
C Taken in through root hair cells. measuring volume cm3
3 Plants continually lose water because it cylinder
evaporates from their leaves. electronic mass g
There are pores on the undersides of leaves to balance
allow carbon dioxide to enter them.
Root hairs give plants a large surface area to help 3 Any two from: a large amount of fuel would
them absorb more water. make the water boil (so she could not calculate an
Water flows from the roots to leaves because it accurate temperature rise); some of the heat would
is pulled up xylem tubes to replace the water escape around the sides of the test tube; pieces of
that evaporates. burning food could fall off and be a hazard.
Plants lose less water at night because their E Temperature rise (°C) Temperature rise per
stomata close. gram (°C per gram)
Ea Root cells need oxygen for respiration. 30 20
b A shortage of oxygen reduces the rate of
46 46
respiration so less energy is available and fewer
minerals can be taken in. 66 33
Bread produces a lower temperature rise per gram
because it contains less fat than chicken or cheese.

7.3 A balanced diet 3a Chocolate biscuits cost less than fresh berries;
1 The missing words are: nutrient, proportions, chocolate biscuits are on special offer more often.
proteins, fatty acids, minerals, rice, energy. b Chocolate biscuits are high in sugar which causes
2a The missing values are: tooth decay, and saturated fat which has a high
energy content; eating a lot of biscuits could lead
Type of nut Unsaturated fat (g/100 g)
to heart disease or diabetes.
brazil 47 4 Extra nutrients could be added to common foods
coconut 7 or extra genes could be added to common crop
almond 35 plants so people get them automatically.
b A patient at risk of heart disease should eat 8 Digestion
almonds because they have least saturated fat.
3 Chocolate is high in sugar which causes tooth 8.1 The digestive system
decay, and saturated fat which has a high energy 1 Clockwise from the top right the labels are: gullet,
content. Too much saturated fat could cause heart stomach, pancreas, small intestine, rectum, large
disease or diabetes. intestine, gall bladder, liver.
4 Proteins contain many different amino acids. 2 The missing words are: molecules, blood,
Most plant products do not contain every amino alimentary canal, pieces, enzymes, break,
acid we need. pancreas, small, absorbs, intestine, water.
25 3a Both.
E Energy from fat = × energy needed
100 b Mechanical digestion.
25 c Mechanical digestion.
= × 8000 kJ
100 d Chemical digestion.
= 2000 kJ e Chemical digestion.
Mass of fat = 2000 kJ ÷ 37 kJ/g = 54 g f Chemical digestion.
4 Bacteria that live on the fibre in our intestines
7.4 Deficiencies make important vitamins that we can absorb or
1 The missing words are: ill, explain, scurvy, fibre prevents constipation.
deficiency, lack, vitamins, nutrients.
E Mouth
2 Anaemia – iron
Kwashiorkor – protein Chewed to produce smaller pieces.
Coated with saliva to make it slippery
Scurvy – vitamin C and mixed with an enzyme to begin
Beri-beri – vitamin B1 starch digestion.
Rickets – vitamin D
Night blindness – vitamin A
3a Anaemia.
b Night blindness. Stomach
c Scurvy. Mixed with acid and another
enzyme to make a smooth paste
d Beri-beri. (but no digestion takes place).
e Rickets.
f Kwashiorkor.
Ea Hassina may have scurvy and anaemia.
b Scurvy would cause bleeding gums, swollen Small intestine
legs, and a lack of energy. Anaemia would Mixed with enzymes from the pancreas.
cause tiredness, painful sores in her mouth, Digestion of starch is completed.
Glucose passes into the blood.
and weak nails.
7.5 Choosing foods
1 The missing words are: body, obese, energy, fat,
diabetes, blood, heart. Large intestine
2 Make fatty and sugary foods more expensive to Bacteria break down some of the fibre.
Water is absorbed to make faeces.
reduce demand for them. Encourage people to
exercise more so eating sugars and fats won’t
make them obese. Add extra nutrients to common
foods so people automatically get a balanced diet. Rectum
Add extra genes to common crop plants so extra Faeces are stored until they can be
nutrients aren’t needed. squeezed out through the anus.

8.2 Enzymes 3a Labels similar to those shown below should be
1 added to the diagram.
protease amino acids
protein Sucrose approaches The enzyme makes The products
the active site on sucrose react with leave the
the enzyme. water more easily. enzyme.
glucose
starch carbohydrase
water
lipase
enzyme enzyme enzyme

fat
glycerol
fatty acid b Enzymes are only needed in small amounts
because they are left unchanged at the end of the
2 Enzyme – biological catalyst used to speed up reaction. This means that one enzyme can speed
reactions. up many reactions.
Carbohydrase – enzyme such as amylase which 4 More than one enzyme is needed in your
breaks down carbohydrates. digestive system because starch, fats, and
Emulsify – break fats into smaller droplets which proteins are made from different molecules with
can mix with water. different shapes.
Bile – substance that emulsifies fats to increase
their surface area.
protein
3 When food is broken into smaller pieces, its
surface area increases. That makes it easier
starch
for enzymes because they can only work on
molecules on the surface.
E Take a number of test tubes; put equal volumes of
starch in each one; warm each tube to a different fat
temperature; add an equal volume of amylase to
each tube and start a stopclock; remove samples The active site of each enzyme needs to have the
from each tube at regular intervals and test right shape to fit the molecule it breaks down.
them for starch; they will turn blue-black when (Credit any attempt to draw an enzyme with an
starch is present; record the time when all the active site that would fit two glucose molecules
starch is gone; the evidence supports his idea from starch, two amino acids from a protein, and
if starch takes longer to break down at higher glycerol and a fatty acid from fat.)
temperatures; he should repeat his measurements
to check that they are reliable. 9 Circulation
8.3 Using enzymes 9.1 Blood
1 Lipase – removes fats from meat or fish and 1a Clockwise from the top right the labels are:
improves the flavour and texture of fatty foods. platelet, red blood cell, plasma, white blood cell.
Carbohydrase – breaks down corn starch to make b Most cells look paler in the centre because red
it sweeter. blood cells are biconcave – thinner in the middle.
Protease – turns milk into a solid curd during 2a Red blood cells.
cheese-making. b White blood cells.
2 a T b F c F c Red blood cells.
b The active site of an enzyme is a different d White blood cells.
shape in different enzymes. e Plasma.
c Enzymes do not need to be replaced when f Plasma.
they finish catalysing a reaction because g Platelet.
they are left unchanged at the end of h Red blood cell.
the reaction.

3a Labels should be added to the diagram as shown 2 a, c The diagram should be labelled as
below. shown below.
vein artery
capillary carbon
dioxide
left
heart small other
lungs
right intestine tissues
glucose heart
body
cells oxygen
artery vein
b Molecules move in and out of the blood by b The top half of the diagram should be coloured
diffusion. They move from where they are red and the bottom half should be coloured blue.
concentrated to where their molecules are more 3a As blood passes through capillaries in your lungs
spread out. it gains oxygen and loses carbon dioxide.
E The symptoms of sickle-cell anaemia include b As blood passes through capillaries in your small
severe pain in tissues all over the body. People intestine it gains glucose and carbon dioxide and
born with sickle-cell anaemia have faulty loses oxygen.
haemoglobin. It makes red blood cells curve into E Valves are found in veins (or in the heart). They
long thin C shapes which can block narrow blood are needed to prevent blood from flowing in the
vessels and leave tissues short of oxygen. wrong direction.
9.4 Identifying trends
normal 1 The missing words are: faster, efficient, decreases,
red blood cells C-shaped heart, shortens, time.
squeeze through red blood cells 2a A is fittest.
narrow blood can block the b A has the lowest resting heart rate and the shortest
vessels flow of blood recovery time.
9.2 Anaemia 3a Graph as shown below.
1 a T b F c F d T 30
e F f T g F
b Anaemia prevents blood from carrying
cardiac output (dm3/minute)
enough oxygen.
c Anaemic blood contains fewer red blood cells 20
than normal.
e Low packed cell volume shows that a patient
has anaemia.
g You can reduce the symptoms of anaemia by 10
eating more red meat.
2a 14.5 g per 100 cm3 = 145 g/dm3
b Patient C has anaemia – they have a low red blood
cell count, a low haemoglobin level, and a low
0
packed cell volume. 40 80 120 160
c Patient A is male – they have the highest red heart rate (beats/minute)
blood cell count, haemoglobin level, and packed
cell volume. b There is a positive correlation between the athlete’s
3 A patient with anaemia has fewer red blood cells cardiac output and their heart rate. Their cardiac
in the same volume and the cells are smaller and output changes by the same amount for each
paler (because they contain less haemoglobin). increase in their heart rate. Credit any attempt to
describe the pattern quantitatively, e.g. when the
9.3 The circulatory system heart rate is 40 beats per minute, the cardiac output
1 The missing words are: arteries, veins, lungs, is 5 dm3/minute. The cardiac output rises to 28
oxygen, body, and cells. dm3/minute when the cardiac output is 160 beats
per minute. The cardiac output increases by about
0.2 dm3/minute for every extra beat per minute.

c An athlete’s heart rate needs to increase when 10 Respiration and gas exchange
they run faster to supply extra oxygen (and
glucose) to their muscles so they respire and 10.1 Lungs
release energy faster. 1 Labels should be added to the diagram as shown
E Graph as shown below. below.
130
4. air rushes in
4. air
blood pressure (units)
120 1. muscles rushes out

contract to 3. lung
3. lung 1. muscles
pull ribs up volume
volume relax and
and out decreases
increases drop ribs
down
110
2. diaphragm 2. diaphragm
muscle contracts relaxes and
and flattens springs back
100 2 Clockwise from the top right the labels are:

60 70 80 90 trachea, bronchus, bronchiole, alveoli, diaphragm,
heart rate (beats per minute) lung, rib.
Arrows should be added to show air travelling
a There is a positive correlation between her heart
through the trachea, one of the bronchi, and a
rate and her blood pressure. Credit any attempt to
bronchiole, to reach a bunch of alveoli.
describe the pattern shown by the line of best fit
3 The missing words are: muscles, ribs, lungs,
quantitatively, e.g. her blood pressure increases
bronchioles, alveoli, diffuses, leaves, exchange.
by about 0.5 units for every extra beat per minute.
E Alveoli allow rapid diffusion between blood
b Her blood pressure would be between 114 and
and air because they have a good blood supply
116 units if her heart rate was 80 beats per
and thin walls and they provide a large surface
minute.
area. (Also, the inner surface of each alveolus is
9.5 Diet and fitness covered with a thin layer of moisture in which
1a The diagram should be labelled as shown below. gases dissolve.)
10.2 Respiration and gas exchange
1 The missing words are: blood, alveoli, energy,
glucose, cells, exercise, exchange, oxygen.
inside of artery
2
Breathed in Breathed
Gas
air (%) out air (%)
oxygen 21 18%
plaque – a mixture of fat,
cholesterol, and blood cells carbon dioxide 0.03 3%
nitrogen and
b blockages like this raise blood pressure. 79 79
other gases
2 The correct order is: C, E, B, G, D, F, A, H.
3 Patient B’s diet increases their risk of having
a stroke because it contains processed food, Credit any values that produce a total of 100%
which could be high in saturated fats and salt, and show that there is still some oxygen in the
and a sugary snack and drink. A diet containing breathed out air.
large amounts of sugar and fat will increase 3a Breaths in 10 seconds = 3
the patient’s risk of becoming overweight and Breaths in 60 seconds = 18
developing a high blood pressure, which could b She takes in 0.5 dm3 of air with each breath.
cause a stroke. c The graph should show the peaks getting
E The office worker should: stop smoking, ensure taller and closer together as she breathes faster
they take regular exercise, try to reduce their and deeper.
blood pressure.

E After training at high altitudes athletes’ bodies 10.4 Smoking and lung damage
make more red blood cells and grow extra 1a Labels should be added to the diagram as
capillaries in their muscles. This allows them shown below.
to take more oxygen out of the air so their Cilia sweep mucus
ventilation rate drops. to the back of
Mucus traps dirt your throat to be
10.3 Anaerobic respiration and microbes. swallowed.
1 Glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water
Glucose lactic acid
2a Labels should be added to the diagram as shown
below.
anaerobic The main airways
respiration in your lungs are
makes lined with ciliated
lactic acid cells and coated
with a layer of
oxygen uptake
extra oxygen mucus.

removes
lactic acid
b Any six from the following.

Cilia are paralysed (stop moving).
Dirt, microbes, and chemicals from cigarette
smoke build up in the mucus;
rest exercise recovery
time Oxygen uptake slows.
Lung infections increase.
b Anaerobic respiration can’t be used all the time Mucus is coughed up.
because lactic acid is toxic. The airways become narrower.
c Anaerobic respiration can produce a sudden burst Breathing becomes difficult.
of energy because cells can use a lot of glucose The alveoli walls break down.
molecules at once. The surface area available for gas exchange is
3 a T b F c T d F e F reduced.
b Anaerobic respiration provides only short c Smokers are more likely to suffer from lung
bursts of energy or aerobic respiration cancer and heart disease.
provides a continuous supply of energy. 2 The missing words are: harmful, cilia, cancer,
d Anaerobic respiration releases a smaller reduces, raises, narrower, heart, addictive.
percentage of the total energy in glucose than E Mohamed is the smoker. His race time is slower
aerobic respiration. because his lungs are damaged. They take up
e Aerobic respiration is the main type used in oxygen more slowly so his muscles respire more
marathons or anaerobic respiration is the main slowly and release energy more slowly.
type used in sprints.
4 Letters should be added to the diagram as shown 10.5 Communicating findings
below. 1 The missing words are: clearly, pictures,
explanations, details, relevant.
2a Your Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF) shows how fast
b c g a d e f
you can blow air out of your lungs.
b Asthma makes it harder to breathe. When
slow fast
h someone has asthma, the tubes that should let air
twitch twitch
muscles muscles into their lungs become too narrow.
3a Any two from the following.:
Lotanna breathes out a larger volume or the
reverse for Maryam.
Lotanna breathes out faster or the reverse for
Maryam.
Lotanna empties her lungs faster or the reverse for
Maryam.
b Maryam has asthma.

Ea The explanation uses a lot of scientific words 11.2 Fetal development
which patients with no scientific knowledge may 1 The correct order is: G, D, A, F, E, B, C.
not recognise or understand. 2a Clockwise from the top right the labels are:
b Students should rewrite the explanation in the umbilical cord, fetus, amniotic fluid, placenta.
Student book without using scientific terms, b The umbilical cord carries fetal blood to and from
e.g. healthy lungs keep themselves clean but the placenta.
the chemicals in cigarette smoke shut down the c Amniotic fluid protects the fetus from bumps and
cleaning process. Then dirt and micro-organisms gives it space to practise moving.
get trapped in your lungs and cause infections. d Blood from the fetus needs to flow through the
placenta to collect oxygen and nutrients from the
11 Reproduction and fetal mother’s blood and get rid of waste.
development 3 Labels should be added to the diagram as
shown below.
11.1 Reproduction
1 The missing words are: fuses, nucleus, mother’s blood
fertilisation, oviduct, testes, penis, vagina. blood of fetus
2 Ovary – where egg cells develop.
Oviduct – where fertilisation takes place.
A
Vagina – where sperm enter a woman’s body. oxygen and
Uterus – where the embryo implants and glucose
develops. B carbon dioxide
Testes – sperm are produced here. and urea
Sperm duct – carries sperm past glands that add
fluids to form semen.
Penis – used to place semen in a woman’s vagina.
3 Labels should be added to the diagram as E Chemicals from cigarettes and alcohol can cross
shown below. into the placenta. They harm the fetus, especially
when its organs are developing during the first
streamlined shape 12 weeks.
for rapid movement
11.3 Twins
head releases a chemical 1 The missing words are: sperm, two, split,
to help it penetrate the egg identical, separate, separated, organs.
tail to move the
nucleus 2 Twins are more likely to die in their first month
sperm forward
carries genes
than single babies – what could be different about
cytoplasm with fat stores to babies that are twins?
feed the embryo produced On average twins have lower birth masses than
jelly layer protects the single babies – could the birth mass of babies
cell and attracts sperm affect their survival?
nucleus
carries genes outer membrane seals after About one-third of babies die if their birth mass
one sperm nucleus enters is below 1 kg – could more small babies be dying
because they are born too soon?
E Students should produce labelled diagrams
3a The percentage difference between twins and
similar to those shown below.
single babies needing incubators = 12 – 5 = 7%.
b Twin babies are more likely to be born early and
be smaller than average.
c Premature babies can be fed through a tube and a
machine can be used to help them breathe.
The egg One sperm The egg and The fertilised
attracts nucleus sperm nuclei egg divides
sperm. enters the fuse to create to form
egg. a new life. an embryo.

11.4 Adolescence E
1 The missing words are: hormones, emotional, a Depressant and addictive drug.
rapidly, sex, periods, puberty. b Stimulant and addictive drug.
2 aB b B and G cG d B and G c Stimulant and hallucinogen.
3a Labels should be added to the diagram as shown
12.2 Disease
below.
1 Bilharzia – worm – anaemia, diarrhoea, and liver
bleeding occurs egg released damage.
River blindness – worm – blindness.
Tuberculosis – bacteria – fever and coughing.
Chlamydia or gonorrhoea – bacteria – infertility.
2a Tuberculosis.
b River blindness.
c Chlamydia or gonorrhoea.
1 4 14 28 d Worms.
days of menstrual cycle
e Bilharzia
uterus new uterus thick uterus lining ready for 3 Graph as shown below.
lining lining builds up an embryo to implant in 300
breaks
down time when fertilisation
TB cases per 100000 people

is most likely to occur if
250
sperm enter the vagina
b Sexual intercourse is most likely to lead to

fertilisation between 8 and 15 days after the start 200
of a menstrual cycle.
c A woman’s periods stop when she is pregnant and
150
at the menopause, when she is about 50 years old.
E Your brain uses chemical messengers called
hormones to make changes take place in many 100
organs at the same time. They travel around in 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
your blood and affect cells in many different parts year
of your body.
a There were 270 cases for every 100 000 people in
12 Drugs and disease 1990.
b Between 1990 and 2013, the number of cases fell
12.1 Drugs by 100 for every 100 000 people.
1 Letters should be added to the diagram as shown c The fall in the number of cases was most rapid
below. between 2000 and 2010, where the graph is steepest.
E Chlamydia and gonorrhoea can be passed to new
victims only during sex and during childbirth
because the bacteria that cause them can only
a b e f
c survive for a few seconds outside the body.
pharmaceutical social
d 12.3 Defence against disease
drugs drugs
1 The missing words are: pathogens, skin, white,
antibodies, proteins, destroy.
2 Skin – keeps most pathogens out of your tissues.
2 Caffeine or nicotine – stimulant – speeds up Stomach acid – destroys pathogens in your food
reactions and makes users feel alert. and drink.
Cannabis – hallucinogen – changes the way users Mucus – traps the pathogens you breathe in.
see and hear things. Antibodies – proteins which help white blood
Alcohol – depressant – slows reactions and cells destroy pathogens.
increases accidents. Phagocytes – white blood cells which ingest
3a Any stimulant, e.g. caffeine. pathogens.
b Alcohol. Other white blood cells – make antibodies.
c Cannabis.

3a The number of helper T cells drops rapidly at first 3 Labels added to the diagram as shown below.
and then more slowly. light
Credit any use of numbers from the graph to water is carried from
energy
illustrate the trend identified, e.g. in the first the roots through
xylem vessels
5 years the number drops from 800 to 150 (by in the veins
650) T cells per mm3 of blood. Then in the next
5 years it falls to zero T cells per mm3 of blood. carbon dioxide
b The patient did not recover from tuberculosis photosynthesis enters the leaf
leaf cells take in takes place in through stomata
because their immune system was weakened by chloroplasts on its underside
carbon dioxide
the loss of T cells caused by HIV. and water
12.4 Boosting your immunity oxygen
1 The missing words are: quickly, different, time, escapes
glucose is
pathogen, produce, more. stored as starch
2 A second line should be added to the diagram as
shown by the dashed line below. 4 Cress seedlings added to the diagram as
shown below.
when the same pathogens
invade again they are destroyed
before they can make you ill all pathogens
destroyed
antibodies present
you feel
better
antibodies grown in kept in grown in kept in
destroy the sunlight darkness sunlight darkness
you pathogens appearance after 2 days appearance after 7 days
feel ill
Ea Phloem tubes carry sugars around the plant. They
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 take nutrients to cells that cannot make their own
time (days) by photosynthesis.
pathogens
invade b Aphids remove nutrients so they could make
plants grow more slowly or produce fewer flowers
3 a T b F c T d F
or fruits.
b Vaccines make white blood cells produce
antibodies. 13.2 Preliminary tests
d Once you have been vaccinated you are immune 1 Letters added to the diagram as shown below.
to the diseases the vaccine protects you from. Ask a question
E The correct order is: C, A, D, F, B, E, G. b
13 Plants Suggest an explanation

d
13.1 Photosynthesis
1 Equation as shown below.
Test the explanation There must be a
light
energy a different explanation
carbon Check the evidence

+ water glucose + oxygen
dioxide absorbed Does it support the explanation?
by chloroplasts
c NO
YES
2 Labels added to the diagram as shown below. The explanation is accepted
2 Lamp – produces white light.

Filter – removes every colour from light
except one.
lighrgy
ene
Syringe – removes the air from leaf discs.

t
Timer – to measure how long leaf discs take

to rise.
energy in energy in
plant animal Water – provides dissolved carbon dioxide
biomass biomass for photosynthesis.

Ea Marc should move the lamp closer or use a High metal concentrations prevent plant growth.
brighter lamp because it will take him too long Hyperaccumulators can absorb a lot of metal.
to collect results. Hyperaccumulators are used to clean soil.
b If each test takes less time, Marc can repeat his 2 Students should colour and label the diagram
measurements and check that he has reliable results. to show minerals from the soil moving into the
c The light intensity under each filter must be plant’s leaves.
the same. Marc could reduce the light intensity 3a Most of the arsenic accumulated in the
under the red filter by increasing its thickness, by plant’s leaves.
moving the lamp further away, or by reducing the b The ferns take in most arsenic between 6 and 7
brightness of the lamp. weeks after planting, where the graph is steepest.
d These changes will make the measurements more c The arsenic extracted from contaminated soil
valid by comparing the colours fairly. could be used to make solar panels.
13.3 Plant growth 13.5 Flowers
1 The leaves should be coloured as follows. 1 Clockwise from the top right the labels are:
Phosphorus deficiency: leaf is green in the centre stigma, style, ovary, ovule, nectary, sepal, petal,
and purple around the sides. filament, anther.
Potassium deficiency: leaf is green with 2a Ovary.
brown edges. b Anther.
Nitrogen deficiency: leaf is green around the c Stigma.
edges with a yellow centre and tip. d Style.
2 Wondered what makes maize leaves turn yellow e Ovules.
in some parts of the country – ask a question f Ovary.
about something that has been observed. 3 Labels added to the diagram as shown below.
Suggested that the plants might be short of
magnesium because the green chlorophyll in
chloroplasts contains magnesium – use creative
thought to suggest a possible explanation. 1. A pollen tube
Grew two lots of maize. Gave the control batch grows down through
every mineral and the test batch every mineral the style to an ovule.
except magnesium – collect evidence to test the
possible explanation.
Compared the control and test batches of maize. 3. The male nucleus 2. The male gamete’s
nucleus moves down
The leaves only turn yellow in the test batch – enters an egg cell,
and fuses with the through this tube.
check the evidence to see if it supports the
female nucleus.
suggested explanation.
This is fertilisation.
3 The missing words are: proteins, chlorophyll,
potassium, phosphorus. 4 Labels added to the diagram as shown below.
Ea Mineral uptake increased with time for both
aeroponics and hydroponics. The uptake when
using aeroponics was more than twice as high as
with hydroponics. ovary which
feathery stigma
b Plants grown using hydroponics have their roots in produces
to catch pollen
water but plants grown using aeroponics have their ovules
roots in air. Sprays are used to keep them moist.
c Roots need oxygen for respiration to release
anther which
energy. Some of this energy is used to take in produces pollen
minerals using active transport.
d Plants grown using hydroponics might grow more Ea Self-pollination occurs when pollen lands on the
slowly, produce fewer flowers or fruits, or show stigma in the same flower or a flower on the same
signs of mineral deficiency like yellow, brown, or plant. Cross-pollination takes place when pollen
purple leaves. lands on the stigma of a flower on a different plant.
13.4 Phytoextraction b Cross-pollination produces more variety because
1 Plants need metals to build their cells. the male and female sex cells are produced by
Only small amounts are needed. different plants and each plant contains a unique
Many metals are toxic in large quantities. combination of genes.

13.6 Seed dispersal For the Pompeii worm: withstands high pressures;
1 The missing words are: exploding, animals, builds a tough tube around it for protection;
embryo, temperatures, water, germinate. covered with a thick layer of bacteria which help
2 Reading from left to right: to protect it; secretes mucous which feeds the
Top row – wind, animals, animals. bacteria; withstands temperatures up to 80 °C;
Bottom row – water, exploding pods, wind. contains haemoglobin to bind oxygen.
3a A
14.3 Survival
b B
1 Arrows pointing north should be added at A and D
Ea The distance travelled is greater when the average
and arrows pointing south at B and C.
mass of the seeds is lower.
2a Graph as shown below.
b It is useful for seeds to be carried a long way
10
because there is too much competition for light
minimum area of sea ice (million m2)

and water near the parent plant.
8
14 Adaptation and survival
6
14.1 Adaptation
1 The missing words are: characteristics, survive, 4
environment, features, behaviours, generations.
2a A prey animal. 2
b Both.
c A predator. 0
d Both. 1976 1984 1992 2000 2008 2016
year
e A prey animal.
f A prey animal. b Polar bears catch seals when they surface at
g A prey animal. breathing holes in the ice, so they can only feed
h Both. when the sea is covered in ice.
3a A 3a Decrease.
b B b Increase.
4a Any two from: hiding during the day in hollow c Decrease.
trees; feeding at night; exceptional hearing; good d Have no effect.
sense of smell. e Decrease.
b Any one from: long whiskers to feel their way
along branches; exceptional hearing; good sense 14.4 Sampling techniques
of smell. 1 The missing words are: species, estimate,
E Students should have five images of animals with sampling, quadrats, traps, calculated.
labels that highlight the adaptations that help 2 Graph as shown below.
them to find food or avoid predators. 3000
14.2 Extreme adaptations 2500

1 Long roots near the surface to catch occasional
rain. 2000
elephant numbers
Swollen stems or leaves store water for months

between rain storms. 1500
Tiny leaves or spines prevent evaporation through
stomata. 1000
Long-lived seeds can survive for years until
it rains. 500
2 The missing words are: slowly, rounded, surface
area, insulator, air, fat, energy. 0
3 Animals A, D, and F should be circled. 1980 1988 1996 2004 2012
year
E For the tube worm, any two adaptations from:
obtains nutrients from bacteria that live inside a Elephant numbers dropped between 1980 and
its cells; withstands high pressures; builds a 1985 (from 2200 to 500). Since 1985, numbers
tough tube around it for protection; contains have risen steadily and there were 3000 elephants
haemoglobin to bind oxygen. in 2012. But the population fell by 400 between
1998 and 2000.

b The elephant population should continue to grow f For lizards that are herbivores:
unless they run out of food and begin to starve. grass, shrubs, or trees lizard.
Sudden drops in the population occur when For lizards that are carnivores:
criminals kill them to steal their tusks. grass, shrubs, or trees insects lizard.
E Number marked on day 1 = 15
g
Number caught on day 8 = 12
Number marked and recaptured = 3 4th trophic level
3 1
Fraction recaptured = =
15 5
1 3rd trophic level lizard
Estimated population = 15 ÷
5
5
= 15 ×
1 lizard 2nd trophic level insects
= 75
14.5 Studying the natural world
1 The missing words are: live, eat, behave, tracks, grass, shrubs, or trees 1st trophic level grass, shrubs, or trees
faeces, cameras, tags.
2 Rhino – B, I. Ea owls
Impala – A, H.
Cheetah – C, F.
Elephant – E, G. mountain lions hawks frogs
Lion – D, J.
3 Scientists can learn about animal behaviour from
automatic cameras.
deer rabbits mice crickets
4 Scientists can learn about animal migration routes
using electronic tags.
E Students should have detailed notes about the
behaviour of one animal. They should include: trees shrubs grasses
what it spends most time doing, what it notices,
b Deer, rabbits, mice, and crickets feed at the
and how it responds.
second trophic level because they are all primary
15. Energy flow consumers (herbivores).
c It is difficult to assign a trophic level to owls
15.1 Food webs because they feed at two different levels. They
1a–d Diagram as shown below. feed at the third trophic level when they eat mice,
but they feed at the fourth trophic level when they
spiders eat frogs. So their trophic level is somewhere
insects between 3 and 4.
scorpions
grass, 15.2 Energy flow
shrubs, 1 Food chain – shows where each organism gets its
or rodents
lizards energy from.
trees
Pyramid of numbers – shows the number of
lizards
snakes organisms in each trophic level.
Pyramid of biomass – shows the mass of living
fennec foxes things in each trophic level.
Energy losses – the energy organisms release
e Fennec foxes eat a mixture of herbivores and during respiration or lose in the waste products
carnivores. When they consume carnivores they they excrete.
are tertiary consumers but when they consume Energy flow – the transfer of energy from one
herbivores they are secondary consumers. organism to another.

2 The missing words are: organisms, trophic, E Graph as shown below.
biomass, energy, respiration, products, tissues. 16
E Diagram as shown below.
average biomass produced per year

14
12
(tonnes/hectare)
10
8
6
5000 J 1400 J
ph 10 0
tra tosy 0 J
en p ed t h es
4
o
p n
erg by is
y
2
0
0
energy
sts
r
er
te
d
rt
at
lan
re
se
wa
2000 J 200 J
lw
o
de
rm
ef
n
ta
ea
fa
ov
as
oc
gr
co
an
id
m
m
ecosystem
3000 J 400 J
15.4 Changing populations
15.3 Decomposers 1 The labels shown below should be added to
1 The missing words are: herbivores, energy, living, the diagram.
animals, faeces, minerals, bacteria. growth slows
2 Diagram as shown below. due to lack of
food, disease or rapid drop
organic matter fungus shrimp fish pollution because
population size
fewer offspring
3 Diagram as shown below. fast growth are raised or
due to rapid more animals
carbon dioxide die
in air and water reproduction
and low death
rate
photosynthesis respiration
time
slow growth
because there are very
few animals to breed
R
E C 2 Population – the number of individuals present.
C A Interdependent – species that affect each other’s
Y R
numbers.
C
Sustainable – able to continue forever.
B
Biodiversity – a measure of the number of species
L O feeding
present.
I N
3 The labels shown below should be added to
N
the diagram.
G
decomposition Caribou Caribou
eaten raise offspring.
by wolves. caribou
Wolves kill
number of animals
more caribou
feeding wolves and breed, so their
numbers rise.
Wolf numbers The cycle

drop because repeats.
there are time
fewer caribou
to feed them.

E Graph as shown below. 2 Most biodiversity is found in warm, wet
1500
ecosystems.
Farms usually have a low biodiversity.
Infectious diseases have destroyed food crops in
population (millions)
1000 the past.

We store seeds to prevent useful plant species
from becoming extinct.
500 To prevent inbreeding in small populations
scientists have produced offspring using sperm
from a different part of the world.
0
1950 1970 1990 2010 2030 2050 3a Bar chart as shown below.
year 30
% of total species threatened

Between 1950 and 1990, the population increased 25
by nearly 15 million per year. Between 1990 and 20
2030, population growth is expected to slow.
After 2030, the population is expected to begin 15
to fall. 10
15.5 Facing extinction 5
1 The missing words are: food, disease, predators,
0
extinct, invasive, quickly.
re ans
re ans
ph fish
ph fish
als
als
s
s
am ds
am ds
ile
ile
2a The arrows shown below should be added to
m bir
m bir
m
m
ibi
pt
ibi
pt
the diagram.
am
am
brown tree 2000 2011
snakes
insect-eating b Credit any three differences shown in the bar
lizards birds lizards chart, e.g. a bigger percentage of bird and mammal
species were threatened in 2000; the percentage
spiders spiders of bird and mammal species threatened did not
seed- and change between 2000 and 2011; the percentage of
bats
fruit-eating birds insects bats insects fish and reptile species threatened doubled between
2000 and 2011; the percentage of amphibian
leaves, fruit, and seeds species threatened increased a lot between 2000
leaves, fruit, and seeds
from a wide range of plants from a wide range of plants and 2011; in 2011, amphibians had a bigger
before after percentage of threatened species than any other
vertebrate group.
b Insect-eating birds – DOWN.
Lizards – DOWN. 16 Human influences
Spiders – UP.
Bats – DOWN. 16.1 Air pollution
Seed and fruit–eating birds – DOWN. 1 Diagram as shown below.
Plants – UP. Rain becomes acidic.
c If the insect population increases they could destroy
the forest by eating all the leaves on the trees. Winds spread air pollution.
E Credit any logical prediction about the future of
the forests on Guam, e.g. the loss of insect-eating Acid rain
birds will have the biggest effect in the short term damages plants
and water life.
because it will increase the amount of damage
insects do to trees; in the long term the loss Sulfur dioxide and
of seed- and fruit-eating birds will cause most oxides of nitrogen
damage because the existing trees will not be able produced by power
stations and traffic.
to reproduce successfully.
15.6 Maintaining biodiversity 2 A Heavily polluted air.
1 The missing words are: plant, biomass, habitats, B Clean air.
biodiversity, destroyed, extinct. C Slightly polluted air.

3 a Decreased. b Decreased. Ea Graph as shown below.
c Increased d Increased 400
Ea Graph as shown below.
8
carbon dioxide (ppm)

300
average number of
6
species present
4
200
2
0 100
4 5 6 7 8 100 80 60 40 20 0
pH value of water thousands of years ago
b Carbon dioxide levels are 200 ppm higher than

b Between pH values of 4 and 6.5, the average
they were 20 000 years ago.
number of species present increases as the pH value
c Many scientists worry that carbon dioxide levels
increases – by about 2 species per pH unit; between
are rising faster than they ever have in the past
pH values of 6.5 and 8, the average number of
100 000 years.
species present shows no significant change.
c It was important to have a lot of lakes in each 16.3 Water pollution
group to give a reliable result. 1 The labels shown below should be added to
d Flue gas desulfurisation captures sulfur dioxide, the diagram.
the gas that causes acid rain, before it escapes fertiliser enters water
from power stations. Catalytic converters remove
oxides of nitrogen from petrol engine exhausts. algae multiply rapidly
16.2 How scientists work
1 Joseph Fourier wonders why Earth is warm – ask plants below the surface die
a question.
Joseph Fourier writes: the atmosphere must trap
micro-organisms use up oxygen
the Sun’s heat – suggest an explanation. as they decompose dead plats
John Tyndall measures how much heat gases
absorb – test the explanation.
John Tyndall finds that a small amount of carbon fish die
dioxide traps a lot of heat –check the evidence. 2 a Rise b Rise c Fall d Fall.
2 Svante Arrhenius predicted: Doubling the amount e Rise f Rise g Rise
of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere would make h Fall i Fall j Fall
it 5 °C warmer and we could easily double the Ea Invertebrates absorb the pollutant from sea
amount of carbon dioxide by burning fossil fuels. water and store it in their fat. When fish eat the
3 Measurements taken What the evidence invertebrates the pollutant goes into their bodies.
shows Moving along the food chain the concentration of
pollutant gradually builds up because each predator
past temperature readings Earth’s average
eats a lot of prey. This is bioaccumulation.
from weather stations all temperature is
b Graph as shown below.
over the world rising
0.28
the thickness of tree rings, Earth’s temperature
eggshell thickness (mm)
which show how fast trees has risen and fallen 0.27
grew each summer in the past
the amount of carbon the amount of 0.26
dioxide trapped in layers carbon dioxide in
0.25
of ice which shows the atmosphere has
how much was in the risen and fallen in
0.24
atmosphere the past 4 6 8 10
concentration of pollutant (ppm)
The graph shows that eggshell thickness decreases

as the concentration of the pollutant increases.

c Fewer birds may be raising offspring successfully E Credit any unambiguous numbered key, e.g.
because their egg shells are too thin and this
makes them crack easily. 1 Has long legs see 2
Does not have long legs see 3
16.4 Saving rainforests
2 Has a long thin neck ostrich
1 a Positive b Negative c Positive d Negative
e Negative f Positive g Negative h Positive Has a short neck stilt bird
i Negative j Negative k Negative 3 Has a thin long thin beak see 4
2 The labels shown below should be added to Has a short beak see 5
the diagram. 4 Flies humming bird
reduce reduce Does not fly kiwi
waste pollution
5 Has webbed feet puffin
Has feet with claws parrot
reduce
recycle energy use 17.2 What makes us different?
reuse
products materials 1 The missing words are: parent, genes, half,
unique, influence, cells, characteristics.
reduce the diagram.
resource
use Mum egg
3a Aluminium
b Paper
2 sets of 1 set (a random
Ea South America has the largest area of forest. selection)
genes in
b Africa and South America have lost most forest in every cell fertilised egg embryo
recent years.
17 Variation and classification

Dad
sperm 2 sets (a new
17.1 Using keys combination)
1a B
b It has hollow fangs, a heart-shaped head and 2 sets of 1 set
18–22 V-shaped stripes. genes in (a random
c A is another Bitis species because has hollow every cell selection)
fangs and a heart-shaped head but a different
pattern; C is another venomous viper because it 3 a Same. b Different. c Different.
has hollow fangs but its head is not heart shaped. d Different. e Different. f Same.
2 The words shown below should be added to Ea Children who suffered severe maltreatment
the table. had a higher index of antisocial behaviour than
those who did not, whether they had low or high
cats with spots cats with no spots
enzyme activity. When children with low enzyme
cheetah and leopard lion and caracal activity suffered severe maltreatment, their index
of antisocial behaviour was much higher than for
cats with spots cats with cats with cats with
in groups separate spots rounded ears pointed ears
children with high enzyme activity.
b Genes don’t always decide your exact
leopard cheetah lion caracal
characteristics. Genes and environmental
factors work together to produce most of your
characteristics.

17.3 Chromosomes When pollen from tall plants fertilised short pea
1a The labels shown below should be added to plants all the offspring in the second generation
the diagram. were tall.
When tall plants from the second generation
fertilised each other some of their offspring (the
pair of
chromosomes
third generation) were short.
Mendel realised that two ‘factors’ control each
nucleus inherited feature – one from each parent.
When peas inherit two different ‘factors’ the
cell dominant ‘factor’ stops the other one having
genes an effect.
2 a Tall. b Short. c Tall.
the diagram.
each pair has Diagram 1 Diagram 2
1 chromosome
from each parent
TT tt Tt Tt
b The nucleus in the diagram has two pairs of T T
chromosomes, but real human cells have 23 pairs. T t t t
TT
The chromosomes in the diagram each contain all all
sex cells sex cells Tt Tt
four different genes, but real human chromosomes Tt
contain up to 1000 genes. tt
all offspring
c Females have two X chromosomes but males
4 a Recessive. b Dominant. c Recessive.
have an X chromosome and a Y chromosome.
2 a Both. b Both. c Chromosomes. 17.5 Selective breeding
d Chromosomes. e Genes. f Genes. 1 Wild cats show a lot of variation because each cat
g Chromosomes. inherits a unique combination of genes.
3 The labels shown below should be added to Pet cats were produced by selecting which cats
the diagram. were allowed to breed together.
Each parent cat had some desirable features so their
offspring could inherit them from both parents.
egg cells contain X sperm cells contain
X The best offspring were used to produce the next
X chromosomes X or Y chromosomes
generation so eventually all the offspring had the
X XX Y desirable features.
Over many generations different breeders produced
XX XY cat breeds with very different characteristics.
2a Cows A and E.
b Cows B and D.
XY
E Parent plants that produced long bananas or
bananas with fewer or smaller seeds were selected
and bred together.
4a The child is a boy because he has a Y chromosome. The offspring that produced bananas with the
b He has three copies of chromosome 21 instead desired characteristics were used to produce the
of two. next generation.
c When his mother’s egg cell formed, her copies of Over many generations plants were produced that
chromosome 21 did not separate properly. One made long bananas with no seeds.
egg got two copies and the other none. When the 17.6 Developing a theory
egg with two copies was fertilised it obtained a 1 The missing words are: explain, questions,
third copy. explanations, evidence, scientific, observations.
17.4 Investigating inheritance 2 Rocks change gradually over many years – the
1 To learn about inheritance, Mendel looked at the Earth is very old.
features pea plants passed to their offspring. Fossilised mammals have skeletons similar to
He worked with pea plants because it was easy modern animals but not identical – mammals
to control which male pollen fertilised each have changed over time.
female ovule. Different birds are found on different Galapagos
Islands – over many generations, each population
changed in different ways.

The birds on each island have beak shapes that suit 3 Scientists can move genes from one species to
the food they eat – birds with well adapted beaks another because the genes in all living things are
survive and pass their genes to the next generation. made from the same chemicals.
Ea Mammal skeletons provide strong evidence that they Any gene put into a fertilised egg is copied every
share the same ancestor because they have a similar time it divides so every cell in the plant or animal
number of bones arranged in the same order but produced has a copy of the gene.
their sizes and shapes are different in each species. It is easier to transfer genes to bacteria than to
b The bats’ finger bones are extended so they hold plant or animal cells because bacteria have no
out its wings to give a large surface area to help nucleus. Their genes are loose in the cytoplasm.
it fly. All the bones are very thin to reduce their New genes are often added to plasmids because
mass, which also makes flight easier. these can be moved in and out of bacterial cells.
c The arm bones are very short and wide for Bacteria with added genes can make large
strength and the central finger bones are extended amounts of useful proteins because bacteria
to give the fin a streamlined shape. can grow and reproduce rapidly in large tanks.
4 Students should list two medical products made by
17.7 Darwin’s theory of evolution
genetically engineered bacteria and say what they
1 The missing words are: characteristics, offspring,
are used for, e.g. clotting factors to treat people
generation, common, evolution.
with haemophilia, whose blood does not clot when
2 Evolution – the way natural selection can turn
their blood vessels are damaged; human growth
populations that become separated into different
hormone to help short children grow taller.
species.
Variation – the differences between individuals that 17.9 Using genes
make some more likely to survive and reproduce. 1 The missing words are: malaria, complicated,
Overproduction – the huge number of offspring breeding, genetic, yeast, reproduce, medicine.
that most living things produce. 2 The labels shown below should be added to
Survival of the fittest – the survival of individuals the diagram.
best adapted to their environments. 120
these plants
number of plants
Natural selection – the way environmental factors 100

80 have the most
such as predators and the food supply influence common yield. the plants could be used
60
survival. 40 for selective breeding
Species formation – the way plants and animals 20 because they have higher
change over many generations. 0 yields than the rest.
0 0.8 1.6 2.4 3.2 4.0 4.8
3a White fur provides better camouflage in the Arctic artemisinin yield (% of dry weight)
which makes it easier for bears to catch their prey.
b Bears with white fur are more successful hunters 3 The labels shown below should be added to
so they are more likely to survive and reproduce. the diagram.
The genes that made them successful are passed b
e
Bacterial plasmids are
Bacteria copy
to the next generation. Over many generations removed and cut open. d their genes and
these genes become more common and the whole The bacterial reproduce rapidly.
plasmid is put
population may eventually have white hair. back into the
a
Ea Antibiotics are medicines used cure infections by Genes for the enzymes that
bacteria.
f
destroying bacteria. make artemisinin are taken All the new
from artemisia plants. bacteria make
b When antibiotics are used they destroy the artemisinin.
bacteria with least resistance first. Any resistant c
bacteria left will reproduce and pass the genes Genes from
artemisia plants
that made them resistant to future generations. are added to the
bacterial DNA.
Over many generations the whole population
could become resistant. 4 Students should produce a definition of synthetic
17.8 Moving genes biology and two things it might be used for in the
1 The missing words are: engineered, products, future, e.g. synthetic biology is the design and
insulin, diabeties, milk, separated, diabetics. construction of useful biological systems. In the
2a Genetic engineering. future synthetic biology could be used to build
b Plasmids. new strands of DNA which could be placed into
c Pharming. living cells to make them do things that living
cells have never done before such as make fuels
or plastics, or destroy pollutants.

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3.3 Louis Pasteur

bubbles per minute

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5 Variation and classification 2 a T b T c F d T e T f T g F

caused by environmental differences.

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enzyme enzyme enzyme

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120 1. muscles rushes out

100 2 Clockwise from the top right the labels are:

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extra oxygen mucus.

b Any six from the following.

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TB cases per 100000 people

b Sexual intercourse is most likely to lead to

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13 Plants Suggest an explanation

carbon Check the evidence

2 Lamp – produces white light.

Syringe – removes the air from leaf discs.

Timer – to measure how long leaf discs take

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minimum area of sea ice (million m2)

14.2 Extreme adaptations 2500

Swollen stems or leaves store water for months

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average biomass produced per year

Wolf numbers The cycle

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1000 the past.

% of total species threatened

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carbon dioxide (ppm)

b Carbon dioxide levels are 200 ppm higher than

The graph shows that eggshell thickness decreases

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17 Variation and classification

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Natural selection – the way environmental factors 100

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