Abstract

ABSTRACT
In electromagnetism and electronics, inductance is the property of

an electrical conductor by which a change in current through it
induces an electromotive force in both the conductor itself and in
any nearby conductors by mutual inductance.
These effects are derived from two fundamental observations of

physics: a steady current creates a steady magnetic field described
by Oersted’s law, and a time-varying magnetic field induces an
electromotive force (EMF) in nearby conductors, which is described
by Faraday’s law of induction. According to Lenz’s law a changing
electric current through a circuit that contains inductance induces a
proportional voltage, which opposes the change in current (self-
inductance). The varying field in this circuit may also induce an EMF
in neighboring circuits (mutual inductance).
INDUCTANCE OF A COIL
L = VL/(di/dt) = 1volt/(1A/s) = 1Henry
Where: L is the inductance in Henries, VL is the voltage across the

coil and di/dt is the rate of change of current in Amperes per second,
A/s.
Inductance, L is actually a measure of an inductors “resistance” to

the change of the current flowing through the circuit and the larger is
its value in Henries, the lower will be the rate of current change.
We know from the previous tutorial about the inductor, that

inductors are devices that can store their energy in the form of a
magnetic field. Inductors are made from individual loops of wire
combined to produce a coil and if the number of loops within the coil
are increased, then for the same amount of current flowing through
the coil, the magnetic flux will also increase.
So by increasing the number of loops or turns within a coil, increases

the coils inductance. Then the relationship between self-inductance,
( L ) and the number of turns, ( N ) and for a simple single layered coil
can be given as:
Self inductance of a coil
L = Nφ/I
Where:
L is in Henries
N is the Number of Turns
Φ is the Magnetic Flux Linkage
Ι is in Amperes
This expression can also be defined as the flux linkage divided by the
current flowing through each turn. This equation only applies to
linear magnetic materials.
AIM
To study the factor on which the selfinductance of a coil depends

by observingthe effect of this coil, when put in series witha resistor
(bulb) in a circuit fed up by an A.C.source of adjustable frequency.
APPARATUS
 A coil of large turns

 a.c. source of adjustable frequency
 an electrical bulb
 (6V) a.c.ammeter of suitable range rheostat
 a softiron rod
 one way key
 connecting wires etc.
THOERY
Self inductance is the property of a coil which opposes the change in

current through it. The self inductance of a coil (long solenoid) is
L =( μ_0 μ_r N2 A)/l
where µr = Relative magnetic permeability of magnetic material, µr

=μ/μ_0
N =Total number of turns in solenoid
A = Area of cross-section of solenoid
l = Length of solenoid
Hence, the self inductance depends upon
No. of turns in solenoid
Geometry of coil, L A , L 1/l

Nature of core material, L µ
When an inductor is connected in series with a resistor (bulb) with a

variable source of frequency , then current flowing in the bulb is
Irms = E_rms/Z
where Z =√(R2 )+ ω2 L2 = Impedance of the a.c. circuit
Here R = Resistance of bulb
L = Self inductance of coil
ω = 2πf = Angular frequency of a.c. source.
The brightness of bulb i.e., Heat generated in bulb is
H = I_rme2 Zt
P = H/t = Irms2 Zt
P = Irms2 √R2 + ω2 L2
PROCEDURE
1. Make all connections as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Switch on the a.c. supply & adjust the current in the circuit by
using the variable resistor.
3. Record the current in a.c. ammeter & seethe brightness of bulb.
4. Now, put the soft iron rod inside the conductor core & record the
current in a.c. ammeter & again check the brightness of bulb. The
current & brightness both decreases.
5. Now, switch off the supply & decrease the frequency of a.c. source
(say 50 Hz).
6. Again switch on the supply & adjust the current in circuit at same
constant voltage 6Vby using the rheostat. Note the current in
ammeter & brightness of bulb. The current &brightness both will
increase.
7. Again insert the iron rod in the core of coil& note the current &
brightness. The current& brightness both decreases.
8. Repeat the steps 5, 6 and 7 for different frequency of a.c. source.
OBSERVATION
1. Least count of ammeter=0.05 A
2. Zero error of ammeter=0 A
3. Range of ammeter=0-5 A
Sl. No. Frequency of Current in Current in

applied voltage ammeter ampere with
(Hz) without iron iron rod in coil
rod in coil(A) (A)
1 60 2 1.8
2 50 2.5 2.3
3 40 2.9 2.6
4 30 3.4 3.25
5 20 4.1 4
RESULT
1. The current in the circuit decrease on inserting the iron rod in the
core of coil at constant frequency of applied voltage &brightness of
bulb decreases & vice-versa.
2. The current in the circuit increases on decreasing the frequency of
applied voltage& vice-versa. Therefore, the brightness of bulb
increases.
PRECAUTIONS
1. The coil should have large number of turns.
2. Current should be passed for a small time to avoid the heating
effect.
3. The coil should have number of turn.
4. Current should be passed for a small time to avoid the heating
effect.
5. There should not be parallax in taking the reading of ammeter.
SOURCES OF
ERROR
1. The resistance of circuit may increase slightly due to heating

effect of current.
2. There may be eddy current in soft iron coil.
REFERENCES
1. Class 12 NCERT textbook

2. Class 12 cordova physics
3. Online websites (Byju’s; Academic.edu; scribd)
4. Class 12 S.L. Arora
5. Lab manual
6. Google searches
 http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/
magnetic/forwir2.html
 http://gradestack.com/CBSE-Class-10th-Course/
Magnetic-Effects-of/Force-on-a-Current-/15035-
2998-4742-study-wtw

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ABSTRACT

In electromagnetism and electronics, inductance is the property of

These effects are derived from two fundamental observations of

L = VL/(di/dt) = 1volt/(1A/s) = 1Henry

Where: L is the inductance in Henries, VL is the voltage across the

Inductance, L is actually a measure of an inductors “resistance” to

We know from the previous tutorial about the inductor, that

So by increasing the number of loops or turns within a coil, increases

N is the Number of Turns

Φ is the Magnetic Flux Linkage

To study the factor on which the selfinductance of a coil depends

 A coil of large turns

Self inductance is the property of a coil which opposes the change in

L =( μ_0 μ_r N2 A)/l

where µr = Relative magnetic permeability of magnetic material, µr

N =Total number of turns in solenoid

A = Area of cross-section of solenoid

Hence, the self inductance depends upon

No. of turns in solenoid

Geometry of coil, L A , L 1/l

When an inductor is connected in series with a resistor (bulb) with a

where Z =√(R2 )+ ω2 L2 = Impedance of the a.c. circuit

Here R = Resistance of bulb

L = Self inductance of coil

ω = 2πf = Angular frequency of a.c. source.

The brightness of bulb i.e., Heat generated in bulb is

1. Make all connections as shown in the circuit diagram.

Sl. No. Frequency of Current in Current in

1. The resistance of circuit may increase slightly due to heating

1. Class 12 NCERT textbook

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