CHE 451 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DESIGN I

HEAT EXCHANGER DESIGN

TEAM A

Şemsettin İSLAMOĞLU 141140058

Elif TOPTAŞ 151140083

Hande ARIK 161140006

Miray ÖNEN 161140056

Hilal TARAL 161140080

Özge TOP 161140084

PROF. DR. DİLEK VARIŞLI

ANKARA 2020
 ABSTRACT

This report aims to design of a heat exchanger for glycerol cooling. Before the design
procedure, a wide literature review is made according to the given temperature ranges for
glycerol. While reviewing, types of heat exchangers, working conditions, cooling liquids,
material selection for the heat exchanger, pressure drops, optimum cost, temperature changes
etc. are made. A suitable heat exchanger type has determined after comparing; costs, pressure
drops, temperature changes of the substances with the other types. Necessary calculations were
made, and the results were checked with the data collected from the literature. In a nutshell
from the design calculation of heat exchanger, the cost calculation is made and presented.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT...............................................................................................................................ii

LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................................... v

LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................... v

TASK DISTRIBUTION ........................................................................................................... vi

INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 7

1.HEAT TRANSFER ................................................................................................................ 8

1.1. Conduction ...................................................................................................................... 8

1.2. Convection ...................................................................................................................... 8

1.3. Radiation ......................................................................................................................... 8

2.HEAT EXCHANGER ............................................................................................................ 9

2.1. Types of Heat Exchangers............................................................................................... 9

2.1.1. Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers ............................................................................ 10

2.1.2. Plate Heat Exchangers ............................................................................................ 11

2.1.3. Air Cooled Heat Exchangers .................................................................................. 12

3. PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES ..................................................................................... 13

3.1. Properties of Biodiesel .................................................................................................. 13

3.2. Properties of Glycerol ................................................................................................... 13

3.3. Properties of Water........................................................................................................ 14

4.HEAT EXCHANGER SELECTION ................................................................................... 15

5.COOLING LIQUID SELECTION ....................................................................................... 15

6.MATERIAL SELECTION FOR HEAT EXCHANGER ..................................................... 16

6.1. Heat Exchanger Materials ............................................................................................. 16

6.1.1. Carbon steel ............................................................................................................ 16

6.1.2. Stainless steel .......................................................................................................... 16

6.1.3. Copper .................................................................................................................... 17

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 6.2. Temperature Values for Shell and Tube ....................................................................... 17

6.2.1. For tubes ................................................................................................................. 17

6.2.2. For shell side ........................................................................................................... 18

7.PITCH SELECTION FOR TUBES ...................................................................................... 18

8.TUBE SIZE AND LENGTH SELECTION ......................................................................... 19

9.METHOD OF CALCULATION .......................................................................................... 19

10.CALCULATIONS .............................................................................................................. 21

10.1. Cost Estimation ........................................................................................................... 28

DISCUSSION .......................................................................................................................... 31

CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................ 32

REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................ 33

APPENDIX .............................................................................................................................. 35

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Types of Heat Exchangers……………………………………………………….…9

Table 2. Properties of Water…………………………………………………………………14

Table 3. Inlet and Outlet Temperatures of Substances………………………………………21

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Sheel and Tube Heat Exchanger…………………………………………….….…10

Figure 2. Single Pass Heat Exchanger………………………………………………….……10

Figure 3. Double Pass Heat Exchanger……………………………………………….….…..11

Figure 4. Triple Pass Heat Exchanger………………………………………………….….....11

Figure 5. Plate Heat Exchanger………………………………………………………………12

Figure 6. Air Cooled Heat Exchanger………………………………………………….…….12

Figure 7. Tube Layouts………………………………………………………………….……18

Figure 8. Correction Factor Graph…………………………………………………….…..….22

Figure 9. Tcb-FCI for 2-4…………………………………………………………………..…29

Figure 10. Tcb-FCI for 1-2…………………………………………………………..…….…29

Figure 11. Tcb-OC for 2-4…………………………………………………………..………..30

Figure 12. Tcb-OC for 1-2……………………………………………………………..……..30

Figure 13. Tcb-TC for 2-4………………………………………………………….…..…….30

Figure 14. Tcb-TC for 1-2……………………………………………………………….……30

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 TASK DISTRIBUTION

Team Leader : Özge Top

Hilal Taral:

• Heat Exchanger
• Types of Heat Exchangers

Miray Önen:

• Method of Calculations

Şemsettin İslamoğlu:

• Properties of Glycerol, Biodiesel and Water

Hande Arık:

• Types of Heat Transfer

• Pitch Layouts

Elif Toptaş:

• Material, Tubes and Cooling Liquid Searching

Özge Top:

• Expressing of Calculations

Pitch, material, cooling liquid selection, calculations and assumptions made by everyone.

vi
 INTRODUCTION
Heat exchangers are devices that transfer energy between fluids at different temperatures. They
are used in wide range of applications which include both cooling and heating processes. The
most commonly used type of heat-transfer equipment is the shell and tube heat exchanger; the
design of which is the main subject of this report. The duty of this project is design of the heat
exchanger to cool the propane-1,2,3-triol. For this purpose, 40.214 kg / hour of water was used
as cold fluid for cooling glycerol. The glycerol temperature was cooled from 120 °C to 55 °C
using water with an inlet temperature of 20 °C. The outlet temperature of the water has been
determined as 40 °C. This value is controlled by basic calculations. Based on these data, a
suitable heat exchanger has been created with the design procedures discussed in more detail in
the following sections. Shell and tube heat exchangers contain multiple tubes packed in a shell
whose axes are parallel to that of the shell. Heat transfer occurs as one fluid flows inside the
tubes while the other fluid flows out of the tubes through the sleeve. The design procedure
should be economical. Some determinations and specifications were taken into account during
the design calculation to analyze the grading and sizing problems. Such as temperature
approach, allowable pressure drop, flow rate, dimensions of heat exchanger and selection of
suitable heat exchanger type. Based on these thermal and hydraulic calculations, the design
problem is solved with basic principles. Another important thing about the design method is
fluid placement. It should be noted that consideration of corrosion and fouling helps in deciding
which fluid is suitable for the shell and tube side. Water should be put on the tube side, on the
other hand, glycerol should be put on the shell side. The design follows these steps; Process
conditions are specified (such as flow rates, temperatures, pressures). The necessary physical
properties were obtained in the respective temperature and pressure ranges. The type of heat
exchanger to be used has been selected. A preliminary estimate of the size of the exchanger was
made using a heat transfer coefficient suitable for liquids, processing, and equipment. A first
design was chosen to complete all the necessary details to perform the design calculations. The
chosen design is judged on its ability to meet process specifications in terms of both heat
transfer and pressure drop. According to the result, new configurations were selected and the
calculations were repeated. The aim of this process was to select the most suitable heat
exchanger configuration that can meet the required heat load and provide the applicable limits
of the allowable pressure drop. The final design met the process requirements for a heat
exchanger that would perform a given heat transfer task (within reasonable error expectations)
at the lowest cost.

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 1.HEAT TRANSFER

Heat transfer is a discipline of thermal engineering that concerns the generation, use,
conversion, and exchange of thermal energy (heat) between physical systems. Heat transfer is
classified into various mechanisms, such as thermal conduction, thermal convection, thermal
radiation, and transfer of energy by phase changes. Engineers also consider the transfer of mass
of differing chemical species, either cold or hot, to achieve heat transfer. While these
mechanisms have distinct characteristics, they often occur simultaneously in the same system.

1.1. Conduction
Heat conduction, also called diffusion, is the direct microscopic exchange of kinetic energy of
particles through the boundary between two systems. When an object is at a
different temperature from another body or its surroundings, heat flows so that the body and
the surroundings reach the same temperature, at which point they are in thermal equilibrium.
Such spontaneous heat transfer always occurs from a region of high temperature to another
region of lower temperature, as described in the second law of thermodynamics.

1.2. Convection
Heat convection occurs when bulk flow of a fluid (gas or liquid) carries heat along with the
flow of matter in the fluid. The flow of fluid may be forced by external processes, or sometimes
(in gravitational fields) by buoyancy forces caused when thermal energy expands the fluid (for
example in a fire plume), thus influencing its own transfer. The latter process is often called
"natural convection". All convective processes also move heat partly by diffusion, as well.
Another form of convection is forced convection. In this case the fluid is forced to flow by use
of a pump, fan or other mechanical means.

1.3. Radiation
Thermal radiation occurs through a vacuum or any transparent medium (solid or fluid or gas).
It is the transfer of energy by means of photons in electromagnetic waves governed by the same
laws [1].

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 2.HEAT EXCHANGER

A heat exchanger is a system used to transfer heat between two or more fluids. Heat exchangers
are used in both cooling and heating processes [2]. They are widely used in space heating,
refrigeration, air conditioning, power stations, chemical plants, petrochemical plants, petroleum
refineries, natural-gas processing, and sewage treatment [3]. A shell and tube heat exchanger
passes fluids through and over tubes, where as an air cooled heat exchanger passes cool air
through a core of fins to cool a liquid [4].

2.1. Types of Heat Exchangers

There are many different types of heat exchanger available. In general, if we classify heat
exchangers;

Table 1: Types of Heat Exchangers

Classification According to Construction Examples

Tubular Double-Pipe, Shell and Tube, Spiral Tube,

Pipe Coils
Plate-Type PHE, Spiral, Plate Coil, Printed Circuit

Extended Surface Plate Fin, Tube Fin

Regenerative Rotary, Fixed-Matrix, Rotating Hoods

The three main types are;

• Shell and Tube

• Plate Type
• Air Cooled

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2.1.1. Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers

As its name implies, this type of heat exchanger consists of a shell (a large pressure vessel) with
a bundle of tubes inside it. One fluid runs through the tubes, and another fluid flows over the
tubes (through the shell) to transfer heat between the two fluids. The set of tubes is called a tube
bundle, and may be composed of several types of tubes: plain, longitudinally finned, etc [5].
The main constituents of this type of heat exchanger seem to be the tube box, shell, the front
rear end headers, and baffles. The baffles are used to support the tubes, direct the fluid flow to
the tubes in an approximately natural manner, and maximize the turbulence of the shell fluid.
There is many various kinds of baffles, and the choice of baffle form, spacing, and geometry
depending on the allowable flow rate of the drop in shell-side force, the need for tube support,
and the flow-induced vibrations. There are several variations of shell-and – tube exchangers
available; the differences lie in the arrangement of flow configurations and details of
construction [6]. There are many different types or designs of shell and tube heat exchangers to
meet various process requirements in almost every industry. Shell and Tube heat exchangers
can provide reliable heat transfer by utilizing multiple passes of one or both fluids. One (1), two
(2) and four (4) pass models are usually the standard, however multi-pass custom models are
available [7].

Figure 1: Shell and tube heat exchanger

Figure 2: Single pass heat exchanger

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 Figure 3: Double pass heat exchanger

Figure 4: Triple pass heat exchanger

2.1.2. Plate Heat Exchangers

Plate Heat Exchangers operate using the same principles as shell and tube designs, except
instead of tubes and an outer shell, the fluids in a plate heat exchanger flow through a series of
channels separated by a stack of plates.

The amount of heat which can be dissipated by a plate heat exchanger can be improved by
increasing either the number of plates within the stack or the length and width of the plates.
This design makes plate heat exchangers more compact than shell and tube designs and, as they
are usually manufactured from stainless steel, they are an obvious choice for many industries
such as food and beverage processing, chemicals and petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals and
dairy where copper and aluminium can not be used [4].

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 Figure 5: Plate heat exchanger

Plate Heat Exchangers operate in very much the same way as a shell and tube heat exchanger,
using a series of stacked plates rather than tubes. Plate heat exchangers are usually brazed or
gasketed depending on the application and fluids being used. Their compact stainless steel
construction makes them an ideal choice for use with refrigerants or in food and beverage
processing [8].

2.1.3. Air Cooled Heat Exchangers

Air cooled heat exchangers are commonly used in vehicles or other mobile applications where
no permanent cool water source is available. Designs and supplies combination cooling packs
(or combi-coolers) which combine an engine jacket water cooler, oil cooler and charge air
cooler into a single unit reducing space requirements and improving efficiency. Cool air is
provided either by a fan or by air flow caused by the movement of the vehicle [9].

Figure 6: Air cooled heat exchanger

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 3. PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES

3.1. Properties of Biodiesel

Biodiesel has promising lubricating properties and cetane ratings compared to low sulfur diesel
fuels. The calorific value of biodiesel is about 37.27 MJ/kg. Variations in biodiesel energy
density is more dependent on the feedstock used than the production process.

• The color of biodiesel ranges from golden to dark brown.

• It is slightly miscible with water, has a high boiling point and low vapor pressure.

• The flash point of biodiesel exceeds 130 °C.

• Biodiesel has a density of 0.88 g/cm³.

• Another important property of biodiesel is material compatibility, biodiesel has an

effect on copper-based materials and it also affects zinc, tin, lead, and cast
iron. Stainless steels (316 and 304) and aluminum are unaffected by biodiesel [10].

3.2. Properties of Glycerol

The extremely wide range of uses for glycerine is due in large measure not to a single property,
but to its unique combination of properties.

Glycerine (sometimes glycerin) is the term most often applied to the commercial product, which
usually contains a small percentage of water. Glycerol also named as 1,2,3- propanetriol refers
to the chemical compound and content in a formulation. specifically to the trihydric alcohol
C3H5(OH)3.

But over and above its chemical combinations, pure glycerine offers the formulator a liquid
with a fortuitous balance of physical properties, brand, viscous, stable, hygroscopic and widely
compatible. In the area of products for personal use it is clear.

• Glycerol is a colorless, odorless and viscous liquid which is sweet in taste and is non-
toxic.
• Boiling point: 290 degree Celsius, melting point: 17.9 degree Celsius.
• Molecular weight: 92.094 g/mol, relative density: 1.261 g/ml.
• Solubility: Insoluble in volatile oils and fixed oils, in water it is miscible.
• Glycerol is weakly acidic in nature and is able to react with alkaline hydroxide [11].

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3.3. Properties of Water

Water is a molecule made up of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. It has the formula
H2O. Water is a perfect solvent and can dissolve more substances than any other liquid. It has
a surface tension that molecules at the surface hold eachother closely and forming an invisible
film.

Besides, water has a high specific heat. The amount of energy required to raise the temperature
of water by one degree celsius is quite large. So much heat loss or heat input is required to lower
or raise the temperature of water.It has a high heat of vaporization. Water absorbs heat as it
changes from a liquid to a gas water’s high heat conductivity makes possible the even
distribution of heat throughout.

Another important point about water is it absorbs or releases more heat than many substances
for each degree of temperature increase or decrease. Because of this, it is widely used for
cooling and for transferring heat in thermal and chemical processes. Differences in temperature
between lakes and rivers and the surrounding air may have a variety of effects [12].

Also some improtant properties of water is given below.

Table 2: Properties of Water [13]

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 4.HEAT EXCHANGER SELECTION

Firstly, to make our production continue in an efficient way we needed to select a new heat
exchanger type. Our research indicated us to choose a shell and tube, heat exchanger. Secondly,
to drop the temperature from 120°C to 55°C and to continue the production has been tried 1-2
type heat exchanger. Fixed cost index, operating cost index, and total cost index graphs have
been sketched. Cost is found to be too much, and the q desired / q required index is found to be
out of the range in the most economic temperature choice.

For that reason, another type which is 2-4 shell and tube is tried. The same graphs are sketched,
and the total annual cost is found to be reasonable. Also, the q desired / q required ratio is found
to be 1.10 which is in the range.

5.COOLING LIQUID SELECTION

The most important things while choosing a cooling liquid are, cost, corrosion impact, and
cleaning conditions. Besides, the specific type of fluid (water, oil, salted water, etc.) involved
and their physical, chemical, and thermal properties such as phase, temperature, acidity or
alkalinity, pressure, and flow rate, help us to determine the flow configuration and construction.
For example, if corrosive, high temperature, or high-pressure fluids are involved, the heat
exchanger design must be able to withstand the high stress conditions throughout the heating
or cooling process [14].

In industry generally water, salted water, deionized water, glycol-water solutions etc. are used
as cooling water [15].

If we think economically salted water, glycol-water sollutions become more expensive and
corrosive than water. Distilated water is less corrosive than water but our material selection for
tube part is extremely resistive against corrosion. So water at 32,5°C is chosen as our cooling
liquid.

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 6.MATERIAL SELECTION FOR HEAT EXCHANGER

To transfer heat efficiently, material selection is particularly important. While selecting

material, thermal efficiency, corrosion resistance, cleanability, and durability should be
considered. However, cost and reliability are very important too. The minimum cost strategy
would mean the use of less expensive materials and rectifying the problems as they show up. A
maximum reliability strategy would mean going for the most reliable material regardless of its
cost. Both strategies have to be weighed against initial cost, loss due to possible shutdowns,
repair costs, indirect loss to other industries, etc.

The initial identification and selection procedure, if done properly, will eliminate those
materials which are unsuitable and those which are excessively expensive. Thirdly, criteria for
making the final selection will include initial cost, maintenance cost, including consideration
of how frequently the equipment will need to be inspected for corrosion, cost of loss in
production, consequences of failure, and environmental aspects [16].

After our field research, it is found to be the most used material for heat exchangers are, carbon-
steel, stainless-steel, copper and copper nickel types.

6.1. Heat Exchanger Materials

6.1.1. Carbon steel

The carbon steel alloy offers good ductility and tensile strength. These heat exchangers are
possessing superior resistance to corrosion and oxidation at harsh climatic circumstances.
These also enhance good creep strength and hardness. The addition of other content facilitates
good toughness and durability. Moreover, it exhibits exceptional resistance to oxidation and
stress corrosion cracking [17].

6.1.2. Stainless steel

It is a material that prove its reliability and durability. Heat exchangers that made of stainless
steel are particularly resistant to corrosion and deposits of limestone and other residues are
minimised. Some heat exchangers have been made of stainless steel could last over 40 years
[18].

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However, it can be very costly to produce a heat exchanger made of fully stainless steel. For
that reasons, some heat exchangers are made of partially carbon steel and partially stainless
steel.

6.1.3. Copper

Copper has many desirable properties for thermally efficient and durable heat exchangers. First
and foremost, copper is an excellent conductor of heat. This means that copper's high thermal
conductivity allows heat to pass through it quickly. It is corrosion resistive but on the other
hand, copper is much more vulnerable to corrosion than stainless and carbon steel [19].

Other desirable properties of copper in heat exchangers include biofouling resistance,

maximum allowable stress and internal pressure, creep rupture strength, hardness, thermal
expansion, specific heat, tensile strength, yield strength, high melting point, alloy ability, ease
of fabrication [20].

It is generally used at solar thermal water systems, industrial facilities and power plants and gas
water heaters. Another property is because of corrosion the condensate turns copper atoms into
copper ions, effectively dissolving the metal over time. This is a big problem for two reasons.
First, because of the lower life span then, because a corroded copper heat exchanger loses
efficiency [21].

Also, the corrosion rate of copper alloys can be affected by seawater velocity above a certain
limit identified for each alloy. The more adherent and protective the "passive" film on a
particular alloy, the higher the "breakaway" velocity and the greater its resistance to
impingement attack or erosion corrosion [22].

6.2. Temperature Values for Shell and Tube

6.2.1. For tubes

The liquid which is flowing through the inlet of the shell side is water at 25°C. and the outlet
temperature is 40 °C. The properties of water at the mean bulk temperatures were given in the
previous pages. Also, lime formation is speeding up about 35°C which is below our average
temperature. From this information, the material selection is carbon steel for tubes.

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6.2.2. For shell side

The liquid which is flowing through the shell side is glycerol and its mean bulk temperature is
found to be 87,5°C. The properties of glycerol were given for that temperature in the previous
pages before. With the light of the information that is collected, it can be said that our material
selection is carbon steel for the shell side.

As a result of the literature research, we have chosen stainless steel 304 for tubes and carbon
steel for our shell side of the heat exchanger. The reason behind this is to lower the cost and
making a heat exchanger as durable as possible against corrosion and creeps. Besides to make
a longer life span.

7.PITCH SELECTION FOR TUBES

The distance between the centers of the tube hole is called the tube pitch; normally the tube
pitch is 1.25 times the outside diameter of the tubes. Other tube pitches are frequently used to
reduce the shell side pressure drop and to control the velocity of the shell side fluid as it flows
across the tube bundle [23].

The square layouts are required where it is necessary to get at the tube surface for mechanical
cleaning. The triangular arrangement allows more tubes in a given space. The tube pitch is the
shortest center-to-center distance between tubes. The tube spacing is given by the tube
pitch/tube diameter ratio, which is normally 1.25 or 1.33. Since a square layout is used for
cleaning purposes, a minimum gap of 6.35 mm (0.25 in) is allowed between tubes [24].

Figure 7: Tube layouts

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Pipe layout selection is triangular in the project. The reason behind this is; at a water
temperature of around 30°C-35°C, lime formation begins and accelerates as the water gets
warmer [25]. The temperature of the cooling water used is 25°C-40°C and therefore it will not
be a problem to clean it as the lime ratio will not be too high. In addition, triangular pitch
application is also suitable for us due to the higher heat transfer and compactness it provides.

8.TUBE SIZE AND LENGTH SELECTION

The preferred pipe lengths for heat exchangers are 6 feet, 8 feet, 12 feet, 16 feet, 20 feet, 24 feet
[26]. Also, these types are mostly manufactured so easy to reach. For our heat exchanger’s
surface area, the use of longer tubes is going to reduce the shell diameter; this is going to result
in a lower cost. The optimum pipe length up to the shell diameter will generally be in the range
of 5 to 10 meters. Additionally, the longer the pipes the bigger the pressure difference. It
indicates the bigger the kW/h value. For that reason, we have chosen a 3,66 m long pipe (12
feet).

Pipe size is generally determined by plant maintenance department standards because it is a

clear advantage to reduce the number of dimensions that need to be kept in warehouses. Sinnott
5th edition. In our plant BWG 16 type, 3/4 inched diameter is used for seeing its effects on the
other calculations. After checking the results via excel BWG 16 type 3/4 is found to be suitable
for our design calculations.

9.METHOD OF CALCULATION

In this section, the steps followed during the calculation are presented. The steps are based on
the Bekir Zühtü Uysal’s Heat Transfer book.

As a general guide, the greater temperature difference should be at least 20°C so ΔTapproach
is; 20 ≤ ΔT approach [27].

The mass velocity of glycerol was calculated

Heat duty was calculated;

Q = m*Cp*ΔT

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The mass velocity of water was founda by assuming that the heat duty value of glycerol and
that of water are equal.

Qglycerol = Qwater

Average temperature values for cold stream and hot stream were calculated and logarithmic
mean temperature difference was foun from here.

[27]

To find the correction factor, F value was found from the related graph.

Assuming an overall heat transfer coefficient U, provisional heat transfer area was calculated;

Q = U*A*ΔTLM*F A = Q / (U*ΔTLM*F)

Area calculated for a one tube ;

A for one tube = L*OD* π

The number of tubes has been reached by propotioning the areas.

N = A / Aone tube

We used N, which is the standard to this value.

For tube side heat transfer coefficient was calculated using Dittus & Boelter equation.

Nu = 0.023Re0.8Prn (μ / μwater )0.14

Baffle spacing was calculated ;

0.75*Ds

For shell side, heat transfer coefficient was calculated using Kern Equation;

ho = (k/De) * 0.36 * (De *Ge / µ)0.55 * ( Cp* µ / k )1/3* (µ/µw) 0.1

Overall all heat transfer coefficient was calculated

U0 = [27]

We calculated new area and appropriate Qdesign / Qrequired ratio.

Pressure drop for shell and tube side was calculated ;

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Shell side ; ΔPs = [27]

Tube side ; ΔPt = + (0.002066*n*V2* ρwater [27]

10.CALCULATIONS

Table 3: Inlet and outlet temparetures of substances

For Water For Glycerol

Tinlet : 25 °C Tinlet : 120 °C

Toutlet : 40 °C Toutlet : 55 °C

Tave = (25+40)/2=32.5 °C Tave = (120+55)/2= 87.5 °C

Properties of water at 32.5⁰C

ρwater = 994.54 kg/m3

Cpwater = 4174 J/kgK

µwater = 0.000754 kg/ms

kwater = 0.6224 W/mK

Properties of glycerol at 87.5⁰C

Cpglycerol = 2582.365 J/kg K

µglycerol = 0.023107 kg/ms

kglycerol = 0.2985 W/mC

12960 ton/day (production of biodiesel) 1296 ton/day (production of glycerol)

Qrequired = ( x Cp x ΔT )glycerol = (15 kg/s) x (2582.365 J/kgK) x (120-55K)

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Q = 2517805.875 J/s
Qglycerol = Qwater
2517805.875 J/s = ( x Cp x ΔT )water = ( ) x (4174 J/kgK) x (40-25K)

water = 40.214 kg/s

Assumed:
3/4 in BWG 16
ID = 0.01575 m
OD = 0.01905 m
xw = 0.00165 m
L = 12 ft = 3.66 m

Tringular pitch p=1 in 0.0254 m

Uassumed = 400 W/m2K

A=

Figure 8: Correction factor graph [27]

P= = = 0,158

R= = = 4,33
From Graph
F 0.975

ΔTLm =

ΔTLm = = 50.98

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Aprovisional = 2517805.875 / (400*0.975*50.9773) = 126.643 m2

A for one tube = L*OD* π = (3.66)*(0.01905)* π = 0.2190413 m2

Tube number

N = A /Aone tube
N= 126.643 / 0.2190413 = 578.169
Nstandard = 678

mwater,tube = = 0.2375143 kg/s-tube

Sc = π(di)2/ 4 = π(0.01575)2/4 = 0.0001948 m2

<v> = = = 1.22443 m/s

For tube side

Re = = = 25437.1

Prwater = 5.058
From Dittus & Boelter
Nu = 0.023 Re0,8 Pr0.4
Nu = 0.023 x (30995,62)0.8 x (5,058)0,4 x (1) = 147.27
hi= Nu*k / di = 5814.09 W/m2K
For sheel side;
Ds = 0.787 m
Do = 0.01905 m
Fb = 0.1955
Nb = Fb*Nstandard = 0.1955 x 678 = 132.549
mglycerol = 15 kg/s
Gc = m/(Sc/2)
B = 0.75*Ds = 0.59025
p = 0.0254
c = p- Do = 0.00635 m

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Sc = = 0.11613

Sc/2 = 0.05807m2
Gc = 15/0.05807 = 258.327 kg/m2s

De = = 0.018 m (for triangular pitch)

From Kern Equation

0.55 1/3
= 0.36*( *( *1

0.55 1/3
Nu = 0.36*( *(

= 38.9691 so ; ho = 645.037 W/m2K

i Uo should calculate.

hdi = 5000

hdo= 5000

Uo =

For 304 Stainless Steel

kw =16.3

dLM = =17.35 mm= 0.01735 m

Uo =

Uo = 432.639 W/m2K
We assumed Uo = 432.639 W/m2K
Aprovisional = 117.089 m2
Aone tube = 0.2190413 m2
N = A/Aone tube = 534.552
Nstandard = 556

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mwater,tube = 40.2141/(556/4) = 0.2893102 kg/s-tube
F 0,975
Sc = π(di2)/4 = 0.0001948 m2
<v> = 0.2893102/(994.54)(0.0001948) = 1.49311 m/s
For tube side;
Re = (0.01575)(1.49311)/0.000754 = 31018.6
Pr = 5.058

From Dittus & Boelter

Nu = 0.023(31018.6)0.8(5.058)0.4 = 172.4316
hi = 6814.06 W/m2K
Ds = 0.787 m
Do = 0.01905 m
Fb = 0.1955
Nb = Fb*Nstandard = 0.1955 x 556 = 108.698
mglycerol = 15 kg/s
B = 0.75*Ds = 0.55275
p = 0.0254
c = p- Do = 0.00635 m

Sc = = 0.101844

Sc/2 = 0.050922 m2
Gc = 15/0.05807 = 294.5676 kg/m2s
De = 0.018 m
From Kern Equation;
0.55 1/3
Nu = 0.36*( *( = 41.88694

ho = 693.3337 W/m2K

i Uo should calculate.
hdi = 5000 W/m2K
hdo= 5000 W/m2K
kw =16.3

25
dLM = 0.01735 m
Uo = 460.219543 W/m2K

We assumed Uo = 460.219543 W/m2K

Aprovisional = 110.0718 m2
Aone tube =0.2190413 m2
N = A/Aone tube = 502.5162
Nstandard = 556
mwater,tube = 40.2141/(556/4) = 0.2893102 kg/s-tube
F 0.975
Sc = π(di2)/4 = 0.0001948 m2
<v> = 0.2893102/(994.54)(0.0001948) = 1.49311 m/s
For tube side;
Re = (0.01575)(1.49311)/0.000754 = 31018.6
Pr = 5.058
From Dittus & Boelter
Nu = 0.023(31018.6)0.8(5.058)0.4 = 172.4316
hi = 6814.06 W/m2K
Ds = 0.787 m
Do = 0.01905 m
Fb = 0.1955
Nb = Fb*Nstandard = 0.1955 x 556 = 108.698
mglycerol = 15 kg/s
B = 0.75*Ds = 0.55275
p = 0.0254
c = p- Do = 0.00635 m

Sc = = 0.101844

Sc/2 = 0.050922 m2
Gc = 15/0.05807 = 294.5676 kg/m2s
De = 0.018 m

26
From Kern Equation;
0.55 1/3
Nu = 0.36*( *( = 41.88694

ho = 693.3337 W/m2K

i Uo should calculate.
hdi = 5000 W/m2K
hdo= 5000 W/m2K
kw =16.3
dLM = 0.01735 m
Uo = 460.219543 W/m2K
We checked the Uo value and found same result again.
Ao = L*OD* π*Nstandart = 121.7869 m2

= 1.106432066 (Standards 1.05 -1.15)

Shell Side Pressure Drop

d = 0.737 m

B = 0.5896

c = 0.00635 m

p = 0.0254 m

Scs = = = 0.101844 m2

Gc = = = 294.5676 kg/m2s

De = = 0.018 m

Rec = = 229.8911

Ø= ≈1

f = 1.87 x (Rec)– 0.2 = 1.87 x (229.8911)- 0.2 = 0.630285

ΔPK = = = 6.053154 kPa

27
Tube Side Pressure Drop

Sct = 0.00019483 m2

St = = * 0.00019483 = 0.027081 m2

Gt = = =1484.953 kg/m2s

v = Gt /ρ = 1.493105 m/s

Ret = = 31018.58

Ø= ≈1

f = 0.72 x (Ret)– 0.33 = 0.72 x (31018.58)- 0.33 = 0,023719

ΔPT = + 2.066× 10-3nv2ρ = 42.76455 kPa

Our 2 pressure drop values were in the range that should be according to heuristics [28].

10.1. Cost Estimation

DP [$] = 52000 x ( )0.8

A0 = 121.79 m2

DP [$] = 52000 x ( ) 0.8 = 20,083.34 $

Installation Cost = IC = 0.25 x DP = 5,020.835 $

Instrumentation and Control Cost = ICC = 0.1 x DP = 2,008.334$

Electric Cost = EC = 0.1 x DP = 2,008.334 $

Engineering and Supervision = ES = 0.2 x DP = 4,016.668 $

Contractor Services = CS = 0.2 x DP = 4,016.668 $

Fixed Cost = FC = 1.85 x DP = 37,154.18 $

Depreciation Expenses = DE = 0.067 x FC = 2,489.33 $*

* Service life is assumed as 15 years.

28
Insurance and It’s Cost = IIC = 0.04 x FC = 148.6167 $

Annual Fixed Cost = AFC = 0.07154 x FC = 2,637.947 $

Utility (Electricity Expenses) = U

= 0.01 x 40124 x ( ) + (0.1 x 8000 x 1,810.54 kW) = 1,460,010 $

Maintenance and Repair Costs = MRC = 0.03 x FC = 1,114.63 $

Power water = (42.76455 kPa) x (40.214 ) = 1,729.734 kW

Power glycerol = (6.053154 kPa) x (15 ) = 90.797 kW

Total Power =1,810.53587 kW

Annual Operating Cost = AOC = U + MRC = 1,460,010 + 1,114.63 = 1,461,125 $

Annual Total Cost = ATC = AFC + AOC = 2,637.947 +1461125 =1,463,763

Tcb- FCI
3600
3550
3500
3450
3400
3350
3300
3250
3200
3150
35 40 45 50 55

Figure 9: Tcb- FCI for 2-4 Figure 10: Tcb- FCI for 1-2

For 2-4 and 1-2 type heat exchangers, cost estimation is made for 3 different outlet temperatures
of water. They are 40-45-50°C, respectively. For both heat exchangers, fixed cost, operating
cost, and total cost calculated and represented at the graphs.

In general, fixed cost is much smaller at type 2-4. Minimum point of fixed cost is at 40°C for
2-4 type heat exchanger.

29
 Figure 11: Tcb- OC for 2-4 Figure 12: Tcb-OC for 1-2

Operating cost values at 47°C is the smallest for 2-4 heat exchanger and 50 for 1-2 heat
exchanger. But the working conditions for temperature diffeance range is 15 degrees. For that
reason, both 50 and 47°C are not suitable for us to choose. Another reason to not to choose 50
degreed 1-2 type and 45 degreed 2-4 type heat exchanger is our q design/q required ratio. From
our calculations we can say that the ratio is not in the range of 1.05 to 1.15. The cheapest h.e.
selection would be 2-4 type, in a nutshell 2-4 type, 40 degreed water outlet design is chosen.

Figure 13: Tcb-TC for 2-4 Figure 14: Tcb-TC for 1-2
Total cost graphs are similar to operating cost graphs. If we compare the prices, the cheapest
and the most suitable heat exchanger type for us is 2-4 heat exchanger with 40 degrees water
outlet.

30
 DISCUSSION

The design of the assignment’s heat exchanger selection process includes a preliminary
calculation method, based on the physical and chemical properties of the cold and hot liquids.
With the data of mean bulk temperatures of both substances, it was possible to make some
assumptions about ID, OD. Xw, length, etc. after with the help of our assumptions we’ve made
some calculations to find the flow-mass of our substances and logarithmic mean calculations.
Then an approximate U value is chosen, and that value is checked via excel until we find a
suitable U value. Getting a correct U value had led us to calculate the heat exchanger area. Due
to our research, we got the information on the smaller the area the less the cost. From here with
Dittus and Bolter equation inside and outside heat transfer coefficients at tube and shell side are
calculated, results showed us that ho < hi.
So, the calculation of Uo is made and it is found as 460.22 W/m2K. The number of tubes is
found as 502.516 but it is standardized as 556 and the area is recalculated as 121.79 m2. Finally,
the q desired / q required ratio is found to be 1.10. Since our ratio is in the range, pressure drops
for shell and tube sides are ready for calculation. They were found to be 6.05 kPa and 42.76
kPa respectively. Later on, cost calculations and outlet temperature calculations are made for a
2-4 type heat exchanger. Just to be sure that we are getting a reasonable result at cost, the same
steps have been followed for 1-2 type heat exchanger.
In the end, we got different cost vs Tcb graphs for each type. Our comparisons showed us that
the most sensible thing to do is the selection of a 2-4 type with a 40°C outlet temperature of
the water.

31
 CONCLUSION

The aim of the project was to design a heat exchanger to cool the propane 1,2,3-triole. In order
to determine the type and size of the heat excahnger, the phase, temperature, density, viscosity,
pressure and various other thermodynamic properties of the fluid were taken into consideration.

In order to choose the heat exchanger, it is necessary to know the different types of heat
exchangers, the environment where the unit can work, efficiency and capacity.Considering the
properties of the fluid, it was decided to use a shell and tube heat exchanger that would be the
most suitable for heat transfer. Calculations were conducted on various types of heat exhangers
to compare the fluid velocity and allowable pressure drop. According to this 2-4 type heat
exchanger preferred. Glycerol put into the shell of the heat exchanger. Water, which is a low-
cosr coolant that can be kept at room temperature, was placed in tube side. Reynold’s number
and Nusselt number were used for tube side calculation and for shell side calculation Kern
method applied. Then hi and ho values have calculated. We saw that, ho lower than hi so, in
lights of these data it was required to get U0 value. We found the U0 value to be 460.22 W/m2K
. We calculated the value of hi using the Dittus and Boelter equation for the U0 value we found,
and ho using the Kern equation. Then we found the heat transfer area as 121.79 m2. Another
important thing was pressure drop along the heat exchanger. The values obtained as a result of
the calculation are in the required pressure drop range. In order to control phase change, vapor
pressure found. Our systems working condition suitable and there is no any phase change.The
shell side pressure drop is 6.05 kPa and the tube side pressure drop is 42.76 kPa. Our two
pressure drop values were in the range that should be according to heuristics.

Cost estimation, material to be used in heat exchanger, ambient temperature and pressure, shell
size etc. Done using parameters. In addition, we calculated our operating cost and total cost
calculations according to 1-2 and 2-4 types of heat exchangers and analyzed the graphs we
obtained, and we saw that 2-4 heat exchanger type were also cost effective.

To sum up, design problem, solved for a heat exchanger that will handle a requirement heat
transfer duty. Design procedure supply most of the detail about structer. It should be noted that
within reasonable expectations of error we create useful and economically avaliable heat
exchanger.

32
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34
 APPENDIX

Cp glycerol m glycerol Tha Thb Tcb Tca Cpwater Heat Load mwater ΔTLm P R F Uassumed A OD ID xw L A one tube N Nstandart
2.582 15 120 55 40 25 4174 2517805,875 40,21412 50,97727 0,157895 4,333333 0,975 400 126,643 0,01905 0,01575 0,00165 3,66 0,2190413 578,1694 678
2.582 15 120 55 40 25 4174 2517805,875 40,21412 50,97727 0,157895 4,333333 0,975 432,63866 117,0889 0,01905 0,01575 0,00165 3,66 0,2190413 534,5518 556
2.582 15 120 55 40 25 4174 2517805,875 40,21412 50,97727 0,157895 4,333333 0,975 460,21954 110,0718 0,01905 0,01575 0,00165 3,66 0,2190413 502,5162 556
2.582 15 120 55 35 25 4175 2517805,875 60,30673 52,81079 0,105263 6,5 0,98 350 138,997 0,01905 0,01575 0,00165 4,88 0,292055 475,9275 488
2.582 15 120 55 35 25 4175 2517805,875 60,30673 52,81079 0,105263 6,5 0,98 499,00235 97,49244 0,01905 0,01575 0,00165 4,88 0,292055 333,8153 352
2.582 15 120 55 35 25 4175 2517805,875 60,30673 52,81079 0,105263 6,5 0,98 470,28254 103,4462 0,01905 0,01575 0,00165 3,66 0,2190413 472,2682 488
2.582 15 120 55 45 25 4174,5 2517805,875 30,15698 49,11105 0,210526 3,25 0,97 400 132,133 0,01905 0,01575 0,00165 3,66 0,2190413 603,2334 678
2.582 15 120 55 45 25 4174,5 2517805,875 30,15698 49,11105 0,210526 3,25 0,97 450 117,4516 0,01905 0,01575 0,00165 3,66 0,2190413 536,2074 556
2.582 15 120 55 45 25 4174,5 2517805,875 30,15698 49,11105 0,210526 3,25 0,97 451,56667 117,0441 0,01905 0,01575 0,00165 3,66 0,2190413 534,3471 556
2.582 15 120 55 50 25 4174,25 2517805,875 24,12703 47,2089 0,263158 2,6 0,965 450 122,817 0,01905 0,01575 0,00165 3,66 0,2190413 560,7026 678
2.582 15 120 55 50 25 4174,25 2517805,875 24,12703 47,2089 0,263158 2,6 0,965 415,9428 132,8732 0,01905 0,01575 0,00165 3,66 0,2190413 606,6127 678
2.582 15 120 55 40 25 4174,25 2517805,875 40,21171 50,97727 0,157895 4,333333 0,92 410 130,9405 0,01905 0,01575 0,00165 4,88 0,292055 448,3419 452
2.582 15 120 55 40 25 4174,25 2517805,875 40,21171 50,97727 0,157895 4,333333 0,92 400,6436 133,9984 0,01905 0,01575 0,00165 4,88 0,292055 458,8122 534
2.582 15 120 55 40 25 4174,25 2517805,875 40,21171 50,97727 0,157895 4,333333 0,92 373,63252 143,6856 0,01905 0,01575 0,00165 4,88 0,292055 491,9812 534
2.582 15 120 55 45 25 4174,5 2517805,875 30,15698 49,11105 0,210526 3,25 0,91 400 140,8451 0,01905 0,01575 0,00165 4,88 0,292055 482,2552 534
2.582 15 120 55 45 25 4174,5 2517805,875 30,15698 49,11105 0,210526 3,25 0,91 368,08938 153,0553 0,01905 0,01575 0,00165 4,88 0,292055 524,0632 534
2.582 15 120 55 50 25 4174,5 2517805,875 24,12558 47,2089 0,263158 2,6 0,91 400 146,52 0,01905 0,01575 0,00165 4,88 0,292055 501,6864 534
2.582 15 120 55 50 25 4174,5 2517805,875 24,12558 47,2089 0,263158 2,6 0,91 363,22982 161,3524 0,01905 0,01575 0,00165 4,88 0,292055 552,4727 604
2.582 15 120 55 50 25 4174,5 2517805,875 24,12558 47,2089 0,263158 2,6 0,91 340,25346 172,2481 0,01905 0,01575 0,00165 4,88 0,292055 589,7796 604

p mwater,tube Sc, one tube ρwater ϻ water v Re tube Pr water Nu k hi Ds fb Nb B c Sc Sc/2

0,0254 0,237251429 0,00019483 994,54 0,000754 1,224435 25437,07 5,058 147,1272 0,6224 5814,094 0,787 0,1955 132,549 0,59025 0,00635 0,116132 0,058066
0,0254 0,289310195 0,00019483 994,54 0,000754 1,493105 31018,58 5,058 172,4316 0,6224 6814,06 0,737 0,1955 108,698 0,55275 0,00635 0,101844 0,050922
0,0254 0,289310195 0,00019483 994,54 0,000754 1,493105 31018,58 5,058 172,4316 0,6224 6814,06 0,737 0,1955 108,698 0,55275 0,00635 0,101844 0,050922
0,0254 0,494317439 0,00019483 995 0,000796 2,549951 50202,16 5,43 260,7508 0,619 10247,92 0,686 0,1955 95,404 0,5145 0,00635 0,088237 0,044118
0,0254 0,685303722 0,00019483 995 0,000796 3,535159 69598,45 5,43 338,6316 0,619 13308,76 0,591 0,1955 68,816 0,44325 0,00635 0,06549 0,032745
0,0254 0,494317439 0,00019483 995 0,000796 2,549951 50202,16 5,43 260,7508 0,619 10247,92 0,686 0,1955 95,404 0,5145 0,00635 0,088237 0,044118
0,0254 0,177917259 0,00019483 993,5 0,0007235 0,919177 19879,67 4,82 118,4879 0,626 4709,423 0,787 0,1955 132,549 0,59025 0,00635 0,116132 0,058066
0,0254 0,216956657 0,00019483 993,5 0,0007235 1,120867 24241,75 4,82 138,8666 0,626 5519,397 0,737 0,1955 108,698 0,55275 0,00635 0,101844 0,050922
0,0254 0,216956657 0,00019483 993,5 0,0007235 1,120867 24241,75 4,82 138,8666 0,626 5519,397 0,737 0,1955 108,698 0,55275 0,00635 0,101844 0,050922
0,0254 0,142342332 0,00019483 992,75 0,000687 0,735941 16749,69 4,51 100,6014 0,6295 4020,862 0,787 0,1955 132,549 0,59025 0,00635 0,116132 0,058066
0,0254 0,142342332 0,00019483 992,75 0,000687 0,735941 16749,69 4,51 100,6014 0,6295 4020,862 0,787 0,1955 132,549 0,59025 0,00635 0,116132 0,058066
0,0254 0,355855829 0,00019483 994,54 0,000754 1,836542 38153,32 5,058 203,491 0,6224 8041,448 0,635 0,1955 88,366 0,47625 0,00635 0,075605
0,0254 0,301211301 0,00019483 994,54 0,000754 1,554526 32294,57 5,058 178,0832 0,6224 7037,396 0,686 0,1955 104,397 0,5145 0,00635 0,088237
0,0254 0,301211301 0,00019483 994,54 0,000754 1,554526 32294,57 5,058 178,0832 0,6224 7037,396 0,686 0,1955 104,397 0,5145 0,00635 0,088237
0,0254 0,225894947 0,00019483 993,5 0,0007235 1,167045 25240,48 4,82 143,4249 0,626 5700,572 0,686 0,1955 104,397 0,5145 0,00635 0,088237
0,0254 0,225894947 0,00019483 993,5 0,0007235 1,167045 25240,48 4,82 143,4249 0,626 5700,572 0,686 0,1955 104,397 0,5145 0,00635 0,088237
0,0254 0,180715957 0,00019483 992,75 0,000687 0,934341 21265,19 4,51 121,7682 0,6295 4866,863 0,686 0,1955 104,397 0,5145 0,00635 0,088237
0,0254 0,159772055 0,00019483 992,75 0,000687 0,826057 18800,68 4,51 110,3411 0,6295 4410,142 0,737 0,1955 118,082 0,55275 0,00635 0,101844
0,0254 0,159772055 0,00019483 992,75 0,000687 0,826057 18800,68 4,51 110,3411 0,6295 4410,142 0,737 0,1955 118,082 0,55275 0,00635 0,101844

Gc De ϻ gycerol k Nu ho hdi hdo kw dLm Uo n st Gt v Ret f ΔPt Sck Sck/2

258,3274 0,018 0,023107 0,2985 38,96912 645,0365 5000 5000 16,3 0,017348 432,6387 4 0,033023 1217,749 1,224435 25437,07 0,025324 29,87107 0,116132 0,058066
294,5676 0,018 0,023107 0,2985 41,88694 693,3337 5000 5000 16,3 0,017348 460,2195 4 0,027081 1484,953 1,493105 31018,58 0,023719 42,76455 0,101844 0,050922
294,5676 0,018 0,023107 0,2985 41,88694 693,3337 5000 5000 16,3 0,017348 460,2195 4 0,027081 1484,953 1,493105 31018,58 0,023719 42,76455 0,101844 0,050922
339,9944 0,018 0,023107 0,2985 45,32484 750,2396 5000 5000 16,3 0,017348 499,0023 4 0,023769 2537,201 2,549951 50202,16 0,020235 134,5901 0,088237 0,044118
458,0839 0,018 0,023107 0,2985 53,40066 883,9146 5000 5000 16,3 0,017348 563,2922 4 0,017145 3517,484 3,535159 69598,45 0,018167 242,7479 0,06549 0,032745
339,9944 0,018 0,023107 0,2985 45,32484 750,2396 5000 5000 16,3 0,017348 499,0023 4 0,023769 2537,201 2,549951 50202,16 0,020235 114,309 0,088237 0,044118
258,3274 0,018 0,023107 0,2985 38,96912 645,0365 5000 5000 16,3 0,017348 423,6938 4 0,033023 913,2025 0,919177 19879,67 0,02747 17,65329 0,116132 0,058066
294,5676 0,018 0,023107 0,2985 41,88694 693,3337 5000 5000 16,3 0,017348 451,5667 4 0,027081 1113,581 1,120867 24241,75 0,025729 25,24057 0,101844 0,050922
294,5676 0,018 0,023107 0,2985 41,88694 693,3337 5000 5000 16,3 0,017348 451,5667 4 0,027081 1113,581 1,120867 24241,75 0,025729 25,24057 0,101844 0,050922
258,3274 0,018 0,023107 0,2985 38,96912 645,0365 5000 5000 16,3 0,017348 415,9428 4 0,033023 730,6057 0,735941 16749,69 0,029068 11,70726 0,116132 0,058066
258,3274 0,018 0,023107 0,2985 38,96912 645,0365 5000 5000 16,3 0,017348 415,9428 4 0,033023 730,6057 0,735941 16749,69 0,029068 11,70726 0,116132 0,058066
198,4004 0,018 0,023107 0,2985 33,70352 557,8776 5000 5000 16,3 0,017348 400,6436 2 0,044031 913,2572 0,918271 19076,66 0,027846 10,70069 0,075605
169,9972 0,018 0,023107 0,2985 30,95778 512,4288 5000 5000 16,3 0,017348 373,6325 2 0,052019 773,0192 0,777263 16147,28 0,029421 7,95985 0,088237
169,9972 0,018 0,023107 0,2985 30,95778 512,4288 5000 5000 16,3 0,017348 373,6325 2 0,052019 773,0192 0,777263 16147,28 0,029421 7,95985 0,088237
169,9972 0,018 0,023107 0,2985 30,95778 512,4288 5000 5000 16,3 0,017348 368,0894 2 0,052019 579,7297 0,583523 12620,24 0,031914 4,742845 0,088237
169,9972 0,018 0,023107 0,2985 30,95778 512,4288 5000 5000 16,3 0,017348 368,0894 2 0,052019 579,7297 0,583523 12620,24 0,031914 4,742845 0,088237
169,9972 0,018 0,023107 0,2985 30,95778 512,4288 5000 5000 16,3 0,017348 363,2298 2 0,052019 463,7837 0,467171 10632,6 0,033771 3,162371 0,088237
147,2838 0,018 0,023107 0,2985 28,60962 473,5608 5000 5000 16,3 0,017348 340,2535 2 0,058838 410,034 0,413028 9400,342 0,035172 2,545363 0,101844
147,2838 0,018 0,023107 0,2985 28,60962 473,5608 5000 5000 16,3 0,017348 340,2535 2 0,058838 410,034 0,413028 9400,342 0,035172 2,545363 0,101844

Gc Re k f ρglycerol ΔPk Ao TF MM EKM EM MH M SY AG SP SG BOİG Power (kW) UG İG TG qdes qdes/qreq

258,3274 201,6079 0,647053 1222,46 4,779205 148,51 23537,47 5884,369 2353,747 2353,747 4707,495 4707,495 43544,33 2917,47 174,1773 3091,647 1306,33 1272,92675 1029923 1031229 1034321 3193465,024 1,26835236
294,5676 229,8911 0,630285 1222,46 6,053154 121,7869 20083,34 5020,835 2008,334 2008,334 4016,668 4016,668 37154,18 2489,33 148,6167 2637,947 1114,625 1810,53587 1460010 1461125 1463763 2785781,156 1,106432066
294,5676 229,8911 0,630285 1222,46 6,053154 121,7869 20083,34 5020,835 2008,334 2008,334 4016,668 4016,668 37154,18 2489,33 148,6167 2637,947 1114,625 1810,53587 1460010 1461125 1463763 2785781,156 1,106432066
339,9944 265,3437 0,612463 1222,46 10,44808 142,5228 22775,24 5693,81 2277,524 2277,524 4555,048 4555,048 42134,19 2822,991 168,5368 2991,528 1264,026 8273,40813 6636095 6637359 6640350 3680745,668 1,461886202
458,0839 357,505 0,577012 1222,46 17,86852 102,8034 17537,24 4384,31 1753,724 1753,724 3507,448 3507,448 32443,89 2173,741 129,7756 2303,516 973,3168 14907,3567 11943254 11944227 11946531 2997020,85 1,19033039
339,9944 265,3437 0,612463 1222,46 7,836062 106,8921 18093,06 4523,264 1809,306 1809,306 3618,611 3618,611 33472,16 2242,634 133,8886 2376,523 1004,165 7011,14487 5626284 5627288 5629665 2760559,251 1,096414651
258,3274 201,6079 0,647053 1222,46 4,779205 148,51 23537,47 5884,369 2353,747 2353,747 4707,495 4707,495 43544,33 2917,47 174,1773 3091,647 1306,33 604,057961 491931,6 493237,9 496329,6 2997496,355 1,190519247
294,5676 229,8911 0,630285 1222,46 6,053154 121,7869 20083,34 5020,835 2008,334 2008,334 4016,668 4016,668 37154,18 2489,33 148,6167 2637,947 1114,625 851,976674 690266,5 691381,2 694019,1 2619832,706 1,04052212
294,5676 229,8911 0,630285 1222,46 6,053154 121,7869 20083,34 5020,835 2008,334 2008,334 4016,668 4016,668 37154,18 2489,33 148,6167 2637,947 1114,625 851,976674 690266,5 691381,2 694019,1 2619832,706 1,04052212
258,3274 201,6079 0,647053 1222,46 4,779205 148,51 23537,47 5884,369 2353,747 2353,747 4707,495 4707,495 43544,33 2917,47 174,1773 3091,647 1306,33 354,149527 290268,2 291574,5 294666,2 2814105,928 1,11768185
258,3274 201,6079 0,647053 1222,46 4,779205 148,51 23537,47 5884,369 2353,747 2353,747 4707,495 4707,495 43544,33 2917,47 174,1773 3091,647 1306,33 354,149527 290268,2 291574,5 294666,2 2814105,928 1,11768185
198,4004 154,8387 0,682128 1222,46 3,962452 132,0089 21420,91 5355,227 2142,091 2142,091 4284,181 4284,181 39628,68 2655,121 158,5147 2813,636 1188,86 489,729829 403364,8 404553,7 407367,3 2480422,969 0,985152586
169,9972 132,6719 0,703535 1222,46 3,000424 155,9574 24477,11 6119,277 2447,711 2447,711 4895,422 4895,422 45282,65 3033,937 181,1306 3215,068 1358,479 365,085536 303649,4 305007,9 308222,9 2732845,128 1,0854074
169,9972 132,6719 0,703535 1222,46 3,000424 155,9574 24477,11 6119,277 2447,711 2447,711 4895,422 4895,422 45282,65 3033,937 181,1306 3215,068 1358,479 365,085536 303649,4 305007,9 308222,9 2732845,128 1,0854074
169,9972 132,6719 0,703535 1222,46 3,000424 155,9574 24477,11 6119,277 2447,711 2447,711 4895,422 4895,422 45282,65 3033,937 181,1306 3215,068 1358,479 188,036224 159114,2 160472,7 163687,7 2565546,129 1,018961054
169,9972 132,6719 0,703535 1222,46 3,000424 155,9574 24477,11 6119,277 2447,711 2447,711 4895,422 4895,422 45282,65 3033,937 181,1306 3215,068 1358,479 188,036224 159114,2 160472,7 163687,7 2565546,129 1,018961054
169,9972 132,6719 0,703535 1223,46 2,997971 155,9574 24477,11 6119,277 2447,711 2447,711 4895,422 4895,422 45282,65 3033,937 181,1306 3215,068 1358,479 121,263608 103959,1 105317,5 108532,6 2433619,65 0,966563655
147,2838 114,9455 0,724008 1224,46 2,313964 176,4012 27011,99 6752,998 2701,199 2701,199 5402,399 5402,399 49972,19 3348,137 199,8888 3548,025 1499,166 96,1178112 83842,42 85341,58 88889,61 2578513,666 1,024111387
147,2838 114,9455 0,724008 1225,46 2,312075 176,4012 27011,99 6752,998 2701,199 2701,199 5402,399 5402,399 49972,19 3348,137 199,8888 3548,025 1499,166 96,0894876 83819,76 85318,92 88866,95 2578513,666 1,024111387

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