UD

Beam CB1
1.1 Design Code
AISC 360-16-LRFD

1.2 Material Properties

→ I-Beam
Yield strength Fy 345 N/mm2
Modulus of elasticity E 200000 N/mm2
Shear modulus G 77000 N/mm2
→ Stud Bolt
Tensile strength Fu 450 N/mm2
→ Concrete
a specified compressive strength f'c 27 N/mm2
Density wc 2300 kg/m3
normal weight concrete

1.3 Section Properties

→ I-Beam : UB 610 x 178 x 82
Cross-Section Property Symbol Value Unit
Gross area Ag 10435.87 mm2
Moment of inertia about major principal axis Ix 560316.58 x103 mm4
Moment of inertia about minor principal axis Iy 12089.18 x103 mm4
Radius of gyration about major principal axis rx 231.71 mm
Radius of gyration about minor principal axis ry 34.04 mm
Torsional constant J 490.8 x103 mm4
Warping constant Cw 1033.59 x109 mm6
Elastic section modulus about major axis Sx 1870.84 x103 mm3
Elastic section modulus about minor axis Sy 135.83 x103 mm3
Plastic section modulus about major axis Zx 2198.74 x103 mm3
Plastic section modulus about minor axis Zy 217.53 x103 mm3
→ Steel Deck
Slab thickness above steel deck tc 100 mm
Nominal rib height hr 75 mm
Average width of concrete rib wr 100 mm
Spacing bet. Deck flutes on center 300 mm
Deck Ribs Oriented Perpendicular to Steel Beam
→ Stud Bolt
Diameter 19 mm
No. of Studs per Section 1
Spacing 300 mm
Length 120 mm

1.4 Span
Beam Span 14 m

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Spacing bet. Beams 3 m
Support No Unshored Construction

1.5 Applied Loads

Finishing Load 0.5 kN/mm2
Live Load 5 kN/mm2
Construction Load 1 kN/mm2

1.6 Criteria for deflection

Deflection by Live Load L/360
Deflection by Dead + Live Load L/240

1.7 Composite Deck and Anchor Requirements

→ Concrete Strength:
21 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ≤ 𝑓𝑐′ ≤ 69 𝑀𝑃𝑎 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒) (Spec. Section I1.3)
𝑓𝑐′ = 27 𝑀𝑃𝑎  ⋯ 𝒐𝒌

→ Structural steel Strength:

𝑓𝑦 ≤ 525 𝑀𝑃𝑎 (Spec. Section I1.3)
𝑓𝑦 = 345 𝑀𝑃𝑎  ⋯ 𝒐𝒌

→ Use steel headed stud anchors 19 mm or less in diameter. (Spec. Section I8.1)
𝑈𝑠𝑒 19 𝑚𝑚  − 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑠  ⋯ 𝒐𝒌

→ steel headed stud anchors, after installation, shall extend not less than 38 mm (Spec. Section I3.2c)
above the top of the steel deck.
𝑙𝑠𝑎 = 120 𝑚𝑚 ≥ 113 𝑚𝑚  ⋯ 𝒐𝒌

→ Minimum length of stud anchors = 4 dsa (Spec. Section I8.2)

𝑙𝑠𝑎 = 120 𝑚𝑚 ≥ (4 × 19 = 76 𝑚𝑚)  ⋯ 𝒐𝒌

→ there shall be at least 13 mm of specified concrete cover above the top of (Spec. Section I3.2c)
the headed stud anchors.
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 = 175 − 120 = 55 𝑚𝑚 > 13 𝑚𝑚  ⋯ 𝒐𝒌

→ slab thickness above steel deck shall not be less than 50 mm (Spec. Section I3.2c)
𝑡𝑐 = 100 𝑚𝑚 ≥ 50 𝑚𝑚  ⋯ 𝒐𝒌

→ The nominal rib height shall not be greater than 75 mm. (Spec. Section I3.2c)
ℎ𝑟 = 75 𝑚𝑚 ≤ 75 𝑚𝑚  ⋯ 𝒐𝒌

→ The average width of concrete rib or haunch, wr, shall be not less than 50 mm (Spec. Section I3.2c)
𝑤𝑟 = 100 𝑚𝑚 ≥ 50 𝑚𝑚  ⋯ 𝒐𝒌

1.8 Design for Pre-Composite Condition

Construction (Pre-Composite) Loads
(𝑡𝑐 + 0.5ℎ𝑟 )𝑤𝑐 (100 + 0.5 ∙ 75)2300
𝑆𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = = = 3.16 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
100000 100000

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81.92
𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑓 − 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚 = = 0.82 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
100
The beam is uniformly loaded by its tributary width ( 3 m ) as follows:
𝑤𝐷 = 3(3.16) + 0.82 = 10.31 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑤𝐿 = 3(1) = 3 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
Construction (Pre-Composite) Required Strength
LRFD ASD
∎  𝐿𝐶1 :   1.4𝐷. 𝐿 ∎  𝐿𝐶1 :   𝐷. 𝐿
𝑤𝑢 = 1.4 ∙ 10.31 = 14.43 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 𝑤𝑎 = 10.31 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
∎  𝐿𝐶2 :   1.2𝐷. 𝐿 + 1.6𝐿. 𝐿 ∎  𝐿𝐶2 :   𝐷. 𝐿 + 𝐿. 𝐿
𝑤𝑢 = 1.2 ∙ 10.31 + 1.6 ∙ 3 = 17.17 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 𝑤𝑎 = 10.31 + 3 = 13.31 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
↳ 𝑤𝑢 = 17.17 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 ↳ 𝑤𝑎 = 13.31 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
2 2
𝑤𝑢 𝐿 17.17 ∙ 14 𝑤𝑢 𝐿2 13.31 ∙ 142
𝑀𝑢 = = = 420.62 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 𝑀𝑎 = = = 326.01 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
8 8 8 8
𝑤𝑢 𝐿 17.17 ∙ 14 𝑤𝑢 𝐿 13.31 ∙ 14
𝑉𝑢 = = = 120.18 𝑘𝑁 𝑉𝑎 = = = 93.15 𝑘𝑁
2 2 2 2
Construction (Pre-Composite) Check Available Strength
Classification of Cross-Section
Flexure – Table B4.1b
Flange
Case 10: Flanges of rolled I-shaped sections
𝑏 = 89 𝑚𝑚
𝑡 = 12.8 𝑚𝑚
89
𝜆𝑓 = 𝑏⁄𝑡 = = 6.95
12.8
𝐸 200000
𝜆𝑝𝑓 = 0.38√ = 0.38√ = 9.15
𝐹𝑦 345

𝐸 200000
𝜆𝑟𝑓 = 1.0√ = 1.0√ = 24.08
𝐹𝑦 345
𝜆𝑓 ≤ 𝜆𝑝𝑓 →  𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡
Web
Case 15: Webs of doubly symmetric I-shaped sections
ℎ = 547.4  𝑚𝑚
𝑡𝑤 = 10 𝑚𝑚
547.4
𝜆𝑤 = ℎ⁄𝑡 = = 54.74
𝑤 10
𝐸 200000
𝜆𝑝𝑤 = 3.76√ = 3.76√ = 90.53
𝐹𝑦 345

𝐸 200000
𝜆𝑟𝑤 = 5.70√ = 5.70√ = 137.24
𝐹𝑦 345
𝜆𝑤 ≤ 𝜆𝑝𝑤 →  𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡
Design for Flexure
The nominal flexural strength, Mn, shall be the lower value obtained according to the limit states of yielding (plastic
moment) and lateral - torsional buckling.
Yielding
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑝 = 𝐹𝑦 𝑍𝑥 (Spec. Eq. F2-1)

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(345)(2198.74)
        = = 758.56 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
1000
Lateral-Torsional Buckling
Because the beam is continuously braced, the limit state of lateral-torsional buckling does not apply
Nominal Flexural Strength
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑌 = 758.56 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
Available Flexural Strength
𝜙𝑐 = 0.90
𝜙𝑐 𝑀𝑛 = 0.90(758.56) = 682.71  𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
Design for Shear
The web plate shear buckling coefficient, kv, is determined as follows:
For webs without transverse stiffeners
↪ 𝑘𝑣 = 5.34
For all other I-shaped members and channels

ℎ 547.4 𝑘𝑣 𝐸 5.34 ∙ 200000

∵( = = 54.74) ≤ (1.10√ = 1.10√ = 61.2)
𝑡𝑤 10 𝐹𝑦 345

↪ 𝐶𝑣1 = 1.0 (Spec. Eq. G2-3)

From AISC Specification Section G2.1, area of the web, Aw, is determined as follows:
𝐴𝑤 = 𝑑𝑡𝑤 = 599 ∙ 10 = 5990 mm2
From AISC Specification Section G2.1, the nominal shear strength is:
𝑉𝑛 = 0.6𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑤 𝐶𝑣1 (Spec. Eq. G2-1)
345 ∙ 5990
      = 0.6 ∙ ∙ 1 = 1239.93 𝑘𝑁
1000
Nominal Shear Strength
𝑉𝑛 = 1239.93 𝑘𝑁
Available Shear Strength
𝜙𝑐 = 0.90
𝜙𝑐 𝑉𝑛 = 0.90(1239.93) = 1115.94  𝑘𝑁
Design Ratio
𝑀𝑟𝑥 420.62
𝐷/𝐶𝑀𝑥 = = = 0.62 ≤ 1 ⋯ 𝑜𝑘
𝑀𝑐𝑥 682.71
𝑉𝑟𝑦 120.18
𝐷/𝐶𝑉𝑦 = = = 0.11 ≤ 1 ⋯ 𝑜𝑘
𝑉𝑐𝑦 1115.94
Pre-Composite Deflections
AISC Design Guide 3 recommends deflections due to concrete plus self-weight not exceed the minimum of L / 360 or 25
mm
From AISC Manual Table 3-23, Case 1:
5𝑤𝐷 𝐿4
Δ𝐷 =
384𝐸𝐼
5 ∙ 10.31 ∙ (14 ∙ 1000)4
        = = 46.01 𝑚𝑚
384 ∙ 200000 ∙ (560316.58 ∙ 1000)
∵ (Δ𝐷 = 46.01 𝑚𝑚) > 25 𝑚𝑚
the beam will be cambered to reduce the net pre - composite deflections.
Reducing the estimated simple span deflections to 75% of the calculated value to reflect the partial restraint of the end
connections
𝐶𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 = 0.75 ∙ Δ𝐷 = 0.75 ∙ 46.01 ≅ 35 𝑚𝑚
𝑈𝑠𝑒  𝐶𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 = 35  𝑚𝑚
∵ (Δ𝐷  𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 11.01 𝑚𝑚) < 25 𝑚𝑚  ⋯ 𝒐𝒌

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1.9 Design for Composite Condition

Required Flexural Strength
𝑤𝐷 = 3(3.16) + 3(0.5) + 0.82 = 11.81 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑤𝐿 = 3(5) = 15 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑅𝐶𝐷𝐿 = 72.15 𝑘𝑁     ,       𝑅𝑆𝐷𝐿 = 10.5 𝑘𝑁
𝑅𝐶𝐿𝐿 = 21 𝑘𝑁     ,       𝑅𝐿𝐿 = 105 𝑘𝑁
LRFD ASD
∎  𝐿𝐶1 :   1.4𝐷. 𝐿 ∎  𝐿𝐶1 :   𝐷. 𝐿
𝑤𝑢 = 1.4 ∙ 11.81 = 16.53 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 𝑤𝑎 = 11.81 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
∎  𝐿𝐶2 :   1.2𝐷. 𝐿 + 1.6𝐿. 𝐿 ∎  𝐿𝐶2 :   𝐷. 𝐿 + 𝐿. 𝐿
𝑤𝑢 = 1.2 ∙ 11.81 + 1.6 ∙ 15 = 38.17 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 𝑤𝑎 = 11.81 + 15 = 26.81 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
↳ 𝑤𝑢 = 38.17 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 ↳ 𝑤𝑎 = 26.81 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
2 2
𝑤𝑢 𝐿 38.17 ∙ 14 𝑤𝑢 𝐿2 26.81 ∙ 142
𝑀𝑢 = = = 935.12 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 𝑀𝑎 = = = 656.76 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
8 8 8 8
𝑤𝑢 𝐿 38.17 ∙ 14 𝑤𝑢 𝐿 26.81 ∙ 14
𝑉𝑢 = = = 267.18 𝑘𝑁 𝑉𝑎 = = = 187.65 𝑘𝑁
2 2 2 2
Determine effective width, b
The effective width of the concrete slab is the sum of the effective widths to each side of the beam centerline as
determined by the minimum value of the three widths set forth in AISC Specification Section I3.1a:
→ one-eighth of the beam span, center-to-center of supports
14 ∙ 1000
(2 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠) = 3500 𝑚𝑚
8
→ one-half the distance to the centerline of the adjacent beam
3 ∙ 1000
(2 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠) = 3000 𝑚𝑚
2
→ distance to the edge of the slab
The latter is not applicable for an interior member.
↪ 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 3000 𝑚𝑚
Steel Anchor Strength
2
𝜋𝑑𝑠𝑎
𝐴𝑠𝑎 =
4
𝜋 ∙ (19)2
         = = 283.53 mm2
4
𝑓𝑐′ = 27 𝑁/mm2
𝐸𝑐 = 0.043𝑤𝑐1.5 ∙ √𝑓𝑐′
       = 0.043 ∙ (2300)1.5 ∙ √27 = 24645.75 𝑁/mm2
for Decking oriented perpendicular to the steel shape, Number of steel headed stud anchors occupying the same decking
rib = (1) and Studs Placed in Weak Position:
↪ 𝑅𝑔 = 1      ,       𝑅𝑝 = 0.6
𝑄𝑛 = 0.5𝐴𝑠𝑎 √𝑓𝑐′ 𝐸𝑐 ≤ 𝑅𝑔 𝑅𝑝 𝐴𝑠𝑎 𝐹𝑢 (Spec. Eq. I8-1)
0.5 ∙ 283.53 ∙ √27 ∙ 24645.75
= 115.64 𝑘𝑁
       = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑓  1000      ⇛ 𝑄𝑛 = 76.55 𝑘𝑁
1 ∙ 0.6 ∙ 283.53 ∙ 450
{ = 76.55 𝑘𝑁
1000
Number and Spacing of Anchors
Spacing bet. steel headed stud anchors = 300 mm
𝑁𝑎𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑠 = 1 × 46 = 46 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚

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Review steel headed stud anchor spacing requirements of AISC Specification Sections
I8.2d and I3.2c.
→ Maximum anchor spacing along beam [Section I8.2d(e)]:
8𝑡 = 8 ∙ 175 = 1400 𝑚𝑚
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑓  { 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 ⇛ 900 𝑚𝑚
900 𝑚𝑚
900 𝑚𝑚 > 300 𝑚𝑚  ⋯ 𝒐𝒌
→ Minimum anchor spacing along beam [Section I8.2d(d)]:
4𝑑𝑠𝑎 = 4 ∙ 19 = 76 𝑚𝑚 ≤ 300 𝑚𝑚  ⋯ 𝒐𝒌
→ Minimum distance to free edge in the direction of the horizontal shear force:
AISC Specification Section I8.2d requires The minimum distance from the center of a steel anchor to a free edge in the
direction of the shear force shall be 200 mm if normal weight concrete is used and 250 mm if lightweight concrete is used
→ Maximum spacing of deck attachment:
AISC Specification Section I3.2c.1(d) requires that Steel deck shall be anchored to all supporting members at a spacing not
to exceed 460 mm.
Available Flexural Strength
According to AISC Specification Section I3.2a, the nominal flexural strength shall be determined from the plastic stress
distribution on the composite section when:
ℎ 𝐸
≤ 3.76√
𝑡𝑤 𝐹𝑦

200000
54.74 ≤ (3.76√ = 90.53)
345

Therefore, use the plastic stress distribution to determine the nominal flexural strength.
According to AISC Specification Commentary Section I3.2a, the compression force, C, in the concrete slab is the smallest
of:
↬ 𝐶 = 𝐴𝑠 𝐹𝑦 Spec. Comm. Eq. C-I3-6
10290.8 ∙ 345
     = = 3550.33 𝑘𝑁
1000
𝐴𝑐 = 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑐 = 3000 ∙ 100 = 300000 𝑚𝑚2
↬ 𝐶 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴𝑐 Spec. Comm. Eq. C-I3-7
0.85 ∙ 27 ∙ 300000
     = = 6885 𝑘𝑁
1000
↬ 𝐶 = ∑ 𝑄𝑛 Spec. Comm. Eq. C-I3-8
46
     = 76.55 × = 1760.71 𝑘𝑁
2
Degree Of Compositeness
∑ 𝑄𝑛 1760.71
= × 100 = 49.59% > 25%  ⋯ 𝒐𝒌
𝑚𝑖𝑛{0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴𝑐 , 𝐴𝑠 𝐹𝑦 } 3550.33
Nominal Flexural Strength
𝐶
𝑎=
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓
1760.71 ∙ 1000
    = = 25.57 𝑚𝑚
0.85 ∙ 27 ∙ 3000
Y2 is the distance from the top of the beam flange to the centroid of the concrete compressive force.
𝑎
𝑌2 = (ℎ𝑟 + 𝑡𝑐 − )
2
25.57
       = (75 + 100 − ) = 162.21 𝑚𝑚
2
Assume the PNA is within the beam flange
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The PNA is located down from the top of the steel by a distance Y1
𝐴𝑠 𝐹𝑦 − 𝐶
𝑌1 =
2𝑏𝑓 𝐹𝑦
10290.8 ∙ 345 − 1760.71 ∙ 1000
      = = 14.57 𝑚𝑚
2 ∙ 178 ∙ 345
∵ 𝑌1 > 𝑡𝑓
the PNA is within the beam web
revised Y1 will be:
𝐴𝑠 𝐹𝑦 − 𝐶 − 2𝑏𝑓 𝑡𝑓 𝐹𝑦
𝑌1 = + 𝑡𝑓
2𝑡𝑤 𝐹𝑦
10290.8 ∙ 345 − 1760.71 ∙ 1000 − 2 ∙ 178 ∙ 12.8 ∙ 345
      = + 12.8 = 44.32 𝑚𝑚
2 ∙ 10 ∙ 345
𝑡𝑓 𝑌1 − 𝑡𝑓 𝑑
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶(𝑌1 + 𝑌2 ) + 2𝑏𝑓 𝑡𝑓 𝐹𝑦 (𝑌1 − ) + 2𝑡𝑤 𝐹𝑦 (𝑌1 − 𝑡𝑓 ) ( ) + 𝐴𝑠 𝐹𝑦 ( − 𝑌1 )
2 2 2
12.8 44.32 − 12.8
         = (1760.71(44.32 + 162.21) + 2 ∙ 178 ∙ 12.8 ∙ 345 (44.32 − ) + 2 ∙ 10 ∙ 345(44.32 − 12.8) ( )
2 2
599
+ 10290.8 ∙ 345 ( − 44.32)) × 10−6 = 1332.66 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
2

Available Flexural Strength

𝜙𝑐 = 0.90
𝜙𝑐 𝑀𝑛 = 0.90(1332.66) = 1199.39  𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
Design for Shear
Available Shear Strength
𝜙𝑐 𝑉𝑛 = 1115.94  𝑘𝑁
Design Ratio
𝑀𝑟𝑥 935.12
𝐷/𝐶𝑀𝑥 = = = 0.78 ≤ 1 ⋯ 𝑜𝑘
𝑀𝑐𝑥 1199.39
𝑉𝑟𝑦 267.18
𝐷/𝐶𝑉𝑦 = = = 0.239 ≤ 1 ⋯ 𝑜𝑘
𝑉𝑐𝑦 1115.94
Check of Deflection
Calculation of the lower bound moment of inertia, I.LB
𝑎
𝑑1 = (ℎ𝑟 + 𝑡𝑐 − )
2
25.57
       = (75 + 100 − ) = 162.21 𝑚𝑚
2
𝑑 599
𝑑3 = = = 299.5 𝑚𝑚
2 2

∑ 𝑄𝑛
(𝐴𝑠 𝑑3 + ( ) (2𝑑3 + 𝑑1 ))
𝐹𝑦
𝑌𝐸𝑁𝐴 = Spec. Comm. Eq. C-I3-2
∑ 𝑄𝑛
(𝐴𝑠 + )
𝐹𝑦
1760.71 ∙ 1000
(10290.8 ∙ 299.5 + ( ) (2 ∙ 299.5 + 162.21))
345
           = = 452.57 𝑚𝑚
1760.71 ∙ 1000
(10290.8 + )
345
∑ 𝑄 𝑛
𝐼𝐿𝐵 = 𝐼𝑥 + 𝐴𝑠 (𝑌𝐸𝑁𝐴 − 𝑑3 )2 + ( ) (2𝑑3 + 𝑑1 − 𝑌𝐸𝑁𝐴 )2 Spec. Comm. Eq. C-I3-1
𝐹𝑦

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        = 548631.67 ∙ 1000 + 10290.8(452.57 − 299.5)2
1760.71 ∙ 1000
+( ) (2 ∙ 299.5 + 162.21 − 452.57)2
345
= 1275914.39 mm4 × 103
Check Live Load Deflection
From AISC Manual Table 3-23, Case 1:
5𝑤𝐷 𝐿4
Δ𝐿.𝐿 =
384𝐸𝐼
5 ∙ 15 ∙ (14 ∙ 1000)4
        = = 29.4 𝑚𝑚
384 ∙ 200000 ∙ (1275914.39 ∙ 1000)
𝐿 14 ∙ 1000
∵ (Δ𝐿 = 29.4 𝑚𝑚) < ( = = 38.89 𝑚𝑚)   ⋯ 𝒐𝒌
360 360
Check Dead + Live Load Deflection
From AISC Manual Table 3-23, Case 1:
Δ 𝑇𝐿 = Δ𝑆𝐷𝐿 + Δ𝐿𝐿 + Δ𝐶𝐷𝐿
5𝑤 4
Δ 𝑇𝐿 =
384𝐸𝐼
5 ∙ 16.5 ∙ (14 ∙ 1000)4
        = + 11.01 = 43.35 𝑚𝑚
384 ∙ 200000 ∙ (1275914.39 ∙ 1000)
𝐿 14 ∙ 1000
∵ (Δ = 43.35 𝑚𝑚) < ( = = 58.33 𝑚𝑚)   ⋯ 𝒐𝒌
240 240

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Beam CB2
1.1 Design Code
AISC 360-16-LRFD

1.2 Material Properties

→ I-Beam
Yield strength Fy 345 N/mm2
Modulus of elasticity E 200000 N/mm2
Shear modulus G 77000 N/mm2
→ Stud Bolt
Tensile strength Fu 450 N/mm2
→ Concrete
a specified compressive strength f'c 27 N/mm2
Density wc 2300 kg/m3
normal weight concrete

1.3 Section Properties

→ I-Beam : UB 610 x 229 x 125
Cross-Section Property Symbol Value Unit
Gross area Ag 15940.57 mm2
Moment of inertia about major principal axis Ix 986626.97 x103 mm4
Moment of inertia about minor principal axis Iy 39322.06 x103 mm4
Radius of gyration about major principal axis rx 248.79 mm
Radius of gyration about minor principal axis ry 49.67 mm
Torsional constant J 1546.4 x103 mm4
Warping constant Cw 3444.09 x109 mm6
Elastic section modulus about major axis Sx 3223.22 x103 mm3
Elastic section modulus about minor axis Sy 343.42 x103 mm3
Plastic section modulus about major axis Zx 3677.75 x103 mm3
Plastic section modulus about minor axis Zy 534.76 x103 mm3
→ Steel Deck
Slab thickness above steel deck tc 100 mm
Nominal rib height hr 75 mm
Average width of concrete rib wr 150 mm
Spacing bet. Deck flutes on center 300 mm
Deck Ribs Oriented Parallel to Steel Beam
→ Stud Bolt
Diameter 19 mm
No. of Studs per Section 2
Spacing 300 mm
Length 120 mm

1.4 Span
Beam Span 9 m

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Spacing bet. Beams 14 m
Support No Unshored Construction
Lb 3 m
Cb 1

1.5 Applied Loads

PCDL 142 kN
PSDL 21 kN
PCLL 42 kN
PLL 210 kN
No. of Beams Supported by the Girder: 2

1.6 Criteria for deflection

Deflection by Live Load L/360
Deflection by Dead + Live Load L/240

1.7 Composite Deck and Anchor Requirements

→ Concrete Strength:
21 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ≤ 𝑓𝑐′ ≤ 69 𝑀𝑃𝑎 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒) (Spec. Section I1.3)
𝑓𝑐′ = 27 𝑀𝑃𝑎  ⋯ 𝒐𝒌

→ Structural steel Strength:

𝑓𝑦 ≤ 525 𝑀𝑃𝑎 (Spec. Section I1.3)
𝑓𝑦 = 345 𝑀𝑃𝑎  ⋯ 𝒐𝒌

→ Use steel headed stud anchors 19 mm or less in diameter. (Spec. Section I8.1)
𝑈𝑠𝑒 19 𝑚𝑚  − 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑠  ⋯ 𝒐𝒌

→Steel headed stud anchor diameter: dsa ≤ 2.5 tf (Spec. Section I8.1)
𝑑𝑠𝑎 = 19 𝑚𝑚 ≤ (2.5 × 19.6 = 49 𝑚𝑚)  ⋯ 𝒐𝒌

→ steel headed stud anchors, after installation, shall extend not less than 38 mm (Spec. Section I3.2c)
above the top of the steel deck.
𝑙𝑠𝑎 = 120 𝑚𝑚 ≥ 113 𝑚𝑚  ⋯ 𝒐𝒌

→ Minimum length of stud anchors = 4 dsa (Spec. Section I8.2)

𝑙𝑠𝑎 = 120 𝑚𝑚 ≥ (4 × 19 = 76 𝑚𝑚)  ⋯ 𝒐𝒌

→ there shall be at least 13 mm of specified concrete cover above the top of (Spec. Section I3.2c)
the headed stud anchors.
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 = 175 − 120 = 55 𝑚𝑚 > 13 𝑚𝑚  ⋯ 𝒐𝒌

→ slab thickness above steel deck shall not be less than 50 mm (Spec. Section I3.2c)
𝑡𝑐 = 100 𝑚𝑚 ≥ 50 𝑚𝑚  ⋯ 𝒐𝒌

→ The nominal rib height shall not be greater than 75 mm. (Spec. Section I3.2c)
ℎ𝑟 = 75 𝑚𝑚 ≤ 75 𝑚𝑚  ⋯ 𝒐𝒌

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→ The average width of concrete rib or haunch, wr, shall be not less than 50 mm (Spec. Section I3.2c)
𝑤𝑟 = 150 𝑚𝑚 ≥ 50 𝑚𝑚  ⋯ 𝒐𝒌

1.8 Design for Pre-Composite Condition

Construction (Pre-Composite) Loads
125.13
𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑓 − 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚 = = 1.25 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
100
𝑃𝐶𝐷𝐿 = 142 𝑘𝑁
𝑃𝐶𝐿𝐿 = 42 𝑘𝑁
Construction (Pre-Composite) Required Strength
LRFD ASD
∎  𝐿𝐶1 :   1.4𝐷. 𝐿 ∎  𝐿𝐶1 :   𝐷. 𝐿
𝑀𝑢 = 1.4 ∙ 438.67 = 614.14 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 𝑀𝑎 = 438.67 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑉𝑢 = 1.4 ∙ 147.63 = 206.68 𝑘𝑁 𝑉𝑎 = 147.63 𝑘𝑁
∎  𝐿𝐶2 :   1.2𝐷. 𝐿 + 1.6𝐿. 𝐿 ∎  𝐿𝐶2 :   𝐷. 𝐿 + 𝐿. 𝐿
𝑀𝑢 = 1.2 ∙ 438.67 + 1.6 ∙ 126 = 728 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 𝑀𝑎 = 438.67 + 126 = 564.67 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑉𝑢 = 1.2 ∙ 147.63 + 1.6 ∙ 42 = 244.36 𝑘𝑁 𝑉𝑎 = 147.63 + 42 = 189.63 𝑘𝑁
↳ 𝑀𝑢 = 728 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 ↳ 𝑀𝑎 = 564.67 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
↳ 𝑉𝑢 = 244.36 𝑘𝑁 ↳ 𝑉𝑎 = 189.63 𝑘𝑁
Construction (Pre-Composite) Check Available Strength
Classification of Cross-Section
Flexure – Table B4.1b
Flange
Case 10: Flanges of rolled I-shaped sections
𝑏 = 114.5 𝑚𝑚
𝑡 = 19.6 𝑚𝑚
114.5
𝜆𝑓 = 𝑏⁄𝑡 = = 5.84
19.6
𝐸 200000
𝜆𝑝𝑓 = 0.38√ = 0.38√ = 9.15
𝐹𝑦 345

𝐸 200000
𝜆𝑟𝑓 = 1.0√ = 1.0√ = 24.08
𝐹𝑦 345
𝜆𝑓 ≤ 𝜆𝑝𝑓 →  𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡
Web
Case 15: Webs of doubly symmetric I-shaped sections
ℎ = 547  𝑚𝑚
𝑡𝑤 = 11.9 𝑚𝑚
547
𝜆𝑤 = ℎ⁄𝑡 = = 45.97
𝑤 11.9
𝐸 200000
𝜆𝑝𝑤 = 3.76√ = 3.76√ = 90.53
𝐹𝑦 345

𝐸 200000
𝜆𝑟𝑤 = 5.70√ = 5.70√ = 137.24
𝐹𝑦 345
𝜆𝑤 ≤ 𝜆𝑝𝑤 →  𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡

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Design for Flexure
The nominal flexural strength, Mn, shall be the lower value obtained according to the limit states of yielding (plastic
moment) and lateral - torsional buckling.
Yielding
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑝 = 𝐹𝑦 𝑍𝑥 (Spec. Eq. F2-1)
(345)(3677.75)
        = = 1268.82 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
1000
Lateral-Torsional Buckling
Lateral-torsional buckling modification factor
𝐶𝑏 = 1
Limiting laterally unbraced length for limit state of yielding (Lp)
𝐸
𝐿𝑝 = 1.76𝑟𝑦 √ (Spec. Eq. F2-5)
𝐹𝑦

49.67 200000
       = 1.76 √ = 2.1 𝑚
1000 345
the limiting unbraced length for the limit state of inelastic lateral-torsional buckling (Lr)
√𝐼𝑦 𝐶𝑤
𝑟𝑡𝑠2 = (Spec. Eq. F2-7)
𝑆𝑥

√(39322.06)(3444.09 × 109 )
𝑟𝑡𝑠 = √ = 60.09 𝑚𝑚
3223.22
𝐹𝑜𝑟  𝑑𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑦  𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐  𝐼 − 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑠  ⟼   𝑐 = 1 (Spec. Eq. F2-8a)

𝐸 𝐽𝑐 𝐽𝑐 2 0.7𝐹𝑦 2 (Spec. Eq. F2-6)

𝐿𝑟 = 1.95𝑟𝑡𝑠 √ + √( ) + 6.76 ( )
0.7𝐹𝑦 𝑆𝑥 ℎ𝑜 𝑆𝑥 ℎ𝑜 𝐸

      

2 2
(60.09) 200000 (1546.4)(1) (1546.4)(1) (0.7)(345)
= 1.95 √ + √( ) + 6.76 ( )
1000 0.7(345) (3223.22)(592.6) (3223.22)(592.6) 200000

= 6.18 𝑚
∵ 𝐿𝑝 (2.1) < 𝐿𝑏 (3) ≤ 𝐿𝑟 (6.18)
𝐿𝑏 − 𝐿𝑝
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶𝑏 (𝑀𝑝 − (𝑀𝑝 − 0.7𝐹𝑦 𝑆𝑥 ) ( )) ≤ 𝑀𝑝 (Spec. Eq. F2-2)
𝐿𝑟 − 𝐿𝑝

345 ∙ 3223.22 3 − 2.1

1 (1268.82 − (1268.82 − 0.7 )( )) = 1160.99
        = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑓 { 1000 6.18 − 2.1
1268.82
⇛ 1160.99 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
Nominal Flexural Strength
𝑀 = 1268.82
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑓 { 𝑌   ⇛ 𝑀𝑛 = 1160.99 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑀𝐿𝑇𝐵 = 1160.99
Available Flexural Strength
𝜙𝑐 = 0.90
𝜙𝑐 𝑀𝑛 = 0.90(1160.99) = 1044.89  𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
Design for Shear
For webs of rolled I-shaped members with

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ℎ 547 𝐸 200000
∵( = = 45.966) ≤ (2.24√ = 2.24√ = 53.93)
𝑡𝑤 11.9 𝐹𝑦 345

↪ 𝐶𝑣1 = 1.0 (Spec. Eq. G2-2)

From AISC Specification Section G2.1, area of the web, Aw, is determined as follows:
𝐴𝑤 = 𝑑𝑡𝑤 = 612.2 ∙ 11.9 = 7285.18 mm2
From AISC Specification Section G2.1, the nominal shear strength is:
𝑉𝑛 = 0.6𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑤 𝐶𝑣1 (Spec. Eq. G2-1)
345 ∙ 7285.18
      = 0.6 ∙ ∙ 1 = 1508.03 𝑘𝑁
1000
Nominal Shear Strength
𝑉𝑛 = 1508.03 𝑘𝑁
Available Shear Strength
𝜙𝑐 = 1.00
𝜙𝑐 𝑉𝑛 = 1.00(1508.03) = 1508.03  𝑘𝑁
Design Ratio
𝑀𝑟𝑥 728
𝐷/𝐶𝑀𝑥 = = = 0.7 ≤ 1 ⋯ 𝑜𝑘
𝑀𝑐𝑥 1044.89
𝑉𝑟𝑦 244.36
𝐷/𝐶𝑉𝑦 = = = 0.16 ≤ 1 ⋯ 𝑜𝑘
𝑉𝑐𝑦 1508.03
Pre-Composite Deflections
AISC Design Guide 3 recommends deflections due to concrete plus self-weight not exceed the minimum of L / 360 or 25
mm
Δ𝐷 = 19.16 𝑚𝑚
∵ (Δ𝐷 = 19.16 𝑚𝑚) < 25 𝑚𝑚  ⋯ 𝒐𝒌

1.9 Design for Composite Condition

Required Flexural Strength
LRFD ASD
∎  𝐿𝐶1 :   1.4𝐷. 𝐿 ∎  𝐿𝐶1 :   𝐷. 𝐿
𝑀𝑢 = 1.4 ∙ 501.67 = 702.34 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 𝑀𝑎 = 501.67 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑉𝑢 = 1.4 ∙ 168.63 = 236.08 𝑘𝑁 𝑉𝑎 = 168.63 𝑘𝑁
∎  𝐿𝐶2 :   1.2𝐷. 𝐿 + 1.6𝐿. 𝐿 ∎  𝐿𝐶2 :   𝐷. 𝐿 + 𝐿. 𝐿
𝑀𝑢 = 1.2 ∙ 501.67 + 1.6 ∙ 630 = 1610 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 𝑀𝑎 = 501.67 + 630 = 1131.67 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑉𝑢 = 1.2 ∙ 168.63 + 1.6 ∙ 210 = 538.36 𝑘𝑁 𝑉𝑎 = 168.63 + 210 = 378.63 𝑘𝑁
↳ 𝑀𝑢 = 1610 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 ↳ 𝑀𝑎 = 1131.67 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
↳ 𝑉𝑢 = 538.36 𝑘𝑁 ↳ 𝑉𝑎 = 378.63 𝑘𝑁
Determine effective width, b
The effective width of the concrete slab is the sum of the effective widths to each side of the beam centerline as
determined by the minimum value of the three widths set forth in AISC Specification Section I3.1a:
→ one-eighth of the beam span, center-to-center of supports
9 ∙ 1000
(2 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠) = 2250 𝑚𝑚
8
→ one-half the distance to the centerline of the adjacent beam
14 ∙ 1000
(2 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠) = 14000 𝑚𝑚
2
→ distance to the edge of the slab
The latter is not applicable for an interior member.
↪ 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 2250 𝑚𝑚

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Steel Anchor Strength

2
𝜋𝑑𝑠𝑎
𝐴𝑠𝑎 =
4
𝜋 ∙ (19)2
         = = 283.53 mm2
4
𝑓𝑐′ = 27 𝑁/mm2
𝐸𝑐 = 0.043𝑤𝑐1.5 ∙ √𝑓𝑐′
       = 0.043 ∙ (2300)1.5 ∙ √27 = 24645.75 𝑁/mm2
for Decking oriented parallel to the steel shape and wr/hr >= 1.5 :
↪ 𝑅𝑔 = 1      ,       𝑅𝑝 = 0.75
𝑄𝑛 = 0.5𝐴𝑠𝑎 √𝑓𝑐′ 𝐸𝑐 ≤ 𝑅𝑔 𝑅𝑝 𝐴𝑠𝑎 𝐹𝑢 (Spec. Eq. I8-1)
0.5 ∙ 283.53 ∙ √27 ∙ 24645.75
= 115.64 𝑘𝑁
       = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑓  1000      ⇛ 𝑄𝑛 = 95.69 𝑘𝑁
1 ∙ 0.75 ∙ 283.53 ∙ 450
{ = 95.69 𝑘𝑁
1000
Number and Spacing of Anchors
Spacing bet. steel headed stud anchors = 300 mm
𝑁𝑎𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑠 = 2 × 20 = 40 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚
Review steel headed stud anchor spacing requirements of AISC Specification Sections
I8.2d and I3.2c.
→ Maximum anchor spacing along beam [Section I8.2d(e)]:
8𝑡 = 8 ∙ 175 = 1400 𝑚𝑚
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑓  { 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 ⇛ 900 𝑚𝑚
900 𝑚𝑚
900 𝑚𝑚 > 300 𝑚𝑚  ⋯ 𝒐𝒌
→ Minimum anchor spacing along beam [Section I8.2d(d)]:
4𝑑𝑠𝑎 = 4 ∙ 19 = 76 𝑚𝑚 ≤ 300 𝑚𝑚  ⋯ 𝒐𝒌
→ Minimum distance to free edge in the direction of the horizontal shear force:
AISC Specification Section I8.2d requires The minimum distance from the center of a steel anchor to a free edge in the
direction of the shear force shall be 200 mm if normal weight concrete is used and 250 mm if lightweight concrete is used
→ Maximum spacing of deck attachment:
AISC Specification Section I3.2c.1(d) requires that Steel deck shall be anchored to all supporting members at a spacing not
to exceed 460 mm.
Available Flexural Strength
According to AISC Specification Section I3.2a, the nominal flexural strength shall be determined from the plastic stress
distribution on the composite section when:
ℎ 𝐸
≤ 3.76√
𝑡𝑤 𝐹𝑦

200000
45.97 ≤ (3.76√ = 90.53)
345

Therefore, use the plastic stress distribution to determine the nominal flexural strength.
According to AISC Specification Commentary Section I3.2a, the compression force, C, in the concrete slab is the smallest
of:
↬ 𝐶 = 𝐴𝑠 𝐹𝑦 Spec. Comm. Eq. C-I3-6
15795.5 ∙ 345
     = = 5449.45 𝑘𝑁
1000
𝐴𝑐 = 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑐 = 2250 ∙ 137.5 = 309375 𝑚𝑚2
↬ 𝐶 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴𝑐 Spec. Comm. Eq. C-I3-7
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0.85 ∙ 27 ∙ 309375
     = = 7100.16 𝑘𝑁
1000
↬ 𝐶 = ∑ 𝑄𝑛 Spec. Comm. Eq. C-I3-8
40
     = 95.69 × = 1913.82 𝑘𝑁
2
Degree Of Compositeness
∑ 𝑄𝑛 1913.82
= × 100 = 35.12% > 25%  ⋯ 𝒐𝒌
𝑚𝑖𝑛{0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴𝑐 , 𝐴𝑠 𝐹𝑦 } 5449.45
Nominal Flexural Strength
𝐶
𝑎=
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓
1913.82 ∙ 1000
    = = 37.06 𝑚𝑚
0.85 ∙ 27 ∙ 2250
Y2 is the distance from the top of the beam flange to the centroid of the concrete compressive force.
𝑎
𝑌2 = (ℎ𝑟 + 𝑡𝑐 − )
2
37.06
       = (37.5 + 137.5 − ) = 156.47 𝑚𝑚
2
Assume the PNA is within the beam flange
The PNA is located down from the top of the steel by a distance Y1
𝐴𝑠 𝐹𝑦 − 𝐶
𝑌1 =
2𝑏𝑓 𝐹𝑦
15795.5 ∙ 345 − 1913.82 ∙ 1000
      = = 22.38 𝑚𝑚
2 ∙ 229 ∙ 345
∵ 𝑌1 > 𝑡𝑓
the PNA is within the beam web
revised Y1 will be:
𝐴𝑠 𝐹𝑦 − 𝐶 − 2𝑏𝑓 𝑡𝑓 𝐹𝑦
𝑌1 = + 𝑡𝑓
2𝑡𝑤 𝐹𝑦
15795.5 ∙ 345 − 1913.82 ∙ 1000 − 2 ∙ 229 ∙ 19.6 ∙ 345
      = + 19.6 = 73.02 𝑚𝑚
2 ∙ 11.9 ∙ 345
𝑡𝑓 𝑌1 − 𝑡𝑓 𝑑
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶(𝑌1 + 𝑌2 ) + 2𝑏𝑓 𝑡𝑓 𝐹𝑦 (𝑌1 − ) + 2𝑡𝑤 𝐹𝑦 (𝑌1 − 𝑡𝑓 ) ( ) + 𝐴𝑠 𝐹𝑦 ( − 𝑌1 )
2 2 2
19.6
         = (1913.82(73.02 + 156.47) + 2 ∙ 229 ∙ 19.6 ∙ 345 (73.02 − ) + 2 ∙ 11.9
2
73.02 − 19.6 612.2
∙ 345(73.02 − 19.6) ( ) + 15795.5 ∙ 345 ( − 73.02)) × 10−6 = 1916.87 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
2 2
Available Flexural Strength
𝜙𝑐 = 0.90
𝜙𝑐 𝑀𝑛 = 0.90(1916.87) = 1725.18  𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
Design for Shear
Available Shear Strength
𝜙𝑐 𝑉𝑛 = 1508.03  𝑘𝑁
Design Ratio
𝑀𝑟𝑥 1610
𝐷/𝐶𝑀𝑥 = = = 0.933 ≤ 1 ⋯ 𝑜𝑘
𝑀𝑐𝑥 1725.18
𝑉𝑟𝑦 538.36
𝐷/𝐶𝑉𝑦 = = = 0.357 ≤ 1 ⋯ 𝑜𝑘
𝑉𝑐𝑦 1508.03

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Check of Deflection
Calculation of the lower bound moment of inertia, I.LB
𝑎
𝑑1 = (ℎ𝑟 + 𝑡𝑐 − )
2
37.06
       = (37.5 + 137.5 − ) = 156.47 𝑚𝑚
2
𝑑 612.2
𝑑3 = = = 306.1 𝑚𝑚
2 2

∑ 𝑄𝑛
(𝐴𝑠 𝑑3 + ( ) (2𝑑3 + 𝑑1 ))
𝐹𝑦
𝑌𝐸𝑁𝐴 = Spec. Comm. Eq. C-I3-2
∑ 𝑄𝑛
(𝐴𝑠 + )
𝐹𝑦
1913.82 ∙ 1000
(15795.5 ∙ 306.1 + ( ) (2 ∙ 306.1 + 156.47))
345
           = = 426.33 𝑚𝑚
1913.82 ∙ 1000
(15795.5 + )
345
∑ 𝑄 𝑛
𝐼𝐿𝐵 = 𝐼𝑥 + 𝐴𝑠 (𝑌𝐸𝑁𝐴 − 𝑑3 )2 + ( ) (2𝑑3 + 𝑑1 − 𝑌𝐸𝑁𝐴 )2 Spec. Comm. Eq. C-I3-1
𝐹𝑦
        = 974958.52 ∙ 1000 + 15795.5(426.33 − 306.1)2
1913.82 ∙ 1000
+( ) (2 ∙ 306.1 + 156.47 − 426.33)2
345
= 1853406.85 mm4 × 103
Check Live Load Deflection
Δ𝐿𝐿 = 14.66 𝑚𝑚
𝐿 9 ∙ 1000
∵ (Δ𝐿 = 14.66 𝑚𝑚) < ( = = 25 𝑚𝑚)   ⋯ 𝒐𝒌
360 360
Check Dead + Live Load Deflection
Δ 𝑇𝐿 = 35.29 𝑚𝑚
𝐿 9 ∙ 1000
∵ (Δ = 35.29 𝑚𝑚) < ( = = 37.5 𝑚𝑚)   ⋯ 𝒐𝒌
240 240

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