01 Logarithm - Sheet

Best Approach
Logarithm
(Sheet)
By Mathematics Wizard
Manoj Chauhan Sir (IIT Delhi)
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Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MCSIR) Logarithm
KEY CONCEPTS (LOGARITHM)

THINGS TO REMEMBER :
1. LOGARITHM OF A NUMBER :
The logarithm of the number N to the base 'a' is the exponent indicating
the power to which the base 'a' must be raised to obtain the number N.
This number is designated as loga N.
Hence : logaN = x  ax = N , a > 0 , a  1 & N > 0
If a = 10 , then we write log b rather than log10 b .

If a = e , we write ln b rather than loge b .
The existence and uniqueness of the number loga N follows from the properties of an exponential
functions.
From the definition of the logarithm of the number N to the base 'a' , we have an
log a N
identity : a =N , a>0 , a1 & N>0
This is known as the FUNDAMENTAL LOGARITHMIC IDENTITY .

NOTE :loga1 = 0 (a > 0 , a  1)
loga a = 1 (a > 0 , a  1) and
log1/a a = - 1 (a > 0 , a  1)
2. THE PRINCIPAL PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS :

Let M & N are arbitrary posiitive numbers , a > 0 , a  1 , b > 0 , b  1 and  is any real number
then ;
(i) loga (M . N) = loga M + loga N (ii) loga (M/N) = loga M  loga N
log a M
(iii) loga M = . loga M (iv) logb M =
log a b
NOTE :  logba . logab = 1  logba = 1/logab.  logba . logcb . logac = 1

x
ln a
 logy x . logz y . loga z = logax.  e = ax
3.
*
(i)
PROPERTIES OF MONOTONOCITY OF LOGARITHM :
For a > 1 the inequality 0 < x < y & loga x < loga y are equivalent.
(ii) For 0 < a < 1 the inequality 0 < x < y & loga x > loga y are equivalent.
(iii) If a > 1 then loga x < p  0 < x < ap
(iv) If a > 1 then logax > p  x > ap
(v) If 0 < a < 1 then loga x < p  x > ap
(vi) If 0 < a < 1 then logax > p  0 < x < ap
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NOTE THAT :
 If the number & the base are on one side of the unity , then the logarithm is positive ; If the number &
the base are on different sides of unity, then the logarithm is negative.
 The base of the logarithm ‘a’ must not equal unity otherwise numbers not equal to unity will not have
a logarithm & any number will be the logarithm of unity.
n
 For a non negative number 'a' & n  2 , n  N a = a1/n.
* Will be covered in detail in QUADRATIC EQUATION
** In this chapter log x will be treat as log10 x.
SOLVED EXAMPLES
1
1. If log 8 b  3 , then find the value of b.
3
1 2 10
Sol. log 8 b  3  log 2 b   log 2 b  5  b  25  32
3 3 3
1 1 1 1
2. If n > 1, then prove that =   .....  
log 2 n log3 n log53 n log53! n
Sol. The given expression is equal to logn2 + logn3 + ..... + logn53 = logn(2.3 ...... 53)
1
= logn 53! =
log53! n
3. Prove that number log2 7 is an irrational number

Sol. Let log27 is a rational number
p
 log27 = q  7 = 2p/q  7q = 2p which is not possible for any integral values of p and q.
Hence, log2 7 is irrational.
1 1 1
4. Simplify  
1  log a bc 1  log b ca 1  log c ab
1 1 1
Sol.  
1  log a bc 1  log b ca 1  log c ab
log a log b log c

   1
log a  log b  log c log a  log b  log c log a  log b  log c
5. Solve log2 (3x – 2) = log1/2 x.
log 2 x
Sol. log2(3x – 2) = log1/2 x = 1
 log 2 x 1
log 2 2
 3x – 2 = x–1  3x2 – 2x = 1  x = 1 or x = –1/3. But log2 (3x – 2) and log1/2 x are meaningful
only if x > 2/3.
Hence, x = 1.
 1 2 1 
6. If log 25 = a and log 225 = b, then find the value of log      log   in terms of a and b (base
 9    2250 
 
of the log is 10).
Sol. log 25 = a ; log 225 = b
2 log 5 = a ; log (25 . 9) = b or log 25 + 2 log 3 = 3  2 log 3 = b – a
2
Now 1  1 
log    log  
9  2250 
= –2 log 9 – log 2250
= –4 log 3 – [log 225 + log 10]
= –2 (b – a) – [b + 1]
= –2b + 2a – b – 1 = 2a – 3b – 1
1 1
7. Compute the value of  .
log 2 36 log3 36
1 1 1
Sol.   log36 2  log 36 3  log36 6  .
log 2 36 log3 36 2
8. If logx–3 (2x – 3) is a meaningful quantity then find the interval in which x must lie.
Sol. x – 3 > 0, x – 3  1 and 2x – 3 > 0
x > 3 ; x  4 and x > 3/2 Hence x  (3, 4)  (4,  )
9. Compute log6 16 if log12 27 = a.
Sol. The chain of transformations
4 4
log6 16 = 4 log6 2 = log 6  1  log 3
2 2
Shows us that we have to know log2 3 in order to find log6 16.

We find it from the condition log12 27 = a :
3 3 3 3log 2 3
a  log12 27  3log12 3    
log 3 12 1  2log3 2 1  2 2  log 2 3
log 2 3
which means that log 2 3  2a (Note that, obviously, a  3).

3a
4(3  a)
We finally have log6 16  .
3a
10. Let x = (0.15)20. Find the characteristic and mantissa in the logarithm of x, to the base 10. Assume
log102 = 0.301 and log103 = 0.477.
 15 
Sol. log x = log (0.15)20 = 20 log  
 100 
= 20 [log 15 – 2] = 20 [log 3 + log 5 – 2]
= 20 [log 3 + 1 – log 2 – 2]
= 20 [– 1 + log 3 – log 2]
= 20 [– 1 + 0.477 – 0.301]
= –20 × 0.824 = – 16.48 = 17.52
Hence characteristic = – 17 and mantissa = 0.52
11. Find the number of positive integers which have the characteristic 3, when the base of the logarithm is 7.
Sol. log7 N = x where 3  x < 4
 73  N < 74
 number of integers are 2058
12. How many digits are contained in the number 275?

Sol. Computing log 275, we have log 275  75. log 2 = 75. 0.3010 = 22.5750.
Consequently, the characteristic of this common logarithm is equal to 22.
Therefore, 275 = a. 1022. where 1  a < 10, a is an integer, and, hence the number 275 has 23 digits.
13. Solve the equation log3(x2 – 3x – 5) = log3 (7 – 2x).

Sol. The equation is equivalent to the following mixed system :
 x 2  3x  5  7  2x
 2
 x  3x  5  0
7  2x  0

Solving the equation of this system, we get : x1 = 4, x2 = –3.

Of these two values only x = –3 satisfies both inequalities of system (that is, the value x = 4 does not
belong to the domain of equation).
Therefore, x = –3 is the solution.
1
14. Prove that log log3 2 0
2
Sol. SInce 0 < log3 2 < 1 and 1/2 < 1, it follows that the inequality is valid.
15. What can be said about the number x if it is known that for ever real a  0, logx(a2 + 1) < 0 ?
Sol. For every a  0 the number 1 + a2 > 1.
Since the logarithm of a number greater than unity is negative only to a base less than unity, it follows that
0 < x < 1.
1 1
16. Solve the inequality  1
log 2 x log 2 x  1
Sol. Reducing the fractions on the left hand side to a common denominator, we find
1 1  log 2 x(log 2 x  1)
1 0
log 2 x(log 2 x  1) log 2 x(log 2 x  1)
The numerator of the last expression is positive since we have
2
 1 3
1  log 22 x  log 2 x   log 2 x   
 2 4
 log2x (log2x – 1) > 0,
which is fulfilled for x > 2 and 0 < x < 1.
17. If x6 – y6 = z6 , (x, y, z are all positive and z  1), then
 1 
logz(x2 – y2) + logz(x2 + y2 – xy) – logz  2 2 
 x  y  xy 
Ans. 6
Sol. logz (x2 – y2) (x2 + y2 – xy) (x2 + x2 + xy)
= logz (x + y) (x – y) (x2 + y2 – xy) (x2 + y2 + xy)
= logz (x + y) (x2 + y2 – xy) · (x – y) (x2 + y2 + xy)
= logz (x3 + y3). (x3 – y3)
18. Let N = 0.00000165. Characteristic of log10 N is :

Ans. –6
Sol. N = 1.65 × 10–6
log N = log (1.65 × 10–6)
= log(1.65)
 
 (
6)
mantissa characteristic
19. a, b, c are 3 numbers, Characteristic of thier logarithms to the base 10 are 5, –3, 2 respectively. The
maximum numbers of digits in N = abc, could be
Ans. 7
Sol. Given
log a = 5 + 1
log b = –3 + 2
log c = 2 + 3
where 1 , 2 , 3 are mantissas.
   [0, 1)
Adding the above equations
log abc = 4  
1  2  3

can vary from [0,3)
 log (abc)  [4, 7)  log N  [4, 7)

 Maximum possible characteristic of log N = 6
 Maximum no. of digits = 6 + 1 = 7
20. Number of solutions of the equation.
 7x  3x 2  4 
log10  2   log10 (0.9) is/are
 5x  2x  3 
Ans. 0
Sol. 0.9  1
7x  3x 2  4
 on solving 1
5x  2x 2  3
We get x = 1
0
For x = 1 we get   which is not defined.
0 
EXERCISE–I
Solve the following equations
(Note: whenever log x appear it will be treat as logarithm of x with base 10) :
Q.125 logx – 13 = 2
1
Q.126 log4(2log3(1 + log2(1 + 3log3x))) = .
2
Q.127 log3(1 + log3(2x – 7)) = 1
Q.128 log3(3x – 8) = 2 –x
log 2 (9  2x )
Q.129 1
3 x
Q.130 log5 – x(x2 – 2x + 65) = 2
 1 
Q.131 log 3  log 9 x   9 x   2x
 2 
Q.132 log3(x + 1) + log3(x + 3) = 1
Q.133 log7(2x – 1) + log7(2x – 7) = 1
Q.134 log5 + log(x + 10) – 1 = log(21x – 20) – log(2x – 1)
1 1 1 
Q.135 1  log 5   log  log x  log 5 
3 2 3 
1  1  1 1  1
Q.136 log x  log  x    log  x    log  x  
2  2  2 2  8
Q.137 3log3 log x

 log x  log 2 x  3  0
2
(x  2)  log(x  2)5 12
Q.138 (x  2)log  102log(x 2)
Q.139 9log3 (12x)  5x 2  5
Q.140 x1+ logx = 10x
Q.141 x2logx = 10x2
log x  5
Q.142 x 3  105 log x
Q.143 x log3 x  9
log5 x 1
Q.144  x 5
Q.145 xlogx + 1 =106
log x  7
Q.146 x 4  10log x 1
Q.147 log x (x  2)
x 9
log 2 x  log x 2  2
 log x 
Q.148  2   log x
 
Q.149 3 log 2 x  log 2 8x  1  0
Q.150 log2x – 3logx = log(x2) – 4
Q.151 log1/3 x  3 log1/3 x  2  0
2
Q.152 
2 log x 5   3log x 5  1  0
Q.153 log 22 x  2log 2 x  2  0
log b x 2
Q.154 a   5x logb a  6  0
1
Q.155 log2 (100x) + log2 (10x) = 14 + log  
x
Q.156 log4 (x +3) – log4 (x – 1) = 2 – log48
Q.157 log4(x2 – 1) – log4(x – 1)2 = log 4 (4  x) 2
x 3 x 3
Q.158 2 log 3  1  log 3
x7 x 1
Q.159 2log4(4 – x) = 4 – log2(–2 – x)
Q.160 3 + 2logx + 13 = 2log3(x + 1)
Q.161 logx (9x2). log32 x = 4
2  x2 
Q.162 log1/2 (4x)  log 2    8
 8 
Q.163 log 0.5x x 2  14log16x x 3  40log 4x x  0
4 2log 3 3
Q.164 6  (1  4  9 )  log 7 x  log x 7 , x  Q
Q.165 log3(4.3x– 1) = 2x + 1
Q.166 log3(3x – 6) = x – 1
Q.167 log3(4x – 3) + log3(4x – 1) = 1
Q.168 log 3  log1/2 2 x  3log1/2 x  5   2
 2x   2 
Q.169 log 5    log 5  
 10   x 1
Q.170 1+ 2 log(x +2)5 = log5(x +2)
Q.171 log 4 24x  2log2 4
x 15
Q.172 log 2   
 4  log x  1
2
8
1  2(log x) 2
Q.173 1
log x  2(log x) 2
Q.174 log2(4.3x –6) – log2(9x – 6) = 1
1
Q.175 log(5x  4)  log x  1  2  log 0.18
2
Q.176 log4(2.4x–2 –1) + 4 =2x
Q.177 log x 5  log x (5x)  2.25  (log x 5) 2
Q.178 log(log x) + log(log x4– 3) = 0
Q.179 log3x – 2 log1/3x = 6
2 log x
Q.180 1
log(5x  4)
4
Q.181 2 log8 (2x)  log8 (x 2  1  2x) 
3
1 1
Q.182 log 2 (x  2)   log1/8 3x  5
6 3
Q.183 2 log3(x – 2) + log3(x – 4)2 = 0
Q.184 log 2 (2x 2 )  log 4 (16x )  log 4 x 3
3log x  19
Q.185  2log x  1
3log x  1
Q.186
log   3
x 1 1
3
log x  40
Q.187 log 32 6  log 32 2 = (log2 x – 2) log312
EXERCISE–II
1. Which is the correct order for a given number d, d > 1
(A) log2 d < log3 d < loge d < log8 d
(B) log8 d < log3 d < loge d < log2 d
(C) log8 d < loge d < log2 d < log3 d
(D) log3 d < loge d < log2 d < log8 d
2. If log 27 = 1.431 then the value of log 9 is
3. If x = log2a a, y = log3a 2a, z = log4a 3a, then the value of x y z + 1 is

(A) yz (B) 2yz (C) y + z (D) y – z
4. Let 3a = 4, 4b = 5, 5c = 6, 6d = 7, 7e = 8, and 8f = 9, then find the value of the product abcdef :
5. If log5 a . loga x = 2, then x is equal to :
81 25 16
6. Value of 3 log + 5 log + 7 log is
80 24 15
2
7. f(x) = log10 x . The set of all values of x for which f(x) is real is :
log x alog a ylog y z
8. Value of x :
9. If log2 x + log2 y  6, then the least value of x + y is :
10. A rational number which is 50 times its own logarithim to the base 10 is :
11. If x = log5 (1000) and y = log7 (2058) then which is greater ?
12. If 4log9 3  9log 2 4  10log x 83 then x is equal to :
 a  b  na  nb a b
13. If n   then  is equal to :
 3  2 b a
14. If log 2 = 0.30103 the no. of digits in 264 is :
15. The number of zeroes coming immediately after the decimal point in the value of (0.2)25 is :
(Given log10 2 : 0.30103)
16. Simplify : 7 log3 5  3log5 7  5log3 7  7 log5 3

17. The solution set of log2 |4 – 5x| > 2 is :
1
18. If  log0.1 x  2 then 'x' belongs to :
2
19. The solution set of log11 log7  

x  5  x = 0 is :
20. Solve for 'x' in the equation : ln(x – 3) + ln(x – 2) = ln(2x + 24) :
EXERCISE–III
 ab  (ab) 2  4(a  b)   2 
1. Let A denotes the value of log10   + log  ab  (ab)  4(a  b) 
 2  10 
2 
   
when a = 43 and b = 57
and B denotes the value of the expression 2log6 18 · 3log6 3 .   
Find the value of (A · B).
2. (a) If x = log34 and y = log53, find the value of log310 and log3(1.2) in terms of x and y.
log2 5 2
(b) If k = 16, find the value of k (log2 5) .
Solve for x (3 to 5)
3. (a) If log10 (x2  12x + 36) = 2 (b) 91+logx  31+logx  210 = 0 ; where base of log is 3.

log b log b N 
log b a
4. Simplify : (a) log1/3 4 729.3 9 1.27 4 / 3 ; (b) a
5. (a) If log4 log3 log2 x = 0 ; (b) If loge log5 [ 2 x  2  3] = 0
6. (a) Which is smaller? 2 or (log2 + log2 ). (b) Prove that log35 and log27 are both irrational.
7. Let a and b be real numbers greater than 1 for which there exists a positive real number c, different
from 1, such that
2(logac + logbc) = 9logabc. Find the largest possible value of logab.
8. Find the square of the sum of the roots of the equation

log3x · log4x · log5x = log3x · log4x + log4x · log5x + log5x · log3x.
2 3
9. Find the value of the expression 6
 .
log 4 (2000) log5 (2000) 6
5log
4 2
3 6 6log8  3 2 
10. Calculate : 4
1 3
log 9 log 3
6 2
81 53  
11. Simplify :
409
.  7 log 25 7
125log 25 6 
 
12. Simplify : 5
 log
log1/ 5 12 4
log1 / 2
1
.
2 7 3 10 2 21
2 2
13. Find 'x' satisfying the equation 4log10 x 1 – 6log10 x – 2.3log10 x = 0.
2 a 2 b5
14. Given that log2a = s, log4b = s2 and log 2 (8) = . Write log as a function of 's'
c s3  1 2
c4
(a, b, c > 0, c  1).
1log 7 2   log 5 4
15. Find the value of 49 +5 .
16. Given that log2 3 = a , log3 5 = b, log7 2 = c, express the logarithm of the number 63 to the base
140 in terms of a, b & c.
log 2 24 log 2192
17. Prove that  = 3.
log 96 2 log12 2
18. Prove that ax – by = 0 where x = loga b & y = logb a , a > 0 , b > 0 & a , b  1.
log3 7 log7 11 log11 25
19. If a, b, c are positive real numbers such that a = 27 ; b = 49 and c = 11 . Find the
(log 7 ) 2 (log 11) 2 (log 25) 2 
value of  a 3  b 7  c 11 .
 
log10 ( x 3) 1
20. (a) Solve for x , 
log10 x 21 2
 2
(b) log (log x) + log (log x3  2) = 0 ; where base of log is 10 everywhere.
(c) logx2 . log2x2 = log4x2 (d) 5logx + 5 xlog5 = 3 (a > 0) ; where base of log is a.
10 xy
21. If x, y > 0, logyx + logxy = and xy = 144, then = N where N is a natural number, find the
3 2
value of N.
22. Solve the system of equations:

log a x log a ( xyz)  48
log a y log a ( xyz)  12 , a > 0, a  1.
log a z log a ( xyz)  84
23. (a) Given : log1034.56 = 1.5386, find log103.456 ; log100.3456 & log100.003456.
(b) Find the number of positive integers which have the characteristic 3, when the base of the
logarithm is 7.
(c) If log102 = 0.3010 & log103 = 0.4771, find the value of log10(2.25).
(d) Find the antilogarithm of 0.75, if the base of the logarithm is 2401.
24. If log102 = 0.3010, log103 = 0.4771. Find the number of integers in :
(a) 5200 (b) 615 & (c) the number of zeros after the decimal in 3100.
25. Let 'L' denotes the antilog of 0.4 to the base 1024.
and 'M' denotes the number of digits in 610 (Given log102 = 0.3010, log103 = 0.4771)
and 'N' denotes the number of positive integers which have the characteristic 2, when base of the
logarithm is 6.
Find the value of LMN.
EXERCISE–IV
Note : From Q.1 to Q.7, solve the equation for x :
1. xlogx+4 = 32, where base of logarithm is 2.
2. logx+1 (x² + x  6)2 = 4 3. x + log10(1 + 2x) = x . log105 + log106.
4. 5logx – 3logx-1 = 3logx+1 – 5logx-1, where the base of logarithm is 10.

1  log 2 ( x  4)
5. =1
log ( x  3  x  3)
2
6. log5 120 + (x  3)  2 . log5 (1  5x-3) = log5(0.2  5x-4)
 1 
7. log 4 + 1   log 3 = log
 2x 
x 3  27  .
x
8. If 'x' and 'y' are real numbers such that, 2 log(2y – 3x) = log x + log y, find .
y
9. The real x and y satisfy log8x + log4y2 = 5 and log8y + log4x2 = 7, find xy.
10. If a = log1218 & b = log2454 then find the value of ab + 5 (a  b).
11. If x = 1 + logabc , y = 1 + logbca, z = 1 + logcab, then prove that xyz = xy + yz + zx.
12. If p = loga bc, q = logb ca, r = logc ab, then prove that pqr = p + q + r + 2.
13. If logba . logca + logab . logcb + logac . logb c = 3 (Where a, b, c are different positive real numbers  1),
then find the value of abc.
14. Let y = log 2 3 ·log 2 12 ·log 2 48 ·log 2 192  16 – log212 · log248 + 10. Find y  N.
3
15. Solve the equation log4(x + 2)2 + 3 = log4(4 – x)3 + log4(6 + x)3.
2
16. Find the product of the positive roots of the equation (2008) ( x ) log2008 x  x 2 .
4 4  2 2
17. Find x satisfying the equation log 2 1    log 2 1    2 log 

 1 .
 x  x4  x 1 
18. Solve : log3  x  

x  1 = log9 4 x  3  4 x 1 
 
 log 4 ab  log 4 ab  log 4 b  log 4 a  · log b
 a b a a b b  a  2 if ba 1
19. Prove that : 2 =  loga b
2 if 1ba
 1  1
20. Solve for x : log2 (4  x) + log (4  x) . log  x    2 log2  x   = 0.
 2  2
EXERCISE–V
1
1. Solve the following equations for x & y : log100|x + y| = [REE 96, 6]
2
log10 y – log10|x| = log100 4.
2. Find all real numbers x which satisfy the equation, [REE 96, 6]
2 log2(log2 x) + log1/2 log2 2 2 x = 1  
3. log3/4log8 (x2 + 7) + log1/2 log1/4 (x2 + 7)1 =  2. [REE 2000]
4. Number of solutions of log4(x – 1) = log2(x – 3) is
(A) 3 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 0 [JEE 2001 (Screening)]
5. Let (x0, y0) be solution of the following equations
(2x)ln2 = (3y)ln3 [JEE 2011]
3lnx = 2lny
1 1 1
Then x0 is : (A) (B) (C) (D) 6
6 3 2
 
 1 1 1 1
6. The value of 6 + log 3 4 4 4 ...  is [JEE 2012]
2
 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 
 
1 1
7. The value of  (log 2 

9)2 log 2 (log 2 9)  ( 7) log 4 7
is [JEE Adv. 2018]
8. Consider the statement : "P(n) : n2 – n + 41 is prime,. " then which one fo the following is
true ? [Jee main 2019 (10-01-2019-shift-1)]
(A) Both P(3) and P(5) are true (B) P(3) is false but P(5) is true
(C) Both P(3) and P(5) are false (D) P(5) is false but P(3) is true.
9. The number of solutions of the equation log4(x – 1) = log2(x – 3) is :

[Jee main 2021 (27-02-2021-shift-1)]
10. The number of solutions of the equation

log(x +1) (2x2 + 7x + 5) + log(2x + 5) (x +1)2 – 4 = 0, x > 0 ,is____.[Jee main 2021 (20-07-2021-shift-2)]
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE–I

Q.125 1  3  Q.126 {3} Q.127 {4} Q.128 {2}
Q.129 {0} Q.130 {–5} Q.131 {1/3} Q.132 {0}
Q.133 {3} Q.134 {3/2, 10} 

Q.135 16 / 3 5  Q.136 {1}
Q.137 {100} Q.138 {2 + 10–7, 3, 102} Q.139 2  10

Q.140 {10–1, 10} Q.141  10 1 3
, 101 3
 Q.142 {10–5, 103}
Q.143 3  2
,3 2
 Q.144 {1/5, 25} Q.145 {10–3, 102} Q.146 {10–4, 10}
Q.147 {5} Q.148 {10–3,10, 100} Q.149 {2, 16} Q.150 {10,104}
Q.151 {1/81, 1/3} Q.152  5,5 Q.153 {1/4, 2}
Q.154 2 log a b

,3loga b a > 0, a  1, b > 0, b  1 Q.155  10 ,10
9
Q.156 {5}
Q.157 3  6 Q.158 {–5} Q.159 {–4} Q.160 (3  

3) / 3,8
Q.161 {1/9, 3} Q.162 {2–7, 2} 

Q.163 1/ 2,1, 4  Q.164 {7}
Q.165 {–1, 0} Q.166 {2} Q.167 {1} Q.168 {1/16,2}

Q.169 {3} Q.170 {–9/5, 23} Q.171 {2} Q.172 {1/2,128}

Q.173 1/ 10, 3 10  Q.174 {1} Q.175 {8} Q.176 {2}
Q.177  5
5,5  Q.178 {10} Q.179 {9} Q.180 {4}
Q.181 {2} Q.182 {3} Q.183 3,3  2 Q.184 {16}
Q.185 {10–5/3, 102} Q.186 {48}

 3
Q.187 10 ,10 3

EXERCISE–II
1. B 2. 0.954 3. B 4. 2 5. x = 25
6. log 2 7. (–, –1]  [1, ) 8. z 9. 16 10. 100
11. x>y 12. 10 13. 7 14. 20 15. 17
 1 1  484
16. 0 17. (–, 0)  (8/5, ) 18.  ,  19. x= 20. x=9
100 10  49
EXERCISE–III
xy  2 xy  2 y  2
1. 12 2. (a) , ; (b) 625 3. (a) x = 16 or x =  4 (b) x = 5
2y 2y
4. (a)  1 (b) logb N 5. (a) 8 (b) x = 3 6. (a) 2 7. 2 8. 3721
1
9. 1/6 10. 9 11. 1 12. 6 13. x =
100
1  2ac
14. 2s + 10s2 – 3(s3 + 1) 15. 25 16. 19. 469
2 2c  abc  1
2
20 (a) x=5 (b) x=10 (c) x = 2 or 2  2
(d) x = 2–loga where base of log is 5.
 1 1 1 
21. 507 22. (a4, a, a7) or  4 , , 7 
a a a 
23. (a) 0.5386; 1.5386 ; 3.5386 (b) 2058 (c) 0.3522 (d) 343
24. (a) 140 (b) 12 (c) 47 25. 23040
EXERCISE–IV
1
1. x = 2 or 2. x = 1 3. x = 1 4. x = 100 5. x = 5 6. x = 1 7. x 
32
8. 4/9 9. xy = 29 10. 1 13. abc = 1 14. y = 6 15. x = 2 or 1 – 33
 7 3  24 
16. (2008)2 17. x  2 or 6 18. [0, 1]  {4} 20. 0 , , 
 4 2 
EXERCISE–V
1. {–10, 20}, {10/3, 20/3} 2. x=8 3. x = 3 or  3 4. B

5. C 6. 4 7. 8 8. A 9. 1
10. 1
QUESTION BANK
[STRAIGHT OBJECTIVE TYPE]

1a  b
2(1 b )
Q.1 If 60a = 3 and 60b = 5 then the value of 12 equals
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 3 (D) 12
log b c a  log cb a

Q.2 Let ABC be a triangle right angled at C. The value of log a ·log a (b + c  1, c – b  1) equals
b c cb
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 1/2
 x  8 2  x
Q.3 The set of values of x satisfying simultaneously the inequalities  0 and
log 0.3  10
7 log 2 5  1
2x  3  31 > 0 is :
(A) a unit set (B) an empty set
(C) an infinite set (D) a set consisting of exactly two elements .
Q.4 If log0.3(x – 1) < log0.09 (x – 1) , then x lies in the interval

(A) (2 , ) (B) (1 , 2) (C) (1, ) (D) none of these
2 x  2007 
Q.5 Number of integral values of x the inequality log10    0 holds true, is
 x 1 
(A) 1004 (B) 1005 (C) 2007 (D) 2008
[MULTIPLE OBJECTIVE TYPE]

Q.6 If y = log7–a (2x2 + 2x + a + 3) is defined
 x  R, then possible integral value(s) of a is/are
(A) – 3 (B) – 2 (C) 4 (D) 5
ANSWER KEY
Q.1 A Q.2 B Q.3 A Q.4 A Q.5 B
Q.6 BCD
REVISION PLANNER FOR MAINS
EXERCISE–I
126. 131. 140. 152. 159. 167. 172.
179. 182.
EXERCISE–II
1. 12. 13. 17. 19. 20.
EXERCISE–III
1. 4. 9. 11. 18. 19. 23((b)
24.
EXERCISE–IV
10. 12.
EXERCISE–V
1. 5. 7.
REVISION PLANNER FOR ADVANCED
EXERCISE–I
151. 184.
EXERCISE–III
8. 22.
EXERCISE–IV
5. 6. 7. 14. 17. 18. 19.
20.
EXERCISE–V
3. 6.

01 Logarithm - Sheet

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KEY CONCEPTS (LOGARITHM)

If a = 10 , then we write log b rather than log10 b .

This is known as the FUNDAMENTAL LOGARITHMIC IDENTITY .

2. THE PRINCIPAL PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS :

NOTE :  logba . logab = 1  logba = 1/logab.  logba . logcb . logac = 1

* Will be covered in detail in QUADRATIC EQUATION

** In this chapter log x will be treat as log10 x.

3. Prove that number log2 7 is an irrational number

Hence, log2 7 is irrational.

log a log b log c

Shows us that we have to know log2 3 in order to find log6 16.

which means that log 2 3  2a (Note that, obviously, a  3).

12. How many digits are contained in the number 275?

13. Solve the equation log3(x2 – 3x – 5) = log3 (7 – 2x).

Solving the equation of this system, we get : x1 = 4, x2 = –3.

17. If x6 – y6 = z6 , (x, y, z are all positive and z  1), then

18. Let N = 0.00000165. Characteristic of log10 N is :

 log (abc)  [4, 7)  log N  [4, 7)

Q.127 log3(1 + log3(2x – 7)) = 1

Q.130 log5 – x(x2 – 2x + 65) = 2

Q.132 log3(x + 1) + log3(x + 3) = 1

Q.133 log7(2x – 1) + log7(2x – 7) = 1

Q.134 log5 + log(x + 10) – 1 = log(21x – 20) – log(2x – 1)

Q.137 3log3 log x

Q.139 9log3 (12x)  5x 2  5

Q.140 x1+ logx = 10x

Q.141 x2logx = 10x2

Q.145 xlogx + 1 =106

Q.149 3 log 2 x  log 2 8x  1  0

Q.150 log2x – 3logx = log(x2) – 4

Q.151 log1/3 x  3 log1/3 x  2  0

Q.153 log 22 x  2log 2 x  2  0

Q.156 log4 (x +3) – log4 (x – 1) = 2 – log48

Q.157 log4(x2 – 1) – log4(x – 1)2 = log 4 (4  x) 2

Q.159 2log4(4 – x) = 4 – log2(–2 – x)

Q.160 3 + 2logx + 13 = 2log3(x + 1)

Q.161 logx (9x2). log32 x = 4

Q.163 log 0.5x x 2  14log16x x 3  40log 4x x  0

Q.167 log3(4x – 3) + log3(4x – 1) = 1

Q.168 log 3  log1/2 2 x  3log1/2 x  5   2

Q.170 1+ 2 log(x +2)5 = log5(x +2)

Q.171 log 4 24x  2log2 4

Q.176 log4(2.4x–2 –1) + 4 =2x

Q.177 log x 5  log x (5x)  2.25  (log x 5) 2

Q.178 log(log x) + log(log x4– 3) = 0

Q.179 log3x – 2 log1/3x = 6

Q.183 2 log3(x – 2) + log3(x – 4)2 = 0

Q.184 log 2 (2x 2 )  log 4 (16x )  log 4 x 3

Q.187 log 32 6  log 32 2 = (log2 x – 2) log312

2. If log 27 = 1.431 then the value of log 9 is

3. If x = log2a a, y = log3a 2a, z = log4a 3a, then the value of x y z + 1 is

4. Let 3a = 4, 4b = 5, 5c = 6, 6d = 7, 7e = 8, and 8f = 9, then find the value of the product abcdef :

5. If log5 a . loga x = 2, then x is equal to :

9. If log2 x + log2 y  6, then the least value of x + y is :

11. If x = log5 (1000) and y = log7 (2058) then which is greater ?

12. If 4log9 3  9log 2 4  10log x 83 then x is equal to :

16. Simplify : 7 log3 5  3log5 7  5log3 7  7 log5 3

19. The solution set of log11 log7  