Section 10.1 Vector-Valued Functions
Section 10.1 Vector-Valued Functions
Section 10.1 Vector-Valued Functions
Vector-Valued Functions
Section 10.1 Vector-Valued Functions
1. r (t ) =
1 t
i + j − 3t k 2. r (t ) = ln ti − et j − tk
t +1 2
1 Component functions: f (t ) = ln t
Component functions: f (t ) =
t +1 g (t ) = − e t
g (t ) =
t h(t ) = −t
2
Domain: (0, ∞)
h(t ) = −3t
Domain: ( −∞, −1) ∪ ( −1, ∞)
(
3. r(t ) = F(t ) + G (t ) = cos ti − sin tj + )
t k + (cos ti + sin tj) = 2 cos ti + tk
Domain: [0, ∞)
i j k
4. r(t ) = F(t ) × G (t ) = sin t cos t 0 = cos 2 ti − sin t cos tj + sin 2 tk
0 sin t cos t
Domain: ( −∞, ∞)
5. r (t ) = 1 t 2i
2
− (t − 1) j
(a) r (1) = 1i
2
(b) r(0) = j
(c) r( s + 1) = (s + 1) i − ( s + 1 − 1) j = (s + 1) i − sj
1 2 1 2
2 2
(d) r ( 2 + Δt ) − r ( 2) = 1
2
(2 + Δt ) i − ( 2 + Δt − 1) j − ( 2i − j) = 2 + 2Δt +
2
( 1
2
( Δt )2 )i − (1 + Δt ) j − 2i + j
= 2Δt + ( 1
2
( Δt )
2
)i − (Δt ) j = 1
2
Δt ( Δt + 4) i − Δ t j
π π π π π π
(d) r + Δt − r = cos + Δt i + 2 sin + Δt j − cos i + 2 sin j
6 6 6 6 6 6
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Section 10.1 Vector-Valued Functions 619
8. P( − 3, − 6, −1), Q( −1, − 9, − 8)
v = PQ = −1 + 3, − 9 + 6, − 8 + 1 = 2, − 3, − 7
r(t ) = ( − 3 + 2t )i + ( − 6 − 3t ) j + ( −1 − 7t )k , 0 ≤ t ≤ 1
x = − 3 + 2t , y = − 6 − 3t , z = −1 − 7t , 0 ≤ t ≤ 1, Parametric equation
(Answers may vary.)
= 3t 3 − t 2 − 2t 3 + 4t 3 = 5t 3 − t 2 , a scalar.
No, the dot product is a scalar-valued function.
7
6
12. r (t ) = cos(π t )i + sin (π t ) j + t 2k , −1 ≤ t ≤ 1 5
4
x = cos(π t ), y = sin (π t ), z = t 2 3
2
−2
−3
13. r (t ) = ti + t 2 j + e0.75t k , − 2 ≤ t ≤ 2
x = t , y = t 2 , z = e0.75t 17. x = cos θ , y = 3 sin θ
So, y = x 2 . Matches (d) y2
x2 + = 1, Ellipse
9
2t
14. r(t ) = ti + ln tj +
y
k , 0.1 ≤ t ≤ 5
3
2t 2
x = t , y = ln t , z =
3 1
x
So, z = 2x and y = ln x. Matches (a) −3 −2 2 3
3
t
15. x = t = 4x
4
y = t −1 18. x = 3 sec θ , y = 2 tan θ
y = 4x − 1 x2 y2
= + 1, Hyperbola
y 9 4
4 y
3
2 12
1 9
x 6
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 3
−2 x
− 12 − 9 − 6 6 9 12
−3
−6
−9
− 12
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620 Chapter 10 Vector-Valued Functions
19. x = −t + 1 z
27. y = x + 5
y = 4t + 2 5 (0, 6, 5)
Let x = t , then y = t + 5
4
z = 2t + 3 3
(2, − 2, 1) (1, 2, 3) r(t ) = ti + (t + 5) j
Line passing through
the points: (0, 6, 5), (1, 2, 3) 1
3 4 5 y 28. y = ( x − 2)
2
6
3
Let x = t , then y = (t − 2) .
x 2
r(t ) = ti + (t − 2) j
2
20. x = 2 cos t , y = 2 sin t , z = t z
7
x2 y2 29. x 2 + y 2 = 25
+ =1
4 4
Let x = 5 cos t , then y = 5 sin t.
z = t
Circular helix r(t ) = 5 cos ti + 5 sin tj
−3 y
3 3
x x2 y2
30. − =1
16 4
21. x = 2 sin t , y = 2 cos t , z = e−t z Let x = 4 sec t , y = 2 tan t.
6
r(t ) = 4 sec ti + 2 tan tj
2 2
x + y = 4
−t
z = e
31. z = x 2 + y 2 , x + y = 0
Let x = t , then y = − x = −t z
−3
3 3
y
and z = x 2 + y 2 = 2t 2 . ( 2, − 2, 4 ) 5 (− 2, 2, 4)
x
So, x = t , y = −t , z = 2t 2 .
2t3
22. x = t , y = t 2 , z = 3 r (t ) = ti − tj + 2t 2k
−3
y = x2 , z = 2 x3 1 2 y
2 3
3 3
x
t −2 −1 0 1 2
x −2 −1 0 1 2 32. x 2 + y 2 = 4, z = x 2
x = 2 sin t , y = 2 cos t
y 4 1 0 1 4
z = x 2 = 4 sin 2 t
z − 16
3
− 23 0 2
3
16
3
π π π 3π
z t 0 π
6 4 2 4
6 )2, 4, 163 )
4 x 0 1 2 2 2 0
2
y 2 3 2 0 − 2 −2
2
x 5 y
−2 z 0 1 2 4 2 0
−4
−6 )− 2, 4, − 163 )
r (t ) = 2 sin ti + 2 cos tj + 4 sin 2 tk
z
23. u(t ) = r (t ) + 2k = 3t 2i + (t − 1) j + (t + 2)k
4
3 3 y
x
26. u(t ) = 3t i + (t − 1) j + 3tk
2
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Section 10.1 Vector-Valued Functions 621
33. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4, x + z = 2
34. x 2 + z 2 = 4, y 2 + z 2 = 4 z
3
Subtracting, you have x 2 − y 2 = 0 or y = ± x. (0, 0, 2)
1
( ) + (e−t sin t ) = e−2t = z 2
2 2
36. x 2 + y 2 = e−t cos t ln y = ln t → 0 as t → ∞.
t
z Hence, y → 1.
160
120
So, the limit is 0i + 0 j + k = k.
80
1 1
40
41. r(t ) = i + j
120 80
40
40
2t + 1 t
x 80
120
y 1
The function is not continuous at t = − and t = 0. So,
2
37. lim (ti + cos tj + sin tk ) = π i − j 1 1
t →π
r(t ) is continuous on the intervals − ∞, − , − , 0 ,
2 2
and (0, ∞).
1 − cos t
38. lim t 2i + 3tj + k = 0
t →0 t
42. r(t ) = ti + arcsin tj + (t − 1)k
1 − cos t sin t
because lim = lim = 0. Continuous on [−1, 1]
t →0 t t →0 1
( L'Hôpital's Rule)
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622 Chapter 10 Vector-Valued Functions
π π
Continuous on − + nπ , + nπ 3
2 2
44. r(t ) = 8, t, 3
t 1
−2
−1
Continuous on [0, ∞) 1
1
2 2 y
47. Answers will vary. Sample answer: (c) View from the z-axis: (0, 0, 20)
(x − 1) ( y − 2)
2 2
+ = 1, z = 4
9 25
(b) x = 4, y = −3 cos t + 1, z = 5 sin t + 2
(y − 1) ( z − 2)
2 2
+ = 1, x = 4
9 25
(c) x = 3 cos t − 1, y = −5 sin t − 2, z = 4
(x + 1) ( y + 2)
2 2
+ = 1, z = 4
9 25
(d) x = −3 cos 2t + 1, y = 5 sin 2t + 2, z = 4
(x − 1) ( y − 2)
2 2
+ = 1, z = 4
9 25
(a) and (d) represent the same graph
{
lim r(t ) × u(t ) = lim y1 (t ) z2 (t ) − y2 (t ) z1 (t ) i − x1 (t ) z2 (t ) − x2 (t ) z1 (t ) j + x1 (t ) y2 (t ) − x2 (t ) y1 (t )k
t →c t →c
}
= lim y1 (t ) lim z2 (t ) − lim y2 (t ) lim z1 (t ) i − lim x1 (t ) lim z2 (t ) − lim x2 (t ) lim z1 (t ) j
t → c t →c t →c t →c t → c t →c t →c t →c
+ lim x1 (t ) lim y2 (t ) − lim x2 (t ) lim y1 (t )k
t → c t →c t →c t →c
= lim x1 (t )i + lim y1 (t ) j + lim z1 (t )k × lim x2 (t )i + lim y2 (t ) j + lim z2 (t )k
t → c t →c t →c t → c t →c t →c
= lim r(t ) × lim u(t )
t →c t →c
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Section 10.1 Vector-Valued Functions 623
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624 Chapter 10 Vector-Valued Functions
( )
1. r(t ) = 1 − t 2 i + tj, t0 = 3 5. r(t ) = t 4i − 5tj
r′(t ) = 4t 3i − 5 j
x (t ) = 1 − t 2 , y ( t ) = t
y
r′
6. r(t ) = t i + (1 − t 3 ) j
4
x = 1 − y2 (−8, 3)
r 2
r(3) = − 8i + 3j 1
x r′(t ) = i − 3t 2 j
r′(t ) = − 2ti + j −16 −12 −8 −4 2 t
−2
r′(3) = − 6i + j 7. r (t ) = 3 cos3 ti + 2 sin 3 tj + k
−4
π
r′ = −i 9. r (t ) = e − t i + 4 j + 5tet k
2
r′(t ) = −e − t i + (5et + 5tet )k
r′(t0 ) is tangent to the curve at t0 .
r′(t ) = et , 2e 2t (1, 1)
1
r 12. r(t ) = arcsin t , arccos t , 0
r′(0) = 1, 2
x
1 2 3 1 1
r′(t ) = ,− ,0
r′(t0 ) is tangent to the curve at t0 .
2
1−t 1 − t2
3π 1 2
4. r (t ) = 2 cos ti + 2 sin tj + tk , t0 = 13. r (t ) = t 3i + t j
2 2
x 2 + y 2 = 4, z = t (a) r′(t ) = 3t 2i + tj
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Section 10.2 Differentiation and Integration of Vector-Valued Functions 625
1 2 1
17. r (t ) = t i − tj + t 3k
2 6
1 2
(a) r′(t ) = ti − j + t k
2
(b) r′′(t ) = i + tk
1 2 1
(c) r′(t ) ⋅ r′′(t ) = t (1) + ( −1)(0) + t (t ) = t + t 3
2 2
i j k
1 2
(d) r′(t ) × r′′(t ) = t −1 t
2
1 0 t
1
= ( − t )i − t 2 − t 2 j + k
2
1
= − ti − t 2 j + k
2
( )
18. r(t ) = t 3i + 2t 2 + 3 j + (3t − 5)k
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626 Chapter 10 Vector-Valued Functions
i j k
(d) r′(t ) × r′′(t ) = t cos t t sin t 1
cos t − t sin t sin t + t cos t 0
= ( − sin t − t cos t )i + (cos t − t sin t ) j + (t cos t sin t + t 2 cos 2 t − t sin t cos t + t 2 sin 2 t )k
= ( − sin t − t cos t )i + (cos t − t sin t ) j + t 2k
= − sin t − t cos t , cos t − t sin t , t 2
i j k
(d) r′(t ) × r′′(t ) = − e − t 2t 2
sec t
e−t 2 2 sec 2 t tan t
= 2t ( 2 sec 2 t tan t ) − 2 sec 2 t i − − 2e − t sec 2 t tan t − e − t sec 2 t j + − 2e − t − 2te − t k
= 4t sec 2 t tan t − 2 sec 2 t i + 2e − t sec 2 t tan t + e − t sec 2 t j − 2e− t + 2te− t k
21. r(t ) = t 2i + t 3 j 2t 2t 2
23. r(t ) = i + j
r′(t ) = 2ti + 3t 2 j 8 + t3 8 + t3
16 − 4t 3 32t − 2t 4
r′(0) = 0 r′(t ) = i + j
(t 3 + 8) (t 3 + 8)
2 2
nπ r′(t ) = i − 3 j + sec 2 tk ≠ 0
r′ = 0
2 π2n + 1
r is smooth for all t ≠ + nπ =
π.
nπ ( n + 1)π 2 2
Smooth on , , n any integer.
2 2 π π
Smooth on intervals of form − + nπ , + nπ ,
2 2
n is an integer.
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Section 10.2 Differentiation and In tegration of Vector-Valued Functions 627
d
(b) 3r (t ) − u(t ) = 3r′(t ) − u′(t )
dt
= 3(i + 3 j + 2tk ) − ( 4i + 2tj + 3t 2k )
= (3 − 4)i + (9 − 2t ) j + (6t − 3t 2 )k
= − i + (9 − 2t ) j + (6t − 3t 2 )k
d
(c) (5t )u(t ) = (5t )u′(t ) + 5u(t )
dt
= 5t ( 4i + 2tj + 3t 2k ) + 5( 4ti + t 2 j + t 3k )
d
(d) r (t ) ⋅ u(t ) = r(t ) ⋅ u′(t ) + r′(t ) ⋅ u(t )
dt
= (t )( 4) + (3t )( 2t ) + (t 2 )(3t 2 ) + (1)( 4t ) + (3)(t 2 ) + ( 2t )(t 3 )
= ( 4t + 6t 2 + 3t 4 ) + ( 4t + 3t 2 + 2t 4 )
= 8t + 9t 2 + 5t 4
d
(e) r (t ) × u(t ) = r (t ) × u′(t ) + r′(t ) × u(t )
dt
= 7t 3i + ( 4t 2 − 3t 3 ) j + ( 2t 2 − 12t )k + t 3i + (8t 2 − t 3 ) j + (t 2 − 12t )k
d
(f ) r ( 2t ) = 2r′( 2t )
dt
= 2 i + 3j + 2( 2t )k
= 2i + 6 j + 8tk
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628 Chapter 10 Vector-Valued Functions
1
26. r(t ) = ti + 2 sin tj + 2 cos tk , u(t ) = i + 2 sin tj + 2 cos t k
t
1
r′(t ) = i + 2 cos tj − 2 sin tk , u′(t ) = − 2 i + 2 cos tj − 2 sin tk
t
(a) r′(t ) = i + 2 cos tj − 2 sin tk
d
(b) 3r (t ) − u(t ) = 3r′(t ) − u′(t )
dt
1
= 3(i + 2 cos tj − 2 sin tk ) − − 2 i + 2 cos tj − 2 sin t k
t
1
= 3 + 2 i + (6 cos t − 2 cos t ) j + ( − 6 sin t + 2 sin t )k
t
1
= 3 + 2 i + 4 cos tj − 4 sin tk
t
d
(c) (5t )u(t ) = (5t )u′(t ) + 5u(t )
dt
1 1
= 5t − 2 i + 2 cos tj − 2 sin tk + 5 i + 2 sin tj + 2 cos tk
t t
5 5
= − i + 10t cos tj − 10t sin tk + i + 10 sin tj + 10 cos tk
t t
= 10(t cos t + sin t ) j + 10(cos t − t sin t )k
d
(d) r (t ) ⋅ u(t ) = r (t ) ⋅ u′(t ) + r′(t ) ⋅ u(t )
dt
1 1
= (t ) − 2 + ( 2 sin t )( 2 cos t ) + ( 2 cos t )( − 2 sin t ) + (1) + ( 2 cos t )( 2 sin t ) + ( − 2 sin t )( 2 cos t )
t t
1 1
= − + 4 sin t cos t − 4 sin t cos t + + 4 sin t cos t − 4 sin t cos t
t t
= 0(t ≠ 0)
d
(e) r(t ) × u(t ) = r(t ) × u′(t ) + r′(t ) × u(t )
dt
2 2
= − 4i + − 2 cos t + 2t sin t j + 2t cos t + 2 sin t k
t t
2 2
+ 4i + − sin t − 2 cos t j + 2 sin t − cos t k
t t
1 1 1 1
= 2 t − sin t − 2 + 1cos t j + 2 1 + 2 sin t + t − cos t k
t t t t
d
(f ) r( 2t ) = 2r′( 2t )
dt
= 2(i + 2 cos( 2t ) j − 2 sin ( 2t )k )
= 2i + 4 cos( 2t ) j − 4 sin ( 2t )k
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Section 10.2 Differentiation and In tegration of Vector-Valued Functions 629
27. r (t ) = ti + 2t 2 j + t 3k , u(t ) = t 4k
(a) r (t ) ⋅ u(t ) = t 7
i j k i j k
(ii) Alternate Solution: Dt r(t ) × u(t ) = r (t ) × u′(t ) × r′(t ) × u(t ) = t 2t 2
t + 1 4t 3t 2 = 12t 5i − 5t 4 j
3
0 0 4t 3 0 0 t4
i j k
(b) r(t ) × u(t ) = cos t sin t t = (t sin t − t )i − (t cos t ) j + cos tk
0 1 t
(i) Dt r (t ) × u(t ) = (t cos t + sin t − 1)i − (cos t − t sin t ) j − sin tk
(ii) Alternate Solution:
Dt r(t ) × u(t ) = r(t ) × u′(t ) + r′(t ) × u(t )
i j k i j k
= cos t sin t t + −sin t cos t 1 = (sin t + t cos t − 1)i + (t sin t − cos t ) j − sin tk
0 0 1 0 1 t
(4t i + 6tj − 4 )
t k dt = t 4i + 3t 2 j − 83 t 3 2k + C (Integration by parts)
3
30.
5t
(i + 4t j + 5t k ) dt = ti + t 4 j +
3
1 2 33. k + C
31. i + j − t 3 2k dt = ln t i + tj − t 5 2k + C ln 5
t 5
1
sec
2
34. ti + j dt = tan ti + arctan tj + C
1 + t 2
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630 Chapter 10 Vector-Valued Functions
1
(e sin t i + cot tj) dt = − (cos t + sin t )e − t i + ln sin t j + k + C
−t
36.
2
(Note: Integration by parts needed for the first integral. Also, you could combine the constants k + C. )
1
1 1 t 2 1
+ tj − k ) dt = 4t 2i + j − [tk ]0 = 4i + j − k
1
37. 0 (8ti 0 2
0 2
π 2 π 2
38. 0 (5 cos ti + 6 sin tj + k ) dt = [5 sin ti − 6 cos tj + tk ]0
π
= 5i + k − ( − 6 j)
2
π
= 5i + 6 j + k
2
2
2
(ti + et j − tet k ) dt = t2 i + et j 0 − (t − 1)et k 0 = 2i + (e2 − 1) j − (e2 + 1)k
2 2 2
39. 0 0
40. ti + t 2 j = t 2 + t 4 = t 1 + t 2 for t ≥ 0
3
1 + t 2 dt = 13 (1 + t 2 ) = (103 2 − 1)
3 3 32
0 ti + t 2 j dt = 0 t 0
1
3
1 2
42. r′(t ) = − 32 j dt = −32tj + C1 r(t ) = 1 − e −t i + (e −t − 2) j + (t + 1)k
2
r′(0) = C1 = 600 3i + 600 j 2 − e−t 2
= i + (e −t − 2) j + (t + 1)k
r′(t ) = 600 3i + (600 − 32t ) j 2
r (t ) = 600 3i + (600 − 32t ) j dt
1 1 1 1
44. r(t ) = i + j + k dt = arcsin ti − j + ln tk + C
1 − t2 t2 t t
π π
r(1) = i − j + C = 2i C = 2 − i + j
2 2
π 1
r(t ) = arcsin t + 2 − i + 1 − j + ln t k
2 t
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Section 10.2 Differentiation and In tegration of Vector-Valued Functions 631
45. At t = t0 , the graph of u(t ) is increasing in the x, y, 47. Let r(t ) = x(t )i + y(t ) j + z (t )k. Then
and z directions simultaneously. cr(t ) = cx(t )i + cy(t ) j + cz(t )k and
0 (4t − 3t ) dt
1 1 1
0 f (t ) ⋅ g(t ) dt = 2t 2 − t 3 = 1
2
=
0
1
1 1 t 2 3t 2 1 3
0 f (t ) dt = 0 (ti + 3tj) dt = i+ j = i + j
2 2 0 2 2
1
1 1 t2 1
0 g(t ) dt = 0 (4i − tj) dt = 4ti − j = 4i − j
2 0 2
0 0
1
49. Let r(t ) = x(t )i + y(t ) j + z (t )k , then w(t )r(t ) = w(t ) x(t )i + w(t ) y(t ) j + w(t ) z(t )k.
d
w(t )r(t ) = w(t ) x′(t ) + w′(t ) x(t ) i + w(t ) y′(t ) + w′(t ) y(t ) j + w(t ) z′(t ) + w′(t ) z (t )k
dt
= w(t ) x′(t )i + y′(t ) j + z′(t )k + w′(t ) x(t )i + y (t ) j + z (t )k = w(t )r′(t ) + w′(t )r(t )
{ }
= y1 (t ) z2′ (t ) − z1 (t ) y2′ (t ) i − x1 (t ) z2′ (t ) − z1 (t ) x2′ (t ) j + x1 (t ) y2′ (t ) − y1 (t ) x2′ (t )k
{ }
+ y1′ (t ) z2 (t ) − z1′ (t ) y2 (t ) i − x1′ (t ) z2 (t ) − z1′ (t ) x2 (t ) j + x1′ (t ) y2 (t ) − y1′ (t ) x2 (t )k
= r(t ) × u′(t ) + r′(t ) × u(t )
51. Let r(t ) = x(t )i + y(t ) j + z(t )k. Then r ( w(t )) = x( w(t ))i + y ( w(t )) j + z ( w(t ))k and
d
r( w(t )) = x′( w(t )) w′(t )i + y′( w(t )) w′(t ) j + z′( w(t )) w′(t )k (Chain Rule)
dt
= w′(t ) x′( w(t ))i + y′( w(t )) j + z′( w(t ))k = w′(t )r′( w(t )).
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632 Chapter 10 Vector-Valued Functions
52. Let r(t ) = x(t )i + y(t ) j + z (t )k. Then r′(t ) = x′(t )i + y′(t ) j + z′(t )k.
r(t ) × r′(t ) = y(t ) z′(t ) − z (t ) y′(t ) i − x(t ) z′(t ) − z (t ) x′(t ) j + x(t ) y′(t ) − y(t ) x′(t )k
d
r(t ) × r′(t ) = y(t ) z′′(t ) + y′(t ) z′(t ) − z (t ) y′′(t ) − z′(t ) y′(t ) i − x(t ) z′′(t ) + x′(t ) z′(t ) − z (t ) x′′(t ) − z′(t ) x′(t ) j
dt
+ x(t ) y′′(t ) + x′(t ) y′(t ) − y(t ) x′′(t ) − y′(t ) x′(t )k
= y(t ) z′′(t ) − z (t ) y′′(t ) i − x(t ) z′′(t ) − z (t ) x′′(t ) j + x(t ) y′′(t ) − y(t ) x′′(t )k = r(t ) × r′′(t )
{
= x1′ (t ) y2 (t ) z3 (t ) − y3 (t ) z2 (t ) + y1′ (t ) − }
x2 (t ) z3 (t ) + z2 (t ) x3 (t ) + z1′ (t ) x2 (t ) y3 (t ) − y2 (t ) x3 (t )
{ }
+ x1 (t ) y2′ (t ) z3 (t ) − y3 (t ) z2′ (t ) + y1 (t ) − x2′ (t ) z3 (t ) + z2′ (t ) x3 (t ) + z1 (t ) x2′ (t ) y3 (t ) − y2′ (t ) x3 (t )
+ {x (t ) y (t ) z ′ (t ) − y ′ (t ) z (t ) + y (t ) − x (t ) z ′ (t ) + z (t ) x ′ (t ) + z (t ) x (t ) y ′ (t ) − y (t ) x ′ (t )}
1
2 3 3 2
1 2 3 2
3
1 2 3 2
3
= r′(t ) ⋅ u(t ) × v(t ) + r(t ) ⋅ u′(t ) × v(t ) + r (t ) ⋅ u(t ) × v′(t )
π
Maximum of r ′′(t ) is 3, t = .
2
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Section 10.3 Velocity and Acceleration 633
r′′(t ) = ( −et sin t + et cos t + et sin t + et cos t )i + (et cos t − et sin t − et sin t − et cos t ) j = 2et cos ti − 2et sin tj
r(t ) ⋅ r′′(t ) = 2e 2t sin t cos t − 2e 2t sin t cos t = 0
π
57. (a) t = : both components positive
4
5π
t = : x-component negative, y -component positive
6
5π
t = : x-component positive, y -component negative
4
(b) No. There is a cusp when t = 0, at (1, 0).
r (t ) = 2
d
r (t ) = 0
dt
r′(t ) = −sin t i + cos t j
r′(t ) = 1
v(1) = 3i + j, a(1) = 0 v( 2) = 4i + j, a( 2) = 2i
(c) x = 3t , y = t − 1 (c) x = t 2 , y = t
x x = y 2 , parabola
y = − 1, line
3 y
y
4
v
2 (4, 2)
v 2 a
(3, 0)
x
4 6 x
2 4 6 8
−2
−2
−4 −4
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634 Chapter 10 Vector-Valued Functions
π
( )
3
(b) At 2, 2 ,t = . v
( 2, 2)
4
a
π x
v = − 2i + 2j −3 3
4
π
a = − 2i − 2j −3
4
v(π ) = 2, 0 , a(π ) = 0, −1
π 2π
1 2
6. r (t ) = ti + t 2 j + t k, t = 4 (b) v(0) = i − j
2
9 1
(a) v(t ) = r′(t ) = i + 2tj + tk a ( 0) = − k = − k
93 2 3
Speed = v(t ) = 1 + 4t 2 + t 2 = 1 + 5t 2
a(t ) = r′′(t ) = 2 j + k
(b) v( 4) = i + 8 j + 4k
a( 4) = 2 j + k
(b) v(π ) = 4, 0, − 3
a(π ) = 0, 3, 0
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Section 10.3 Velocity and Acceleration 635
= et 3
a(t ) = r′′(t )
= et cos t − et sin t − et sin t − et cos t , et sin t + et cos t + et cos t − et sin t , et
(b) v(0) = 1, 1, 1
a(0) = 0, 2, 1
1 2
a ( 3) = − , , 36
3 3
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636 Chapter 10 Vector-Valued Functions
v (t ) = (e i − 8k ) dt
t
= et i − 8tk + C
v(0) = i + C = 2i + 3 j + k C = i + 3 j + k
v(t ) = (et + 1)i + 3 j + (1 − 8t )k
r (t ) = (e + 1)i + 3 j + (1 − 8t )k dt
t
= (et + t )i + 3tj + (t − 4t 2 )k + C
r(0) = i + C = 0 C = −i
r(t ) = (et + t − 1)i + 3tj + (t − 4t 2 )k
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Section 10.3 Velocity and Acceleration 637
1 v v
16. r(t ) = (v0 cos θ )ti + h + (v0 sin θ )t − gt 2 j = 0 ti + 1 + 0 t − 4.9t 2 j
2 2 2
v0 v
t = 100 when 1 + 0 t − 4.9t 2 = 1.
2 2
2
100 2 v0 100 2 100 2 1002 (9.8)
t = , − 4.9 = 0, 100 − = 0
v0 2 v0 v0 v02
x x2 4.9
y = (v0 sin θ ) − 4.9 2 2 + h = ( tan θ ) x − 2 sec2 θ x 2 + h
v0 cos θ v
0 cos θ v
0
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638 Chapter 10 Vector-Valued Functions
The projectile hits the ground when −4.9t 2 + 100( 12 )t + 1.5 = 0 t ≈ 10.234 seconds.
The maximum height is y = 1.5 + (100 sin 30°)(5.102) − 4.9(5.102) ≈ 129.1 meters.
2
50 tan 8° =
(4.9)( 2500) v02 =
(4.9)50 ≈ 1777.698 v ≈ 42.2 m sec
0
v02 cos 2 8° tan 8° cos 2 8°
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Section 10.3 Velocity and Acceleration 639
(b) If θ = 45°,
2
16 = (v cos θ )t = v t
2
2
8 = (v sin θ )t − 16t 2 = v t − 16t 2
2
122.5 122.5
From part (a), v 2 = = = 122.5 v ≈ 11.07 m sec.
( )( ) ( )
2
5 2 2 2 2 −3 2 2 1
Range: 70.673 m
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640 Chapter 10 Vector-Valued Functions
(
23. (a) r(t ) = t (v0 cos θ )i + tv0 sin θ − 4.9t 2 j ) (b) y (t ) = tv0 sin θ − 4.9t 2
v0 sin θ dy v sin θ
t (v0 sin θ − 4.9t ) = 0 when t = . = v0 sin θ − 9.8t = 0 when t = 0 .
4.9 dt 9.8
dx v2 π π v02 sin 2 θ
= 0 2 cos 2θ = 0 or 2θ = , θ = rad. =
dt 19.6
9.8 2 4
π
Maximum height when sin θ = 1, or θ = .
2
1 2 1
24. To find the range, set y (t ) = h + (v0 sin θ )t − gt = 0 then 0 = g t 2 − (v0 sin θ )t − h. By the Quadratic Formula,
2 2
(discount the negative value)
v (t ) = 2bω 1 − cos(ω t )
a(t ) = bω 2
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Section 10.3 Velocity and Acceleration 641
a(t ) is a negative multiple of a unit vector from (0, 0) to (cos ω t , sin ω t ) and so a(t ) is directed toward the origin.
30. a(t ) = bω 2 cos(ω t )i + sin (vt ) j = bω 2 36. r(t ) = x(t )i + y(t ) j + z(t )k Position vector
and v(t ) = 8t 2 .
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