ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

EEPW 2320
INSTRUMENTATION & MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES
LOG REPORT FOR EXPERIMENT #1

A STUDY ON MULTIMETER

Name of Student

Section Student ID :

Semester 3/2021-22 Specialization: Electrical Engineering

Date of Experiment

1
 Experiment No. 1

A STUDY ON MULTIMETER
Aim: a) To measure resistance, voltage, current using Digital Multimeters
b) To test a diode and transistor using digital Multimeters
c) To draw the graph between true value (resistance) and % error

Introduction:
Multimeters are very useful test instruments.
Multimeters can be used as an ammeter, a voltmeter, an ohmmeter; by operating a multi-position knob
on the meter. They can measure DC as well as AC (but you shall rarely require measuring an AC quantity
in robotics). There are also special functions in a Multimeter like ‘Detecting a Short Circuit’, testing
transistors and some have additional features for measuring capacitance & frequency.

Types of Multimeters:
They are available in two types in market:
1) Analog Multimeter
 Analogue meters take a little power from the circuit under test to operate their pointer (a hand
like in a clock to indicate the reading).
 They must have a high sensitivity of at least 20k Ω/V or they may upset the circuit under test
and give an incorrect reading.
2) Digital Multimeter
 All digital meters contain a battery to power the display so they use virtually no power from
the circuit under test.
 They have a digital display.
 There are three sockets of wire, the black lead is always connected into the socket marked
COM, short form for COMMON. The red lead is connected into the socket labeled V mA.
 The 10A socket is very rarely used.

Resistance Measurement

1. Connect the positive (red) test lead to the ‘V’ jack socket and the negative (black) lead to the
‘COM’ jack socket.
2. Set the selector switch to the desired ‘OHM Ω’.
3. If the resistance to be measured is a part of a circuit, turn off the power and discharge all
capacitors before measurement.
4. Connect the test leads to the circuit to be measured.
5. The resistance value should now appear on the digital display.
2
Measurement Voltage (D.C. / A.C.)

1. Connect the positive (red) test lead to the ‘V’ jack socket and the negative (black) lead to the
‘COM’ jack socket.
2. Set the selector switch to the desired mV D.C./D.C.V/A.C.V range.
3. Connect the test leads to the circuit to be measured.
4. Turn on the power to the circuit to be measured, the voltage value should appear on the digital
display along with the voltage polarity (if reversed only).

Current Measurement
1. Connect the positive(red) test lead to the ‘mA’ jack socket and the negative(black) lead to the
‘COM’ jack socket(for measurements up to 200mA).
2. For measurements between 200mA and 10A connect the red test lead to the ‘10mA’ socket.
3. Set the selector switch to the desired µA/mA/A range.
4. Open the circuit to be measured and connect the test leads in SERIES with the load in which
current is to be measured.
5. To avoid blowing an input fuse, use the 10A jack until you are sure that the current is less than
300 mA.
Continuity Test
This mode is used to check if two points are electrically connected. It is often used to verify
connectors. If continuity exists (resistance less than 210 ohms), the beeper sounds continuously.

1. Connect the positive (red) test lead to the ‘V’ jack socket and the negative (black) lead to the
‘COM’ jack socket.
2. Set the selector switch to the position.
3. Connect the test leads to two points of the circuit to be tested. If the resistance is Ohms the buzzer
will sound.
4. If the resistance to be measured is part of a circuit, turn off the power and discharge all capacitors
before measurement.

Diode Test

1. Connect the positive (red) test lead to the ‘V’ jack socket and the negative (black) lead to the
‘COM’ jack socket.
2. Set the selector switch to the position.
3. Connect the test leads to be measured.
3
4. Turn on the power to the circuit to be measured and the voltage value should appear on the digital
display
5. The diode should conduct and the meter will display a value (usually the voltage across the diode in
mV, 1000mV = 1V).
6. Reverse the connections. The diode should NOT conduct this way so the meter will display "off the
scale" (usually blank except for a 1 on the left).

Transistor Test
 Set a digital Multimeter to diode test and an analogue Multimeter
 To a low resistance range such as × 10 ohm as described above for testing a diode.
 Test each pair of leads both ways (six tests in total):
 The base-emitter (BE) junction should behave like a diode and conduct one way only.
 The base-collector (BC) junction should behave like a diode and conduct one way only.
 The collector-emitter (CE) should not conduct either way.

Circuit diagram:

Procedure :

4
Tabulation
Voltage = __________________V
.No Resistance(True) Current (A) Resistance Error % Error
Ω (calculated) Ω
1

Formulae used
Error = Actual value – True value
% Error = (Actual value – True value)*100/ (True value)

Model calculation :

Testing of diodes

S.No Type of Diode Junction details Voltage value Remarks

5
Testing of NPN/PNP Transistor

S.No Type of Junction Junction details Voltage value Remarks

Transistor
BE

BC

CE

Model graph

Conclusion:

6
7
8
 Engineering Department

EEPW 2320
Instrumentation & measurement Techniques

EXPERIMENT # 2

CALIBRATION OF WATTMETER USING VOLTMETER AND

AMMETER

Name of Student

Section Student ID :

Semester 3/2021-22 Specialization: Electrical Engineering

Date of Experiment

9
 Experiment No. 2
CALIBRATION OF WATTMETER USING VOLTMETER AND AMMETER

Aim:

To calibrate the given single phase wattmeter using standard voltmeter and ammeter. Draw the true
power Vs actual power and true power Vs % error.

Apparatus Required:

S.No. Name of the Apparatus Type / Spec Range / Value Qty

Theory
Calibration of wattmeter means standardizing of meter and finding out the error. A wattmeter is a
device that is constructed out of pressure coil and current coil. The pressure coil is connected in parallel
with the circuit, and current coil in series with the circuit. The current coil has low resistance connected
in series with the ammeter. There are Induction type (used in AC measurements only) and Dynamometer
type wattmeter (used in both AC & DC measurements).
Dynamometer or Electrodynamic type wattmeter is a moving-coil instrument, which indicates the
power both in ac and dc circuit.

Principle:
Whenever a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it is experienced by a
mechanical force. The operating torque is produced by a fixed coil (or electromagnet) but not by a
permanent magnet.

10
𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔

𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑉oltmeter 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥 𝐴mmeter 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 ,

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡h𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒,𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑝𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑦.

%𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = Actual 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟- True 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 × 100

True power

Procedure

Circuit diagram

11
 Tabulation
Load Ammeter Voltmeter Wattmeter Reading / True %Error
S.No.
Reading Reading Actual power Power

Model Calcualtion

Model graph

Conclusion:

12
13
 ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
EEPW 2320
INSTRUMENTATION & MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES
LOG REPORT FOR EXPERIMENT #3

CALIBRATION OF SINGLE PHASE ENERGY METER

Name of Student

Section Student ID :

Semester 3/2021-22 Specialization: Electrical Engineering

Date of Experiment

14
 Experiment No. 3
CALIBRATION OF SINGLE PHASE ENERGY METER
Aim: To calibrate single phase energy meter and to plot the graph for the following.
1. ETRUE versus EACT
2. ETRUE versus % Error
Apparatus Required:

S.No. Name of the Apparatus Type / Spec Range / Value Qty

Theory
The process of comparing of an instrument with standard or absolute instrument is called calibration.
The energy meter records the energy consumed in KWH.
Induction Type Energy meter is widely used for the measurement of energy consumed in domestic as
well as in industrial installations. Induction instruments possess lower friction and higher torque/weight
ratio. And these instruments cost less and are accurate over a wide range of loads and temperatures.
There are four main parts of the operating mechanism. (i) Driving System. (ii) Moving System. (iii)
Braking System. (iv) Registering Mechanism.
Principle of Operation: The pressure and current coils of shunt and series magnets produce two
alternating fluxes, one proportional to voltage and the other proportional to load currents. These two
fluxes when cut the disc induce eddy currents in it. The interaction of the fluxes with the eddy currents
sets up a torque on the disc causing it to rotate. The speed of the disc would then be proportional to the
power being measured.

Procedure

15
Circuit Diagram

Tabulation
S.No Load V(Volts) I (Amp) ETRUE N Time EACT % Error
(registered by Number of T (Actual energy
meter) revolutions (Sec) consumed)

16
Formulae used
Energy meter constant K =600 units/KWh
Energy registered by energy meter
ETRUE = (number of revolutions / meter constant) * 1000 Watt hour
Actual energy consumed during N revolutions
EACT = (V* I *T)/ 3600 Watt hour
% Error = ((EACT – ETRUE)/ ETRUE ) * 100
Model Calculations:

Model graph

Conclusion

17
18
 Engineering Department

EEPW 2320
Instrumentation & measurement Techniques

EXPERIMENT # 4

VOLTAGE, FREQUENCY AND PHASE

DISPLACEMENT MEASUREMENT USING
CATHODE RAY OSCILLOSCOPE

Name of Student

Section Student ID :

Semester 3/2021-22 Specialization:

Date of Experiment

19
 Experiment No. 4
Voltage and Frequency Measurement Using Cathode Ray Oscilloscope

Aim:

1. To measure voltage and frequency for sinusoidal waveform using CRO. Draw the amplitude versus
time waveforms for different frequencies.
2. To perform phase measurements by a) time difference method b) Lissajous figures using CRO and to
draw the waveforms.

Apparatus Required

S.No. Description Quantity

1.
2.
3.
4

Theory
CRO is used for studying wave shapes of alternating currents and voltages as well as for measurement of
voltage, current, power and frequency.

Its reliability, stability, and ease of operation make it suitable as a general purpose laboratory instrument. The
CRO basically is an electron beam voltmeter.

Actually cathode ray oscilloscope is very fast X-Y plotters that can display an input signal versus time or
other signal.

Cathode ray oscilloscope uses luminous spot which is produced by striking the beam of electrons and this
luminous spot moves in response variation in the input quantity.

The main part of cathode ray oscilloscope is cathode ray tube which is also known as the heart of cathode ray
oscilloscope.

20
Basically the cathode ray tube consists of five main parts and these main parts are written below:
1. Electron gun, 2. Deflection plate system, 3. Fluorescent screen, 4. Glass envelope, 5. Base.

Measurement of Voltage Using CRO:

A voltage can be measured by noting the Y deflection produced by the voltage; using this deflection in
conjunction with the Y-gain setting, the voltage can be calculated as follows:
V = (number of squares in cm.) x (selected Volts/cm scale)
Measurement of Frequency Using a CRO:
A simple method of determining the frequency of a signal is to estimate its periodic time from the trace on
the screen of a CRT.
To calculate the frequency of the observed signal, one has to measure the period, i.e. the time taken for 1
complete cycle.
The period could be calculated by
T = (number of squares in cm) x (selected Time/cm scale)
Once the period T is known, the frequency is given by
f (Hz)= 1/T(sec)
Measurement of Phase:
The calibrated time scales can be used to calculate the phase shift between two sinusoidal signals of the same
frequency. If a dual trace or beam CRO is available to display the two signals simultaneously ( one of the
signals is used for synchronization), both of the signals will appear in proper time perspective and the amount
of time difference between the waveforms can be measured.
This, in turn can be utilized to calculate the phase angle, between the two signals.

21
Referring to figure, the phase shift can be calculated by the formula;
Phase shift in cm.
 x 360
One period in cm.

Use of Lissajous Patterns to Calculate Phase Shift:

Lissajous patterns are obtained on the scope simultaneously by applying the two sinusoidal inputs to be
compared at the vertical and horizontal channels. The phase shift is then determined using measured values
taken from resulting Lissajous pattern. This pattern on the CRT screen may be either a straight line or a circle
or an ellipse depending on the amount of phase shift.

Lissajous Pattern

Circuit diagram

22
 Procedure

Tabulation
a) voltage and frequency measurement

S.No Frequency Amplitude(peak to peak) Time Calculated values

cm Volt/div Voltage cm Time/div Time frequency RMS

(volts) (seconds) voltage

b) Phase measurement

S.No Description Amplitude (peak to peak) Time

cm Volt/div Voltage cm Time/div Time

(volts) (seconds)

1 Input Voltage (Vin)

2 Voltage across R (VR)

3 Voltage across C (VC)

Phase shift in cm: ______________. One Time period: ____________________
C= ____________________. A= ____________________.

23
 Calculation

Conclusion

24
25
26
 Engineering Department

EEPW 2320
Instrumentation & measurement Techniques

EXPERIMENT # 5

WHEATSTONE BRIDGE

Name of Student

Section Student ID :

Semester 3/2021-22 Specialization: Electrical Engineering

Date of Experiment

27
 Experiment No. 5

Study of Wheatstone bridge

Aim

To measure the given medium resistance using Wheatstone bridge. Draw the graph between i) True
value Vs Actual value ii) True value Vs % Error

Apparatus Required

S.No. Name of the Apparatus Type / Spec Range / Value Qty

Theory
The most common and simplest bridge network to find the resistance is the DC Wheatstone Bridge.
This bridge is used where small changes in resistance are to be measured like in sensor applications. This
bridge is used to find the unknown resistance very precisely by comparing it with a known value of resistances.
In this bridge null deflection method(Galvanometer) is used to find the resistance.

28
In diagram

• Resistances P and Q are fixed resistances and they form the ratio arm of bridge. ( 1 : 1 or 10 : 1 or 100 : 1
ratio).

• R is the standard continuously variable resistance (1 ohm to 1 kΩ or 1 ohm to 10k Ω).

• S is the unknown resistance to be measuredBy continuously adjusting the variable resistance (R), the
potential at point D can be made exactly equal to potential at point B.

• Under this situation, no current flows through the galvanometer and the bridge is said to be in condition of
balance.

Therefore, VB – VD = 0 or VB = VD

Let current I1 flows through resistances P and Q (I1= I3)

and I2 flows through resistances R and S. (I2= I4)

When Bridge is in balanced condition and the potential of point B is equal to potential of point D.

VAB = VAD or I1P = I2 R

Similarly, VBC = VCD or I1Q = I2S .

Dividing above eqns [I1P / I1Q] = [I2R / I2S] or [P /Q] = [R /S]

Circuit Diagram:

29
Procedure:

TABULAR COLUMN:
Supply Voltage= ___________ V ; P =________; Q =__________;
S.NO True Variable Actual Error % Error
value resistance value
R () S () R ()
1

Formulae Used:
Calculated (R) = (P/Q) S ()

Where P, Q - known resistance. S - Variable resistance

R – unknown resistance

30
Error = (Actual value – True value)

%Error = 100 * (Actual value – True value)/ (True value)

Calculation:

Model graph

Conclusions

31
32
 Engineering Department

EEPW 2320

Instrumentation & measurement Techniques

EXPERIMENT # 6

Determine Sensitivity and Time Constant of Temperature

Control System

Name of Student

Section Student ID :

Semester 3/2021-22 Specialization: Electrical Engineering

Date of Experiment

33
 Experiment No.6

Determine Time Constant of Temperature Control System

Aim
To study and analyze temperature control system and to plot the characteristics of the heating and cooling
process.
Equipment used Module No. G34/EV, Electronica Veneta
Theory
This transducer is widely used in industrial applications for temperature measurement. Thermocouple is active
transducer because there is no need of voltage source and transducer bridge circuitry. The operation of
Thermocouple is based on see beck effect When two dissimilar metals A & B are joined together to form a
closed circuit and the junctions J1 and J2 are kept at two different temperatures , then an e.m.f. is generated
resulting flow of current in the loop or circuit. The two junctions in the loop are reference or cold junction
which is generally kept at 00C and the other is hot junction at which the temperature is to be measured(ToC).
The material used in the Thermocouple probe is:
1. Iron – Constantan (Type J)
2. Copper – Constantan (Type T)
3. Chromel – Alumel (Type K)

To find time constant and sensitivity

The time constant is defined as the time required by a sensor to reach 63.2% of a step change in
temperature.
Response to a sudden change in surrounding temperature is exponential and is described by the following
equation

T  Tm  (Tm  To ) e  t /  
Where T is sensor temperature, Tm is the surrounding medium temperature, T0 is the initial sensor

temperature, t is the time and  is the time constant.

34
Rearrange the above equation

ln((T  Tm ) /(To  Tm ))  t / 

By plotting ln((T  Tm ) /(To  Tm )) Vs t, time constant is obtained  = - (1/slope)

Circuit diagram

Procedure: (Heating)

35
 Tabulation
Set point voltage = ___________ V Tm = 100o C

Sr. No.
Reference
Temperat
Digital
Temperat
Voltage in
Time in
minutes - ln((T  Tm ) /(To  Tm ))
volts
ure ure in 0C

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.
6.
7.
Procedure(Cooling)

Tabulation Set point voltage = ___________ V Tm = 100o C

Sr. No.
Reference
Temperat
Digital
Temperat
Voltage in
Time in
minutes - ln((T  Tm ) /(To  Tm ))
volts
ure ure in 0C

1.

2.
3.

4.

5.
6.
7.
36
Calculation

Model graph
Heating Cooling

Conclusion:

37
38
 Engineering Department

EEPW 2320
Instrumentation & measurement Techniques
EXPERIMENT # 8

Passive Filters( LPF and HPF)

Name of Student

Section Student ID :

Semester 3/2021-22 Specialization: Electrical Engineering

Date of Experiment

39
 Experiment No. 8

Passive Filters
Aim:

To study the characteristics of passive filters and to plot a graph of the gain in db against the frequency in
semi log graph sheet.

Apparatus Required

S.No. Name of the Apparatus Type / Spec Range / Value Qty

Theory

A filter is a device that changes the amplitude (height) of an AC voltage (a voltage in the form of a sine wave)
as the frequency of the input voltage changes.

Input
Output
FILTER
Vin
Vout

There are several types of filters,

A low-pass filter is a filter that allows a signal of a low frequency to pass through it. Consequently, it
attenuates (reduces) the amplitude of an input signal whose frequency is higher than the cutoff frequency.
A high-pass filter is a filter that passes high frequencies well, but attenuates (or reduces) frequencies lower
than the cutoff frequency.
A band-pass filter is a device that passes frequencies within a certain range and rejects (attenuates) frequencies
outside that range.
A band-rejection(NOTCH) filter is a device that rejects(attenuates) frequencies within a certain range and
passes frequencies outside that range.

40
LOW-PASS FILTER
Figure shows a simple low-pass filter consisting of a resistor and a capacitor, which should be constructed on
the breadboard. Notice that the input is connected in series with the resistor, and the output is the voltage
across the capacitor. The input and output have one common terminal, which is the low (ground, or reference)
side of each.

The reactance of a capacitor varies inversely with frequency, while the value of the resistor remains constant
as the frequency changes. At low frequencies the capacitive reactance, ( XC ) of the capacitor will be very
large compared to the resistive value of the resistor, R. This means that the voltage potential, VC across the
capacitor will be much larger than the voltage drop, VR developed across the resistor. At high frequencies the
reverse is true with VC being small and VR being large due to the change in the capacitive reactance value.

From graph mark off 70.7% (-3db) of maximum gain, and note down the corresponding cutoff frequency, fc.
The cutoff frequency can also be calculated from values of the components in the circuit, i.e. the resistor R
and the capacitor C, using the following formula.
1
fc  Hz
2 πRC
Calculate the cutoff frequency using the above formula, and account for any differences between the
calculated value and the measured value.

41
HIGH-PASS FILTER

Figure shows an RC network that behaves as a high-pass filter. Notice that the high-pass filter is the same as
the low-pass filter, but with the positions of the resistor and capacitor interchanged. Here the input is in series
with the capacitor and the output voltage is taken across the resistor. In this circuit arrangement, the reactance
of the capacitor is very high at low frequencies so the capacitor acts like an open circuit and blocks any input
signals at VIN until the cut-off frequency point ( ƒC ) is reached. Above this cut-off frequency point the
reactance of the capacitor has reduced sufficiently as to now act more like a short circuit allowing all of the
input signal to pass directly to the output.

Circuit Diagram

42
Procedure

Tabulation: Low pass filters

Vin p-p = _____________V

Sl.no Frequency V0 p-p Gain A= Gain in db

( ) ( ) (V0 p-p / Vin p-p) 20 log(A)
( db )

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

43
Tabulation: High pass filters
Vin p-p = _____________V

Sl.no Frequency V0 p-p Gain A= Gain in db

( ) ( ) (V0 p-p / Vin p-p) 20 log(A)
( db )

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Calculations

Conclusions

44
45
46
 ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

EEPW2320
Instrumentation & Measurement Techniques

LOG REPORT OF EXPERIMENT # 7

The Characteristics of Tacho-Generator Sensor

for speed measurement

Name of Student

Section Student ID :

Semester 3/2021-20 Specialization: Electrical Engineering

Date of Experiment

47
 Experiment No. 7

Study of Tacho-Generator Sensor

Aim To plot the characteristic curve of the Tacho-generator

Equipment used Module No. G36A/EV and TY36A/EV, Electronica Veneta
Theory
An electromechanical generator is a device capable of producing electrical power from mechanical energy,
usually the turning of a shaft.

When not connected to a load resistance, generators will generate voltage roughly proportional to shaft
speed. With precise construction and design, generators can be built to produce very precise voltages for
certain ranges of shaft speeds, thus making them well-suited as measurement devices for shaft speed in
mechanical equipment. A generator specially designed and constructed for this use is called
a tachometer or Tachogenerator.

Tachogenerator can also indicate the direction of rotation by the polarity of the output voltage. When a
permanent-magnet DC generator’s rotational direction is reversed, the polarity of its output voltage will
be negative. In measurement and control systems where directional indication is needed, Tachogenerator
provide an easy way to determine that.

Tachogenerator are frequently used to measure the speeds of electric motors, engines, and the equipment
they power: conveyor belts, machine tools, mixers, fans, etc.

Circuit Diagram

48
Procedure

Tabulation Model Graph

Speed in RPM Voltage output
Anti-
Direction Clockwise
clockwise

Conclusion

49
50