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SQL PLSQL

This document provides an overview of database management system concepts, relational database management systems, SQL commands and functions, database objects, integrity constraints, joins, subqueries, PL/SQL programming, advanced PL/SQL features, database triggers, file input/output, object technology, large objects, collections, Oracle database architecture, and advanced Oracle features. It covers topics ranging from database models and SQL to stored procedures, functions, packages, exceptions and database administration.

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SQL PLSQL

Uploaded by

PrashanthPatro

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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Introduction to DBMS

 Approach to Data Management

 Introduction to prerequisites
 File and Filesystem
 Disadvantages of file
 Review of Database Management Terminology
 Database Models
 Hierarchal Model
 Network Model
 Relational Model

Introduction to RDBMS

 Feature of RDBMS
 Advantages of RDBMS over FMS ad DBMS
 The 12 rules (E.F Codd’s Rules –RDBMS)
 Need for Database Design
 Support of Normalization Process for Data Management
 Client-Server Technology
 Oracle Corporation Products
 Oracle Versions
 About SQL&SQL*PLUS

Sub Language Commands

 Data Definition Language (DDL)

 Data Retrieval Language (DRL)
 Data Manipulation Language (DML)
 Transaction Control Language (TCL)
 Database Security and Privileges (DCL)

Introduction to SQL Database Object

 Oracle Pre Defined Datatypes

 DDL Commands
 Create, Alter (add, modify, rename, drop)Columns, Rename, truncate, drop
 DML-Insert, update, delete
 DQL-SELECT Statements using WHEREclause
 Comparison and Conditional Operators
 Arithmetic and Logical Operators
 Set Operators (UNION, UNION ALL, INTERSECT, MINUS)
 Special Operators – IN (NOT IN), BETWEEN (NOT BETWEEN), LIKE (NOT LIKE), IS NULL (IS NOT NULL)
 Working with DML, DRL Commands
 Operators Support

Built-in Functions
 Arithmetic Functions, Character Functions, Date Functions, Conversion Functions
 Aggregate Functions, OLAP Functions & General Functions

Grouping the Result of a Query

 Using Group by and Having Clause of DRL Statement

 Using Order by clause

Working with Integrity Constraints

 Importance of Data Integrity

 Support of Integrity Constraints for Relating Table in RDBMS
 NOT NULL constraint
 UNIQUE constraint
 PRIMARY KEY constraint
 FOREIGN KEY constraint
 CHECK constraint

 Working with different types of Integrity Constraints

REF constraint

 Understanding ON DELETE clause in referential integrity constraint

 Working with a composite constraint
 Applying DEFAULT option to columns
 Working with multiple constraints upon a column
 Adding constraints to a table
 Dropping of constraints
 Enabling / Disable constraints
 Querying for constraints information

Querying Multiple Tables (Joins)

 Equi Join/Inner Join/Simple Join

 Cartesian Join
 Non-Equi Join
 Outer Joins
 Self Join

Working with Sub Queries

 Understanding the practical approach to Sub Queries/Nested Select/Sub Select/Inner Select/Outer Select
 What is the purpose of a Sub Query?
 Sub Query Principle and Usage
 Type of Sub Queries
 Single Row
 Multiple Row
 Multiple Column
 Applying Group Functions in Sub Queries
 The impact of Having Clause in Sub Queries
 IN, ANY/SOME, ALL Operators in Sub Queries
 PAIRWISE and NON PAIRWISE Comparison in Sub Queries
 Be … Aware of NULL’s
 Correlated Sub Queries
 Handling Data Retrieval with EXISTS and NOT EXISTS Operators

Working with DCL, TCL Commands

 Grant, Revoke
 Commit, Rollback, Savepoint
 SQL Editor Commands
 SQL Environment settings

Maintaining Database Objects

VIEWS in Oracle

 Understanding the Standards of VIEWS in Oracle

 Types of VIEWS
 Relational Views
 Object Views
 Prerequisites to work with views
 Practical approach of SIMPLE VIEWS and COMPLEX VIEWS
 Column definitions in VIEWS
 Using VIEWS for DML Operations
 In-Line View
 Forced Views
 Putting CHECK Constraint upon VIEWS
 Creation of READ ONLY VIEWS
 Understanding the IN LINE VIEWS
 About Materialized Views
 View Triggers

Working with Sequences

Working with Synonyms

Working with Index and Clusters

Creating Cluster Tables, Implementing Locks, working with roles

Pseudo Columns in Oracle

 Understanding Pseudo Columns in Oracle
 Types of Pseudo Columns in Oracle
 CURRVAL and NEXTVAL
 LEVEL
 ROWID
 ROWNUM

Data Partitions and Parallel Process

 Types of Partitions
 Range Partitions
 Hash Partitions
 List Partition
 Composite Partition
 Parallel Query Process

Locks

 Row level Locks

 Table Level Locks
 Shared Lock
 Exclusive Lock
 Dead Lock

SQL * Loader

 SQL * Loader Architecture

 Data file (Input Datafiles)
 Control file
 Bad file
 Discard file
 Log file
 .txt to base table
 .csv to base table
 From more than one file to single table

PL-SQL (Procedure Language – SQL)

 Introduction to Programming Languages

 Introduction to PL/SQL
 The Advantages of PL/SQL
 PL/SQL Architecture
 PL/SQL Datatypes
 Variable and Constants
 Using Built_in Functions
 Conditional and Unconditional Statements
 Simple if, if… else, nested if..else, if..else Ladder
 Selection Case, Simple Case, GOTO Label and EXIT
 Iterations in PL/SQL
 Simple LOOP, WHILE LOOP, FOR LOOP and NESTED LOOPS
 SQL within PL/SQL
 Composite Data types (Complete)
 Cursor Management in PL/SQL
 Implicit Cursors
 Explicit Cursors
 Cursor Attributes
 Cursor with Parameters
 Cursors with LOOPs Nested Cursors
 Cursors with Sub Queries
 Ref. Cursors
 Record and PL/SQL Table Types

Advanced PL/SQL

 Procedures in PL/SQL
 STORED PROCEDURES
 PROCEDURE with Parameters (IN,OUT and IN OUT)
 POSITIONAL Notation and NAMED Notation
 Procedure with Cursors
 Dropping a Procedure
 Functions in PL/SQL
 Difference between Procedures and Functions
 User Defined Functions
 Nested Functions
 Using stored function in SQL statements
 Packages in PL/SQL
 Creating PACKAGE Specification and PACKAGE Body
 Private and Public Objects in PACKAGE

EXCEPTIONS in PL/SQL

Types of exceptions

 User-Defined Exceptions
 Pre Defined Exceptions
 RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR
 PRAGMA_AUTONOMOUS_TRANSACTION
 SQL Error Code Values

Database Triggers in PL/SQL

 Types of Triggers
 Row Level Triggers
 Statement Level Triggers
 DDL Triggers
 Trigger Auditing
File Input/Output

 PL/SQL file I/O (Input/Output)

 Using UTL_FILE Package

Implementing Object Technology

 What is Object Technology ?

 OOPS-Object Instances
 Creation of objects
 Creating User-Defined Data Types
 Creating Object Tables
 Inserting rows in a table using Objects
 Retrieving data from Object-based Tables
 Calling a Method
 Indexing Abstract Data type Attributes

Using LOBS

 Large Objects (LOBS)

 Creating Tables-LOB
 Working with LOB values
 Inserting, Updating & Deleting Values in LOBs
 Populating Lobis DBMS_LOB Routines
 Using B-FILE

Using Collections

 Advantages of collection
 Ref cursor (Dynamic Cursor)
 Weak ref cursor
 Strong ref cursor
 Nested Tables VARRAYS or VARYING arrays
 Creating tables using nested tables
 Inserting, updating & deleting Nested
 Table records
 Nested table in PL/SQL

Oracle Database Architecture

 Introduction to Oracle Database Architecture

 Physical structures Logical structures
 DB Memory Structures Background Process
 2 Tire, 3 Tire, N-Tier Architecture

Advanced Features
 9i Joines
 New Date function
 Rename column
 Inner Join/Natural Join
 Left Outer Join/Right Outer Join
 Full Outer Join
 Multiple Inserts
 Insert All Command
 Merge statement
 NVL2(), NULLIF(), COALESCE()
 CASE expression of Select Command
 Temporary Tables/Global Tables
 New Function EXTRACT()
 Autonomous Traction
 Pragma _ Autonomous_ Transaction()
 Bulk Collect
 About Flash Back Queries
 Dynamic SQL
 New data types, Flash back Command
 Purge Command, Recyclebin
 Regular expressions, DML Error Logging
 Data Pump, Virtual Columns
 Read only tables, Cross tab Views using
 Pivot/Unpivot operators, Follows Clause
 Compound triggers, New data types