Design values as per working sress method based on IS codes i.

e IS:456 - 2000
as per recommendation made on IS:456- 2000 vide clause 18.2.2 at page - 32
Design values s cbc ( permissible stress in concrete in bending compression) in N / mm
2
and s cc ( permmissible stress in concrete in direct compression) in N/mm 2 as per working stress method
based on table No.21 of IS:456 - 2000 at page - 81
Grade of Concrete M - 15 M - 20 M - 25 M - 30 M - 35 M - 40
Bending Stress (s cbc) 5.00 7.00 8.50 10.00 11.50 13.00
Direct Stress (s cc) 4.00 5.00 6.00 8.00 9.00 10.00
Modular Ratio ( m) =
18.67 13.33 10.98 9.33 8.12 7.18
280/3 scbc
Bond stress ( t bd in N/mm 2 in plain bars as per table 21 of IS: 456 - 2000 at page 81
Bond stress ( t bd in 0.60 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20
N/mm 2
Development Length of
58.00 44.00 39.00 35.00 32.00 29.00
bars in tension Ld/f
Bond stress (t bd in N/mm 2 in deformed bars conforming to IS : 1786 -1966, the values
increased @ 60 % of plain bars as recommeneded in IS:456 - 2000 at page - 80 Clause B 2.1.2 & bond
stress shall be increased by 25 % for bars in compression also refer table 6.2 of Treasure of RCC Designs
( Susheel Kumar) at page 128.

Bond stress in tension

0.96 1.28 1.44 1.60 1.76 1.92
( t bd in N/mm 2

t bd ) f
Bond stress in
compression( t bd in 0.75 1.00 1.13 1.25 1.38 1.50

Ld / f = s s/ ( 4
N/mm 2
Tensile stress in N/mm
2
(vide page 80 of 2.00 2.80 3.20 3.60 4.00 4.40
IS:456-2000)
Development Length of
68.00 52.00 46.00 41.00 37.00 34.00
bars in tension Ld/f

Development Length of bars in compression L d / f = s s/ ( 5 t bd ) f

Max.Shear stress ( t c max. in N/mm2) as per table - 24 of IS: 456 - 2000 at page 85
Shear stress ( t c max.in
1.60 1.80 1.90 2.20 2.30 2.50
N/mm 2 )
Compressive strength f ck
( in N / m2 ) after 28 days 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00

100 A s / bd
Permiissible shear stress in concrete t c in N/mm2 based on table 23 of IS: 456 -
2000 at page 84
≤ 0.15 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.20 0.20
0.25 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23
0.50 0.29 0.30 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.32
0.75 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.37 0.38
1.00 0.37 0.39 0.40 0.41 0.42 0.42
1.25 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.45 0.45 0.46
1.50 0.42 0.45 0.46 0.48 0.49 0.49
1.75 0.44 0.47 0.49 0.50 0.52 0.52
2.00 0.44 0.49 0.51 0.53 0.54 0.55
2.25 0.44 0.51 0.53 0.55 0.56 0.57
2.50 0.44 0.51 0.55 0.57 0.58 0.60
2.75 0.44 0.51 0.56 0.58 0.60 0.62
3 & above 0.44 0.51 0.57 0.60 0.62 0.63
As per Clause B.2.3 regarding increase in permissible sresses atpage 80 if IS:456-2000:
When stresses due wind (or earthquake) temperature and shrinkage effects are combined with those
specified in dead, live,and impact be inreased upto a limit of 33.33334 %. Wind & seismic forces need not
be considered as acting simultaneously.
One way Slab = When the ratio between length and breadth of the slab is more than two
Two way Slab = When the ratio between length and breadth of the slab is less than two
Permissible Stresses in Steel reinforcement for strength calculations per table 2 of IS:3370
(Part - II ) - 1965 ap Page - 8 :-
Permissible stress in Kg/cm2 or N/mm 2
Plain round MS bars High yeild strength deformed
conforming to grade I of IS: bars ( HYSD ) conforming to
Types of stress in steel reinforcement
482 (Part - I) - 1966 (with IS: 1786 -1979 or IS:1139 -
Fe 250) 1966 (with Fe 415)

1) Tensile stress in members under direct

1150.00 or 115.00 1500.00 or 115.00
tension (s s)
2) Tensile stress in members due to bending
(sst)
a) On liquid retaining face of members 1150.00 or 115.00 1500.00 or 150.00
b) On face away from liquid for members less
than 225 mm 1150.00 or 115.00 1500.00 or 150.00

c) On face away from liquid for members 225

mm or more thickness 1150.00 or 115.00 1900.00 or 190.00

3) Tensile stress in shear reinforcement (ssv)

a) For members less than 225 mm thickness 1150.00 or 115.00 1500.00 or 150.00
b) For members 225 mm or more thickness 1250.00 or 115.00 1750.00 or 175.00
4) Compressive stress in Columns subjected to
1250.00 or 115.00 1750.00 or 175.00
direct load (s sc)
Coefficient for bending moment and twisting moment in circular beams refer table 33.1 of
Treasure of RCC Designs ( Susheel Kumar) at page 1020 :-
Supports

Degree
Nos.of
S.NO

fm
Remarks
C1

C2

C3

1) 4.00 90.00 0.137 0.070 0.021 19.25

2) 5.00 72.00 0.108 0.054 0.014 15.25
3) 6.00 60.00 0.089 0.045 0.009 12.75
4) 7.00 51.43 0.077 0.037 0.007 10.75
5) 8.00 45.00 0.066 0.030 0.005 9.50
6) 9.00 40.00 0.060 0.027 0.003 8.50
7) 10.00 36.00 0.054 0.023 0.003 7.50
8) 12.00 30.00 0.045 0.017 0.002 6.25
Refer clause No. 6.1.1to 6.1.3 of vide page 7 of IS: 11682-1985 regarding O.H. tanks :
For tanks upto 50 Cum capacity may be square or circular in shape and supported on staging three
or four columns, above 50 to 200 Cum may be square or circular in shape and supported on staging four
columns and for capacity above 200 Cum & upto 800 Cum the tanks may be square, rectangular, circular
or intze type tank.The numbers of columns to be adopted shall be decided based on the columns spacing,
which normally lie between 3.60 to 4.50 mtr. For circular, intze or conical tanks, a shaft supporting
structrures may also be provided.

Shaft type staging (Refer clause No.8 vide page No.20 & 21 of IS:11682-1985) : The
tower be in the form of single shaft circular or polygonal in plan & be also taperong.The minimum thickness
of concrete shell for staging shall be 150 mm.upto 6.00 mtr.span.Beyond six mtr.span,the minimum
thickness in mm shall be 150 + ( D-6000)/120), where D is the internal diameter of concrete shall in mm

Reinforcement in shell:- Minimum vertical reinforcement shall be 0.25 percent for deformed
bars of the concrete area of the section and shall be provided in two layers, one near each face to make up
the minimum reiforcement.The minimum dia of longitudinal bars shall be 10 mm and the maximum centre to
centre distance of bars shall not exceed twice the thickness of shell nor 400 mm c/c in each layer.

Circumferential reinforcement :- The circumferential reinforcement shall not be less than 0.20
percent of concrete area in vertical section under consideration subject to a minimum of 4.00 cm 2 per metre
height.If the vertical reinforcement is provided in two layers, the circumferential reinforcement shall also be
provided in two layers and minimum reinforcement specified above shall be divided equally in each
layer.The spacing of bars shall not be less more than 300 mm or shell thickness, whichever is less.
percent of concrete area in vertical section under consideration subject to a minimum of 4.00 cm per metre
height.If the vertical reinforcement is provided in two layers, the circumferential reinforcement shall also be
provided in two layers and minimum reinforcement specified above shall be divided equally in each
layer.The spacing of bars shall not be less more than 300 mm or shell thickness, whichever is less.

Permissible Stresses in Steel reinforcement (Table 22 of IS 456 - 2000 at page 82 ) :-

Permissible stress in N/mm 2
Plain round MS bars High yeild strength deformed
conforming to grade I of IS: bars (HYSD) conforming to
Types of stress in steel reinforcement
482 (Part - I) - 1966 (with IS: 1786-1979 or IS:1139-
Fe 250) 1966 (with Fe 415)

i) Tension (s st or s sv)
190.00 230.00
a) Upto and including 20mm
b) Over 20 mm 130.00 230.00
ii) Compression in columns bars (s sc ) 130.00 190.00
iii) Compression in bars in a beams or slab The calculated compression stress in the surrounding
when the compressive resistance of concrete is conc.multiplied by1.50 times the modular ratio or s sc ,
taken into account. whichever is lower
iv) Compression in bars in a beams or slab
when the compressive resistance of concrete is
not taken into account
a) Upto and including 20mm 190.00 190.00
b) Over 20 mm 190.00 190.00
Notes :-
i) For high yeild srength deformed bars of grade Fe 500, the permissible stress in direct tension and
flexural tension shall be 0.55 f y.The permissible stress for shear and compression shall be as for grade Fe
415

ii) For welded wire fabric conforming to IS:1566, the permissible value in tension s st is 230 N/mm 2

The followings design constants i.e lever arm (j), Netural axis factor (k) & Moment of
resistance factor ( R) are worked out as under :-
Grade of Concrete M - 15 M - 20 M - 25 M - 30 M - 35 M - 40
High yeild strength deformed bars (HYSD) conforming to IS: 1786 - 1979 or IS:1139 -1966
s st of 230.00 in N/mm 2
Netural axis factor n/d
(k) i.e. m x s cbc / 0.289 0.289 0.289 0.289 0.289 0.289
( m x s cbc + s st)
Lever arm (j) i.e. 1 - k /
0.904 1.000 0.904 0.904 0.904 0.904
3
Moment of resistance
factor ( R ) i.e. 0.50 x s 0.653 1.012 1.110 1.306 1.502 1.698
cbc x j x k
s st of 190.00 in N/mm 2
Netural axis factor n/d
(k) i.e. m x s cbc / 0.329 0.329 0.329 0.329 0.330 0.329
( m x s cbc + s st)
Lever arm ( j ) i.e. 1 -
0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 1.000
k/3
Moment of resistance
factor ( R ) i.e. 0.50 x s 0.732 1.025 1.244 1.464 1.689 2.139
cbc x j x k
s st of 150.00 in N/mm 2
Netural axis factor n/d
(k) i.e. m x s cbc / 0.384 0.384 0.384 0.383 0.384 0.384
( m x s cbc + s st)
Lever arm (j) i.e. 1 - k /
0.872 0.872 0.872 0.872 0.872 1.000
3
Moment of resistance
factor ( R ) i.e. 0.50 x s 0.837 1.172 1.423 1.670 1.925 2.496
cbc x j x k
 0.837 1.172 1.423 1.670 1.925 2.496
cbc x j x k
DL = Dead Load scbc = Compressive Stress in concrete in bending.
LL = Live Load s st = Tensile stress in concrete.
TL = Total Load d e = Effective depth
Ast = Reinforcement required j = Lever arm.
M.K.S. system of units has been adopted with value of g = 9.81 mtr./Sec.
For water retaining stuctures, minimum reinforcement for 100 mm section is 0.24 % and
can be reduced to 0.16 % for 450 mm section, for different thickness (t) the reinfircement required as
per clause 7.1.1 of IS Code 3370 (Part II) is as under :-

Area of steel = (( 0.30 - 0.10 ( t - 100)/350)) x 0.80 x t / 100

In concrete section of thickness more than 225 mm, two layers of reinforcing steel has
been proposed, one near each face of the section as per clause 7.1.1 of IS code 3370 (Part - II)

Clear cover to reinforcement will be as follows :-

Footings: vide clause No.26.4.2.2 of IS:456-2000 at page 46 = 50 mm
Raft bottom : = 50 mm
Raft top : = 30 mm
Columns : vide table 16 A of IS:456-2000 at page 47 = 40 mm
Surfaces in contact with liquid = 30 mm
Wall outer faces = 25 mm
Beams in contact with liquid = 25 mm
Slabs not contact with liquid = 15 mm
Earth quake force :-
The earthquake force will be considered as per IS 1893 - 1984 = 0.05
Basic seismic coefficient = IV
Earth quake zone = 1.00
Coefficient "b" depending on soil condition = 1.50
Importance factor = 1.44
Horizontal seismic coefficient b I α O
Basic rules for the reinforcement on Columns :-
Based on IS: 456 - 2000 vide page 48 to 49 vide clause No.26.5.2.2 to 26.5.3.3
Longitudinal reinforcement: a) Min.0.80 % and maximum 6% of gross area
b) Nos of bars in Columns: i) In circular - minimum bars not less than 6.00 Nos. and 4.00 Nos. bars in
rectangular column.
c) Dia.of bars :- Not less than 12 mm f and maximum not more than 50 mm f
d) Clear cover :- 40 mm or dia.of bar, whichever is more.
Transverse reinforcement :-
a) Minimum dia i.e. 1/4 th of the dia.of largest longitudinal bars and not less than 5 mm.
b) Maximum dia of tie bars not more than 12 mm.
Pitch of Tie bars :-
a) Least lateral dimensions of the compression members
b) 16 times of smallest dia.of longitudinal reinforcement bar.
c) 300 mm
Spacing of lateral ties :-
The least spacing of lateral tie be 150 mm centre to centre and for the siprals, the minimum pitch shall
be 25 mm or 3 times dia.of helical reinforcement member,whichever is more.
Requirements of reinforcement for structural members :- vide clause No.26.5.1 of IS: 456 - 2000
vide page 46 to 47
Tension reinforcement in beams a) Minimum reinforcement in tension shall be as :
As / b d ≥ 0.40 / 0.87 x fy
Where
As = minimum area of tesion reinforcement
b = breadth of beam or the breadth of the web of T - beam
d = effective depth
fy = charactereristic strength of einforcement in N / mm2
b) Maximum reinforcement in tension shall be as:
The maximum area of tension reiforcement shall not exceed 0.04 b D
Compression reinforcement :- vide clause No.26.5.2 of IS: 456 - 2000 vide page 46 to 47
The maximum area of compression reiforcement shall not exceed 0.04 b D.Compression
 The maximum area of compression reiforcement shall not exceed 0.04 b D.Compression
reinforcement in beams shall be enclosed by stirrups for effective lateral restraint.
Side face reinforcement :- vide clause No.26.5.3 of IS: 456 - 2000 vide page 47
Where the depth of the web in a beam exceeds 750 mm, side face reinforcement shall be
provided along the two faces.The total area of such reinforcement shall be not less than 0.10 % of the
web area and shall be distributed equally on two faces at a spacing not exceeding 300 mm or web
thickness,whichever is less.
Maximum spacing of shear reinforcement :- vide clause No.26.5.1.5 vide page 47
The maximum spacing of shear reinforcement measured along the axis of the members shall not
exceed 0.75 d for vertical stirrups and d for inclined stirrups at 45 0, where d is the effective depth of the
section under consideration. In no case shall the spacing exceeds 300 mm.
Minimum shear reinforcement :- vide clause No.26.5.1.6 vide page 48
Minimum shear reinforcement in the form of sirrups shall be as :
Asv / b sv ≥ 0.40 / 0.87 x fy
Where
Asv = total cross sectional area of stirrups legs effective in shear
Sv = stirrups spacing along the length of the member
b = breadth of the beam or breadth of the web flanged beam
fy = charactereristic strength of the sirrups reinforcement in N / mm 2, which shall not be taken greater
than 415 N/mm2.
Minimum reinforcement :- vide clause No.26.5.2.1 vide page 48
The mild steel reinforcement in iether direction in slab shall not be less than 0.15% of the total
cross sectional area, However, this values can be reduced to 0.12 % when high strength deformed bars
or welded wire fabric are used.