Fundamentals of Electronic Communications Chapter 5: Angular Modulation

Intended Learning Outcomes

1. To describe angular modulation
2. To be able to discuss the different types of angular modulation
3. To be able to calculate parameters in Frequency and Phase Modulation.

Activities

Listen to your favorite FM radio station. Imagine how the signal is generated from the
radio station and what is its waveform.

Processing
Angular Modulation
A modulation technique wherein the amplitude of carrier is kept constant while the
angle or the argument of the carrier is varied in accordance with the intelligence signal.

Kinds of Angular Modulation

• Frequency Modulation
• Phase Modulation

7.1 Frequency Modulation

A form of angle modulation where the frequency of the carrier is varied in accordance
with the instantaneous value of intelligence signal

Mathematically,
𝑒𝑓𝑚 = 𝐸𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Where,
𝜃 = 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑚 𝑡

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Fundamentals of Electronic Communications Chapter 5: Angular Modulation

Which give an FM equation of

𝑒𝑓𝑚 = 𝐸𝑐 sin (𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑚 𝑡)
Where:
𝑒𝑓𝑚 = instantaneous value of the FM signal, (V)
𝜔𝑐 = angular velocity of the carrier, (rad/s)
𝜔𝑚 = angular velocity of the intelligence, (rad/s)
𝑚𝑡 = modulation index
𝐸𝑐 = peak amplitude of the carrier, (V)
Frequency Deviation
The amount of change in the carrier frequency produced by the modulating signal

𝛿 Directly proportional to the peak intelligence amplitude

𝛿 = 𝑘𝐸𝑚
Where:
𝛿 = frequency deviation (Hz)
𝑘 = deviation sensitivity
𝐸𝑚 = peak intelligence signal amplitude (V)
In FM, the intelligence amplitude, 𝐸𝑚 , determines the amount of carrier frequency
change and the intelligence frequency, 𝑓𝑚 determines the rate of change of the carrier
frequency.

Modulation Index
Ratio of frequency deviation over modulating frequency
𝛿
𝑚𝑓 =
𝑓𝑚

Where:
𝑚𝑓 = intelligence frequency,
𝛿 = maximum frequency shift caused by the intelligence signal, (Hz)
𝑓𝑚 = modulation index

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Fundamentals of Electronic Communications Chapter 5: Angular Modulation

FM Percent Modulation
𝛿𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙
%𝑚𝑓 = 𝑥100
𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥

Where: 𝛿𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = actual carrier deviation, (Hz)

𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 = maximum carrier deviation, (Hz)
%𝑚𝑓 = FM percent modulation
Deviation Ratio
Whenever the maximum allowable frequency deviation in the maximum modulating
frequency is used in computing the modulation index
Expression of the worst-case modulation index
𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐷𝑅 =
𝑓𝑚 𝑚𝑎𝑥

Where: 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 = maximum carrier deviation, (Hz)

𝐷𝑅 = deviation ratio
𝑓𝑚 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = maximum allowable intelligence frequency, (Hz)
FCC rules
FM 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 75 kHz
𝑓𝑚(𝑚𝑎𝑥) = 15 kHz
TV sound 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 25 kHz
𝑓𝑚(𝑚𝑎𝑥) = 15 kHz
Public safety service 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 5 kHz
𝑓𝑚(𝑚𝑎𝑥) = 3 kHz
Amateur Band Ratio 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3 kHz
𝑓𝑚(𝑚𝑎𝑥) = 3 kHz
𝒆𝒇𝒎 can be rewritten using the Bessel function

Where:
𝐽0(𝑀𝑓) = carrier component
𝐽1(𝑀𝑓) = 1st set of side frequencies displaced from the carrier by fm
𝐽2(𝑀𝑓) = 2nd set of side frequency displaced from the carrier by 2fm
𝐽𝑛(𝑀𝑓) = 3rd set of side frequencies displaced from the carrier by nfm
The amplitude of the side frequencies, Jn, is given by the equation

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Fundamentals of Electronic Communications Chapter 5: Angular Modulation

It is seen that the FM signal consist of carrier and theoretically an infinte number of
pairs of sidebands, each proceeded by J coefficients, but only those sidebands with
significant amplitudes are transmitted.

FM spectrum

Bandwidth of FM
Practical bandwidth using Bessel Function
BW = 𝑓𝑈𝑆𝐵 − 𝑓𝐿𝑆𝐵 = (𝑓𝑐 + 𝑁𝑓𝑚 ) − (𝑓𝑐 − 𝑁𝑓𝑚 )
BW = 2fm x Number of sidebands
Carson’s formula
BW = 2(𝑓𝑚 + 𝛿) = 2(1 + 𝑚𝑓 )𝑓𝑚
• The number of sidebands selected should be the minimum number that will
result in the transmission of no less than 99% of the total power
• Significant sidebands considered are greater than 2% of the center
Narrowband

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Fundamentals of Electronic Communications Chapter 5: Angular Modulation

𝐵𝑤 = 2𝑓𝑚

𝜋
• For an FM signal where 𝑚𝑓 ≤ 2

Wideband
𝐵𝑊 = 2𝛿
𝜋
• For an AM signal where 𝑚𝑓 > 2

Observation on FM
Unlike AM, where there are only three frequencies (the carrier, and the first two
sidebands), FM has a carrier and an infinite number of sidebands. The sidebands are
separated from the carrier by fm, 2fm, 3fm… and thus have a recurrence frequency of
fm.
The J coefficient eventually decrease in value as n increase.
The modulation index determines how many sidebands components have significant
amplitudes.
The sidebands at equal distance from fc have equal amplitudes, so that the sidebands
distribution is symmetrical about the carrier frequency. The J coefficient occasionally
have negative values, signifying a 180 degree phase change for that particular pair of
sidebands.
As Mf increases, so does the value of a particular J coefficient. Mf is inversely
proportional to the modulating frequency ; we see that the relative amplitude of a
distant sidebands increases when modulation frequency is lowered
In AM, increased depth of modulation increased the sidebands power and therefore the
total transmitted power. In FM, the total transmitted power always remains constant,
but with an increased depth of modulation, the required bandwidth is increased. To be
quite specific, what increases is the bandwidth required to transmit a relatively
undistorted signal. This is because an increased depth of modulation means an
increased deviation, and therefore an increase modulation index so that more distant
sidebands acquire significant amplitudes.
The theoretical bandwidth required in FM is infinite. In practice, the bandwidth used is
one has been calculated to allow all significant amplitudes of sidebands component
under the most exacting conditions. This means ensuring that, with a maximum
deviation by the highest modulating frequency, no significant sideband components are
looped off.
In FM, unlike in AM, the amplitudes of the carrier components does not remain
constant. Its J coefficient is Jo, which function of Mf. Keeping the overall amplitudes of

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Fundamentals of Electronic Communications Chapter 5: Angular Modulation

the FM wave constant would be very difficult if the amplitude of the carrier were not
reduced when the amplitude of the various sidebands is increased.
It is possible for the carrier component of the FM wave to disappear completely. This
happens in certain value of modulation index called eigen values. The graph shows that
these are approximately 2, 4, 5.5, 8.6, 11.8, and so on. These appearance of the carrier
of specific value of Mf form a handy basis for measuring deviation.

Advantages of FM over AM
• Better noise immunity
• Rejection of interfering signal because of “capture effect”
• Better transmitter efficiency

Disadvantages of FM over AM
• Large bandwidth
• More complex and expensive circuits
• Limited reception

FM Varactor Modulator

FM Receiver Circuit

Pre-Emphasis cicuit

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Fundamentals of Electronic Communications Chapter 5: Angular Modulation

A circuit that boosts the high audio frequencies in modulation at the transmitter, uses to
improved the signal-to-noise ratio.

t = R1 C = 75μs
1 1 𝑅1 +𝑅2
𝑓1 = = 2122 𝐻𝑧 𝑓2 = ( ) > 15 𝑘𝐻𝑧
2𝜋𝑅1 𝐶 2𝜋 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝐶

De-Emphasis Circuit
A circuit that attenuates the high audio frequencies (at the receiver) in the same
amount that it is boosted to compensate for the effect of the pre-emphasis circuit.

7.2 Phase Modulation

A form of angle modulation where the phase of the carrier is varied in accordance with
the instantaneous value of the modulating signal.

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Fundamentals of Electronic Communications Chapter 5: Angular Modulation

Mathematically,
𝑒𝑓𝑚 = 𝐸𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚𝑝 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑚 𝑡)
Where:
𝑒𝑓𝑚 = instantaneous value of the PM signal, (V)
𝐸𝑐 = peak amplitude of the carrier, (V)
𝜔𝑐 = carrier angular velocity, (rad/s)
𝑚𝑝 = modulation index for PM; also, the maximum phase shift caused by the
intelligence signal
𝜔𝑚 = intelligence signal angular velocity, (rad/s)

Comparison between FM and PM

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Fundamentals of Electronic Communications Chapter 5: Angular Modulation

Reading Assignment

Read FM stereo broadcast.

Assessment Tasks

Practice Problems
1) Determine the peak frequency deviation and modulation index for a frequency
modulator with a deviation sensitivity of 10 kHz/V and a modulating signal of
5cos(2π(2500)t).
2) An FM signal is defined by the equation
𝑒𝑓𝑚 = 50 𝑠𝑖𝑛(95 𝑥 106 𝑡 + 10 sin 5000𝑡)𝑉
a. Find the carrier frequency
b. Find the modulation frequency
c. Find the modulation index
d. Calculate the frequency deviation

3) What is the modulation index of an FM transmitter whose frequency deviation is 50 kHz and
its audio frequency is 10 kHz?
4) Determine the practical bandwidth of an FM signal Modulated by a 15-kHz tone whose
frequency deviation is 45 kHz. What is the approximate bandwidth for this system using Carson’s
formula?
5) When the modulating frequencies in an FM system is 500 Hz and the modulating voltage is 2.6
V, modulation index is 40. Find the maximum deviation. What is the modulation index when the
modulating frequency is raised to 800 Hz and the modulating voltage is simultaneously reduced
to 1.3V?

6) What is the approximate frequency how the modulating signal having a band with 15 kHz and
a frequency division of 6 kHz?

7) what is the deviation ratio of an FM signal if the maximum allowable deviation is 12 kHz, and
the maximum intelligence frequency is 4 kHz?

8) the audio section of a TV transmission employees frequency modulation with a maximum

allowable deviation of 25 KHZ. Find the deviation ratio if the highest intelligence frequency it can
handle is 15 kHz.

9) An FM broadcast station operates with a peak-to-peak deviation of 120 KHZ. Calculate the
percentage modulation.

10) What is the amount of carrier swing necessary to produce an 80% modulation for FM
broadcasting?

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Fundamentals of Electronic Communications Chapter 5: Angular Modulation

References:

1. Tomasi W. Electronic Communications Systems – Fundamentals through Advanced 5th

Edition, New Jersey, Prentice Hall
2. Roddy J., Coolen E., Electronic Communications 5th Edition, New Jersey, Prentice Hall
3. Frenzel L., Principles of Electronic Communication Systems, New York, Mc Graw Hill

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