BS ISO 16063-16:2014

BSI Standards Publication

Methods for the calibration

of vibration and shock
transducers
Part 16: Calibration by Earth's gravitation
BS ISO 16063-16:2014 BRITISH STANDARD

National foreword
This British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO
16063-16:2014. It supersedes BS 6955-5:1994 which is withdrawn.
The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical
Committee GME/21/2, Mechanical vibration, shock and condition
monitoring - Vibration and shock measuring instruments and testing
equipment.
A list of organizations represented on this committee can be
obtained on request to its secretary.
This publication does not purport to include all the necessary
provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct
application.
© The British Standards Institution 2014.
Published by BSI Standards Limited 2014

ISBN 978 0 580 74385 6

ICS 17.160
Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from
legal obligations.
This British Standard was published under the authority of the
Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 June 2014.
Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication
Date Text affected
 BS ISO 16063-16:2014

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 16063-16

First edition
2014-06-01

Methods for the calibration of

vibration and shock transducers —
Part 16:
Calibration by Earth’s gravitation
Méthodes pour l’étalonnage des transducteurs de vibrations et de
chocs —
Partie 16: Étalonnage par gravitation tellurique

Reference number
ISO 16063-16:2014(E)

© ISO 2014
BS ISO 16063-16:2014
ISO 16063-16:2014(E)


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 BS ISO 16063-16:2014
ISO 16063-16:2014(E)


Contents Page

Foreword......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... iv
1 Scope.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references....................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Uncertainty of measurement.................................................................................................................................................................... 1
4 Requirements for apparatus and other conditions........................................................................................................... 2
4.1 General............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 2
4.2 Environmental conditions.............................................................................................................................................................. 2
4.3 Mounting platform................................................................................................................................................................................ 2
4.4 Accelerometer output measuring instrumentation................................................................................................. 3
4.5 Earth’s gravitation................................................................................................................................................................................. 3
5 Method............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 3
5.1 General............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 3
5.2 Test procedure for 0° and 180°.................................................................................................................................................. 4
5.3 Test procedure for fractions of gravitation...................................................................................................................... 4
5.4 DC offset consideration..................................................................................................................................................................... 5
5.5 Calibration setup.................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
6 Report of calibration results..................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Annex A (normative) Uncertainty components in the calibration by gravitation................................................. 9
Bibliography.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 11

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Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1.  In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted.  This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives). 
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.  Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers
to Trade (TBT) see the following URL:  Foreword - Supplementary information
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 108, Mechanical vibration, shock and condition
monitoring, Subcommittee SC 3, Use and calibration of vibration and shock measuring instruments.
This first edition of ISO 16063-16 cancels and replaces the first edition of ISO 5347-5:1993, which has
been technically revised.
ISO 16063 consists of the following parts, under the general title Methods for the calibration of vibration
and shock transducers:
— Part 1: Basic concepts
— Part 11: Primary vibration calibration by laser interferometry
— Part 12: Primary vibration calibration by the reciprocity method
— Part 13: Primary shock calibration using laser interferometry
— Part 15: Primary angular vibration calibration by laser interferometry
— Part 16: Calibration by Earth’s gravitation
— Part 21: Vibration calibration by comparison to a reference transducer
— Part 22: Shock calibration by comparison to a reference transducer
— Part 31: Testing of transverse vibration sensitivity
— Part 41: Calibration of laser vibrometers
The following parts are under preparation:
— Part 32: Resonance testing — Testing the frequency and the phase response of accelerometers by means
of shock excitation
— Part 33: Testing of magnetic field sensitivity

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— Part 42: Calibration of seismometers with high accuracy using acceleration of gravity

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BS ISO 16063-16:2014
 BS ISO 16063-16:2014
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16063-16:2014(E)

Methods for the calibration of vibration and shock

transducers —
Part 16:
Calibration by Earth’s gravitation

1 Scope
This part of ISO 16063 specifies the instrumentation and procedure to be used for performing primary
calibration of accelerometers using Earth’s gravitation. It is applicable to rectilinear accelerometers
with DC (zero hertz frequency) response, such as straingauge, piezoresistive, variable capacitance, and
servo accelerometer types.
This part of ISO 16063 is applicable to the calibration of the magnitude of the sensitivity, referenced to
the acceleration due to the local gravitation at 0 Hz.
With the use of appropriate calibration equipment, this part of ISO  16063 can be applied to the
calibration of the magnitude of the sensitivity, referenced to fractional parts of the acceleration due to
the local gravitation at 0 Hz. The specification of the instrumentation used contains requirements on
environmental conditions, as well as specific requirements for the apparatus to be used.
The sensitivity obtained using this part of the ISO 16063 standard for accelerometers with a DC response
can be used over the flat part of the low-frequency range of the accelerometer. The degree of flatness of
the applicable frequency range is intended to be taken into account in the uncertainty of measurement
(UoM).
This part of ISO 16063 is applicable to reference standard accelerometers and working standard
accelerometers, as well as complete acceleration measurement chain (accelerometer complete with
amplifier and readout unit).

2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 16063-1, Methods for the calibration of vibration and shock transducers — Part 1: Basic concepts

3 Uncertainty of measurement
All users of this part of ISO 16063 are expected to make an uncertainty budget according to Annex A in
order for them to document their UoM estimation. A calibration arrangement example is given in order
to help set up systems that fulfil different uncertainty requirements.
When the local value of acceleration due to gravitation, gl, is known and used, an UoM of 0,1 % can be
obtained.
When the local value of acceleration due to gravitation, gl, is not known and the standard acceleration
due to gravitation, gn, is used (ignoring the influence of latitude and altitude), an UoM of 0,5  % can
be obtained. This estimation is assuming a value for the acceleration due to Earth’s gravitation of
9,806 65 m/s2 ± 0,026 m/s2.

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The uncertainty limits mentioned in this clause are applicable to devices with a maximum transverse
sensitivity of 5 %.
A more detailed description of the uncertainty components is given in Annex A.
The uncertainty of measurement is expressed as the expanded measurement uncertainty in accordance
with ISO 16063-1 (referred to in short as uncertainty).

4 Requirements for apparatus and other conditions

4.1 General
This clause gives recommended specifications for the apparatus necessary to fulfil the scope of Clause 1
and to obtain the uncertainties of Clause 3, if the recommended specifications listed below are met for
each item.
It is mandatory to document the expanded uncertainty using the methods of Annex A.

4.2 Environmental conditions

The calibration shall be carried out under the following ambient conditions:
a) room temperature: (23 ± 3) °C;
b) relative humidity: maximum 75 % RH.
Care shall be taken that external vibration and noise do not affect the quality of the measurements.

4.3 Mounting platform

The mounting platform shall be arranged so that it is possible to rotate and align the geometric axis of
sensitivity of the accelerometer from 0° to 180° relative to the direction of the gravitational acceleration
vector.
At the measurement positions, the platform angle in all directions shall be within ±0,1° relative to the
vertical plane.
For performing measurements at positions that equal fractions of local gravity (mounting angle  >0°
and <180°), the preferred orientation angles in accordance with Table 1 shall be used:

Table 1 — Preferred orientation angles

Orientation angle Magnitude of acceleration due
θ to local gravity
−30° and +30°
0,866 0·gl
+150° and + 210°
−45° and +45°
0,707 1·gl
+135° and +225°
±60°
0,500 0·gl
+120° and 240°

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aθ = gl · cos(θ)
(1)

where
aθ is the magnitude of acceleration due to local gravity with the accelerometer mounted at a
known angle, in metres per second squared;

θ is the accelerometer mounted angle, in degrees;

gl is the magnitude for the acceleration due to local gravitation, in metres per second squared.

4.4 Accelerometer output measuring instrumentation

A voltage measuring instrument, measuring the output from the accelerometer, having the following
characteristics shall be used:
a) Frequency: 0 Hz (DC voltage);
b) Maximum uncertainty: 0,05 % of reading.

4.5 Earth’s gravitation

The positive and negative magnitudes for the acceleration due to local gravity, expressed in metres per
second squared (m/s2), shall be used.
The value of the local magnitude of acceleration due to gravity, gl, can be determined by measurement
with absolute or relative gravimeters[17] or by use of geodetic formulae[16] or survey.
gl (Ø,H) = 9,780 318 4 [1 + 0,005 302 4 sin2 (Ø) – 0,000 005 9 sin2 (2Ø)] – 0,000 003 086H (2)

where
gl is the magnitude for the acceleration due to gravitation at the given latitude and elevation, in
metres per second squared;

Ø is the given latitude, in radians;

H is the given altitude, in metres above sea level.

Using Formula (2), gl can be determined with an uncertainty of 0,01 % (k = 1).

If the magnitude for the acceleration due to local gravity is not known, then the standard acceleration
due to gravity, gn, shall be used:
gn = 9,806 65 m/s2 [10]
[3]

5 Method

5.1 General
As the acceleration due to gravitation varies with location and altitude (typical values of acceleration due
to local gravity at the locations of metrology institutes are within the range of 9,78 m/s2 to 9,83 m/s2),
the local value with four significant digits shall be used.

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5.2 Test procedure for 0° and 180°

Set the geometric axis of sensitivity of the accelerometer to 0° with the gravitational acceleration vector
and record the accelerometer output voltage, u0. Rotate the mounting platform so as to position the
geometric axis of sensitivity of the accelerometer to 180° relative to the gravitational acceleration
vector. Record the accelerometer output voltage, u180.
Calculate the accelerometer sensitivity, Sg, in volts per metre per second squared (V/(m/s2) using
Formula (4):
u0 − u180
Sg = (4)
2⋅g
where
u0 is the value for accelerometer output voltage (V), measured at the first extremity of rotation
(0°);

u180 is the value for accelerometer output voltage (V), measured at the second extremity of rota-
tion (180°);

g is the magnitude for the acceleration due to gravitation that is applied in laboratory (gn or
gl), in metres per second squared.

5.3 Test procedure for fractions of gravitation

Set the geometric axis of sensitivity of the accelerometer to +α and −α relative to the vertical plane
and record the accelerometer output voltages, u+α and u−α, after sufficient settling time. Rotate the
mounting platform so as to position the geometric axis of sensitivity of the accelerometer to 180° + α
and 180° - α relative to the vertical plane. Record the accelerometer output voltages, u180+α and u180−α,
after sufficient settling time.

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Calculate the accelerometer sensitivity, Sg , in volts per metre per second squared [V/(m/s2)] using
Formula (5):

u + α + u −α + u180 + α + u180 −α
Sg = (5)
4 ⋅ g ⋅ cosα
where
Sg is the accelerometer sensitivity calibrated at an acceleration equal to (g·cos α);

u+α is the value for the accelerometer output at the first geometric axis of rotation (+α), in
volts (V);

u−α is the value for accelerometer output at the forth geometric axis of rotation (−α), in
volts (V);

u180+α is the value for accelerometer output at the second geometric axis of rotation 180° − α,
in volts (V);

u180−α is the value for accelerometer output at the third geometric axis of rotation 180 + α, in
volts (V);

g is the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravitation that is applied in the laboratory
(gn or gl), in metres per second squared (m/s2);

α is the angle between the gravitational vector and the geometric axis of sensitivity of
the accelerometer, in degrees (°).

5.4 DC offset consideration

A characteristic property for an accelerometer with DC response is the DC offset voltage under the
condition of zero acceleration input, ua0. For instance, the DC offset parameter is of importance for
applications that require integration of the accelerometer output voltage.
The total output voltage, u, of the accelerometer is:
u = S ⋅ a + ua0 (6)

where
u is the accelerometer output voltage;

S is the accelerometer sensitivity;

a is the acceleration;

ua0 is the zero measured output voltage.

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If both cross axis sensitivity and non-linearity are zero then ua0 can be determined by:
ua0 = uα 0 − S g × g = uα 180 + S g + g (7)

where
ua0 is the accelerometer output voltage at zero acceleration;

Sg is the accelerometer sensitivity;

g is the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravitation that is applied in the laboratory (gn
or gl), in metres per second squared (m/s2);

aα0 is the acceleration with the accelerometer mounted at 0° angle;

ua0 is the measured output voltage with the accelerometer mounted at 0° angle;

aα180 is the acceleration with the accelerometer mounted at 180° angle;

ua180 is the measured output voltage with the accelerometer mounted at 180° angle.

5.5 Calibration setup

3 = 0°

1
90°

gl

Key
1 accelerometer
2 mounting platform
3 angle between the gravitational vector and the geometric axis of sensitivity of the accelerometer

Figure 1 — Accelerometer setup showing 0° measurement position

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3
180°

gl

Figure 2 — Accelerometer setup showing 180° measurement position

3
30°

2
gl

Figure 3 — Accelerometer setup showing 30° measurement position

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6 Report of calibration results

When the calibration results are reported, in addition to the calibration method used, at least the
following conditions and information shall be stated:
a) ambient conditions:
— ambient air temperature (°C);
— relative humidity (% RH);
— value for acceleration due to Earth’s gravitation (m/s2);
b) calibration results:
— the accelerometer sensitivity;
— the values of u0 and u180 or uα, u−α, u180+α, and u180−α;
— the expanded uncertainty of measurement with the coverage factor k (usually k = 2).

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Annex A
(normative)

Uncertainty components in the calibration by gravitation

A.1 Calculation of Urel(y)

The relative expanded uncertainty of measurement of the sensitivity, Urel( y), shall be calculated in
accordance with ISO 16063-1 from Formulae (A.1) and (A.2):
U rel (y ) = kuc,rel ( y ) (A.1)

8
uc 1
uc,rel (y ) =
y
=
y ∑u 2( x i ) (A.2)
i =1
with the coverage factor k = 2.
where
y is the measured sensitivity;

ui is the standard uncertainty component of index i;

uc( y) is the combined uncertainty;

uc,rel( y)is the combined relative uncertainty;

k is the coverage factor;

Urel( y) is the expanded relative uncertainty.

Table A.1 — Uncertainty components

Standard
Uncertainty
uncertainty
         Source of uncertainty contribution
component
ui( y)
u(xi)
u(ag) acceleration magnitude due to gravitation u1(S)
u(au) voltage measurement u2(S)
u(r u) voltage measurement resolution u3(S)
u(aST ) transverse sensitivity u4(S)
u(αp) position misalignment u5(S)
u(eE) environmental conditions on measurement (e.g. temperature) u6(S)
residual sources on calibration result (e.g. random effect in repeat measure-
u(xRE) u7(S)
ments)

The sources of uncertainties may be subdivided and numbered in a way differing from that used in the
Table A.1, provided each effect significantly influencing the measurement result has been taken into
account.

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The accuracy of the acceleration magnitude due to gravitation is related to the angular measurement
uncertainty u(α) in the following form:

u 2 (e g ) = g 2 × sin 2 (α ) × u 2 (α ) + u 2 ( g) (A.3)

where
α is the direction of the geometric axis of sensitivity of the accelerometer relative to the verti-
cal plane;

u(α) is the absolute standard uncertainty of the measurement of α;

u(g) is the absolute standard uncertainty of the knowledge of the applied magnitude of accelera-
tion due to gravitation (gn or gl).

This results in a minimum of u2(eg) at vertical orientation (α  =  0° or α  =  180°) and a maximum at
horizontal orientation (α =  ± 90°).
For the effect of the transverse sensitivity, a similar approach has to be considered, leading to a minimum
of zero at vertical orientation (α = 0° or α = 180°), as there is no transverse acceleration present and a
maximum at horizontal orientation (α =  ± 90°) where a maximum transverse acceleration of g is present.

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Bibliography

[1] ISO 2041, Mechanical vibration, shock and condition monitoring — Vocabulary

[2] ISO/IEC Guide 98-3, Uncertainty of measurement — Part 3: Guide to the expression of uncertainty
in measurement (GUM:1995)
[3] ISO/IEC  Guide  99, International vocabulary of metrology — Basic and general concepts and
associated terms (VIM)
[4] Wu Z.C., Wang Z.F., Ge Y. Gravity based online calibration for monolithic triaxial accelerometers’
gain and offset drift. In: Intelligent Control and Automation, 2002. Proceedings of the 4th World
Congress on Sensors and Actuators, A 68 (1998) 221-228
[5] Löttersa J.C., Schipperb J., Veltinkc P.H., Olthuisd W., Bergveld P. Procedure for in-use
calibration of triaxial accelerometers in medical applications. Sens. Actuators A Phys. 1998 June
15, 68 (1-3) pp. 221–228
[6] Schipper J., Lötters J.C., Veltink P.H., Olthuis W., Bergveld P. Procedure for in-use calibration
of triaxial accelerometers, Tech. Digest. Eurosensors. 1997 Sept. 21–24, XI pp. 1599–1602
[Warsaw, Poland]
[7] BIPM. Mutual recognition of national measurement standards and of calibration and measurement
certificates issued by national metrology institutes. Available (viewed 2011-02-11) at: http://www.
bipm.org/utils/en/pdf/mra_2003.pdf
[8] Mohr P.J., Taylor B.N., Newell D.B. The 2010 CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental
Physical Constants”, 2011 (Web Version 6.0). Available (viewed 2013-10-15) at: http://physics.
nist.gov/constants.
[9] Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. “Chapter 5”. The International System of Units
(SI). 8th ed. 2006, Available (viewed 2013-XX-XX) at: http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/
si_brochure_8_en.pdf
[10] Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology (JCGM). International Vocabulary of Metrology —
Basic and General Concepts and Associated Terms”, JCGM 200: 2012; http://www.bipm.org/utils/
common/documents/jcgm/JCGM_200_2012.pdf
[11] Grip N., & Sabourova N. Simple non-iterative calibration for tri-axial accelerometers, Measurement
Science and Technology. 22 ( 2011) 125103 (13pp)
[12] Dosch J. Low Frequency Accelerometer Calibration Using Earth’s Gravity, SEM Proceedings.com
[13] Absolute Gravity data, Bureau Gravimétrique International, http://bgi.omp.obs-mip.
fr/data-products/Gravity-Databases/Absolute-Gravity-data.
[14] Reference Gravity Stations, Bureau Gravimétrique International, http://bgi.obs-mip.fr/en/
data-products/Gravity-Databases/Reference-Gravity-Stations.
[15] Land Gravity data, Bureau Gravimétrique International, http://bgi.obs-mip.fr/en/
data-products/Gravity-Databases/Land-Gravity-data.
[16] International Gravity Formula(e), http://geophysics.ou.edu/solid_earth/notes/potential/igf.htm
[17] Gravimeters, European Center for geodynamics and seismology, http://www.ecgs.lu/wulg/
gravimeters/

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