KEY CONCEPT

STRUCTURE OF ATOM
Rutherford's Model
Bohr's Model
Wave mechanical model
EXTRA NUCLEAR PART (e)
Electrons,protons & neutrons are the most important fundamental particles of atoms of all elements
(Except hydrogen)
Some uncommon Fundamental particles :
1. Z
XA , A = Z + n

1 1 1 mM
2. Reduced mass   = m = mass of e– ; M = Mass of nucleus
 M m mM
h
3. Photon is considered massless bundle of energy. But to find its mass use m =
c
4. E = mc2 , E = h = hc/  = hc 
no. of molecules reacting
5. Quantum efficiency or Quantum Yield =
no. of quanta absorbed
6. Rn = R1 (A)1/3 , R1 = 1.33 ×10–13 cm A = mass number
1 Z . 2e  1
7. m  v 2  K e ; Tan 
2 r 2 b
1
number of a particles at  = K 4 ; b = impact parameter
sin  / 2

1 1 1  2
R H 
2 2
8. Rydberg’s Equation   Z
 n1 n 2 
9. Limiting spectral line (series limit) means n2 = 
10. H line means we know n1 , n2 (longest  , shortest  , least E) [ H , H , H , H ]
n (n  1)
11. No. of wavelengths observed in the spectrum =
2
when e– deexcites to ground state , n = no. of higher orbit
12. 1/2 mv2 = h – h0(w) (work function or B.E.)
hc
 0 = Threshhold frequency W = h 0 = 
0
1 2
13. Accelerating potential = eV = KE = mv
2
14.  = hc/E = 1240 ev. nm
1 K q1 q 2
15. K ; P.E. = centrifugal force = mv2/r
4  r
0
h
16. mvr = n· = n .
2
E1 2 2 4
z 2 2 me 4 2  2 me
17. En = 2 = – 2 2 z ; E1 = 2
n n h h

Atomic Structure
 2 2 2
n h z 2 e
18. rn = x 19. v= 
Z 4 2e 2 m n h
20. revolutions per sec = v/2r 21. Time for one revolution = 2r/v
22. Separation energy = E n    E n given  2, 3, 4 ,.................

23. No. of waves = n = no. of shells 24. I.E. = En= – Eground state of e- (K, L, M, N)
150
25.  = h/mv = h/p 26. = Å
Vin volts
27. En  KE KE = 1/2 mv2 , E = h 28. x.p > h/4
29. Nucleons 30. Isotopes, Isobars, Isotones (A – Z)
31. Isoelectronic 32. Isosters
33. Isodiaphers (A – 2Z) 34. paramagnetic
h
35. Diamagnetic 36. S= S(S  1)
2
37.  = n ( n  2) B.M. n = number of unpaired e– ;
38. Radial Nodes ; Angular nodes ; Total nodes
(n – l – 1) l (n–1)
39. Total no. of e in an energy level
–
= 2n2
Total no. of e– in a sublevel = 2(2l+1)
Maximum no. of e– in an orbital =2
Total no. of orbitals in a sublevel = (2l+1)
No. of subshells in main energyshell = n
No. of orbitals in a main energy shell = n2
l= 0 1 2 3 4
s p d f g

40. ELEECTROMEGNETIC SPECTRUM

in meters.
Distinction between the wave – particle nature of a photon and the particle–wave nature of sub-
atomic particle.
PHOTON SUB ATOMIC PARTICLE
1
1. Energy = h Energy = m2
2
c h
2. Wavelength = Wavelength =
 m
Note: We should never interchange any of the above and to write electronic conf. of Cation
first write for neutral atom & then remove e– from outermost shell.

Atomic Structure