Heat Transfer Lab

(0904446)
Short lab report

Faculty of Engineering & Technology

Natural convection and radiation

By
Fadi Nabil Matanes 0140386
Adnan alshobaky 0140545
Mohamad jehad alakhras 0141586
Mahmoud emad Suleiman 0141780
Ma’mon alazazma 0142556
Moayad osama alhaj 0142572
Introduction:

To investigate:

a- The natural convection from a hot element enclosed in a calm space at different pressures.

b- The radiation heat transfer and the surface emissivity of the hot elements.

Notations:

α: heat transfer coefficient (W/m2oC)

Nu: Nusselt number

V,I: Volt and Amps respectively

θE ,θV: Temperature of Element and vessel respectively ( oC)

TE , TV : Temperature of Element and vessel (K)

h: absolute pressure (mmHg)

Data observed:

Barometer ha = 690 mmHg

Area (A) = 0.00328 m2 , diameter (d) = 6.27 mm

Table 1: data collected from apparatus

Line point 1 2 3 4
1 Volts V 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1
2 Amps 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71
3 Utube , mmHg -670 -581 -462 -294
4 θE 131 119 111 103
5 θV 25 25 25 25

Sample calculation:

Reading 1 taken as sample:

TE= θE + 273.15 = 131+273.15 = 404.15 K

TV = θV + 273.15 = 25+273.15 = 298.15 K

Qtotal = 0.96 VI -0.0017 (TE – TV) = 0.96*7.1*0.71 -0.0017 (404.15-298.15) = 4.66 W

Tm= (TE+TV)/2 = (404.15+298.15)/2 = 351.15 K

h = Utube + barometric = -670 + 690 = 20 mmHg

h¼ = 20¼ = 2.114743 mmHg

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 Figure 1: h¼ vs. TE-TV

From figure noticed that the equation of best fitting for data almost linear “y= -12X+130”

So if the heat lost by radiation totally needed to obtained, the temperature of element at zero pressure
computed, extrapolate the equation by putting the h¼ = 0, TE-TV = 130 oC .

QR = Q = 0.96 * VI – 0.0017 *(TE-TV) = 0.96 * 7.1*0.71 – 0.0017 (130) = 4.62 W

TE = 130+25 = 155 oC

QR 4.62
ε= = =0.97

[( ) ( ) ] [( ) ( )]
4 4 4 4
TE TV 155+273.15 25+273.15
Aσ − 0.00328∗5.67∗ −
100 100 100 100

ε actual ≅ 0.96 → error= |0.96−0.97

Qtotal = QC+QR

[( ) ( ) ] [( ) ]=3.39 W
4 4
TE T
) (
4 4
404.15 298.15
Q R= Aσε − V =0.00328∗0.97∗5.67∗ −
100 100 100 100

QC = Qtotal – QR = 4.66-3.39 = 1.27 W

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Air properties at Tm = 351.15 K “from heat transfer textbook”:

-ρ=0.992 kg/m3 , k= 30.09 * 10-3 W/m.K , μ = 208.7 *10-7 N.s/m , Cp =1.01 kJ/Kg . K

C p μ 1.01∗208.7∗10−7 −3
¿ Pr ¿ = =0.7∗10
K 30.09∗10−3

9.81∗1 3 2
3 2 ∗( 404.15−298.15 )∗0.00627 ∗0.992
g β ( T E −T V ) d ρ 351.15
¿ Gr= 2
= 2
=1649.2
μ ( 208.7∗10−7 )
0.25 −3 0.25
¿ Nu=0.47 ( Gr∗Pr ) =0.47 ¿ (1649.2∗0.7∗10 ) =0.487
−3
α∗d Nu∗k 0.487∗(30.09∗10 ) W
¿ Nu= →α= = =2.34 2 . K
k d 0.00627 m

Results and Graphs:

Table 2: Experimental results

line point 1 2 3 4
1 volts, V 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1
2 amps, I 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71
3 Utube, mmHg -670 -581 -462 -294
4 θ E , oC 131 119 111 103
5 θV, oC 25 25 25 25
6 TE, K 404.15 392.15 384.15 376.15
7 Tv, K 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15
8 Tm, K 351.15 345.15 341.15 337.15
9 h, mmHg 20 109 228 396
10 h¼ 2.114742527 3.231146 3.885829 4.460913
11 Q,W 4.65916 4.67956 4.69316 4.70676
12 QR 3.387310599 2.840661 2.503045 2.185875
13 QC 1.271849401 1.838899 2.190115 2.520885
14 ρ 0.992 1.01 1.02 1.04
15 k*10-3 30.09 29.64 29.35 29.05
16 μ*10-7 208.7 205.9 204 202.1
17 (Pr) 0.000700522 0.000702 0.000702 0.000703
18 (Gr) 1649.161808 1584.607 1523.929 1481.416
19 (Gr*Pr) 1.155273745 1.111786 1.069814 1.040923
20 (Nu) 0.487269338 0.482618 0.477997 0.474736
21 log10(Nu) -0.31223092 -0.3164 -0.32058 -0.32355
22 log10(Gr)(Pr) 0.062684904 0.046021 0.029308 0.017419
23 α 2.338426537 2.281465 2.237512 2.199536

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Figure 2: log10(Nu) vs. log10 (Gr)(Pr)

Figure 3: (TE-TV) vs. QR

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Source of error :

- For experimental reasons, the heat transfer by radiation is assumed fully pure at aero absolute pressure.
this is incorrect because there is some losses , this tend to some error in emissivity value.

- When properties of Air as working fluid are obtained, some approximation values calculated
by interpolation.

- Humans error in reading the data or apparatus error especially in thermocouple.

Discussion and conclusion:

- From figure 2, noticed that the relation between logarithm of both Nusselt number and multiplication of
grashof number and prandtl number is almost linear proportional since the scale is log.

- From figure 3, noticed that the relation between heat loss by radiation and temperature differences is
proportional from fourth degree and the y-intercept is origin point.

- When there is no any air, the Utube manometer head will be equal barometric head and the total heat will
be lost by radiation theoretically.

- Emissivity value is very close to that expected one , this mean that apparatus almost reached steady
state.

- When the air enters, the heat will be lost by radiation and convection together, and summation of both
must be equal the total heat come from rheostat theoretically .