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  • Fluid Flow Measurement

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    Jade Dig
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    1. Venturi meters measure fluid flow using a converging-diverging tube called a Venturi tube. The difference in pressure between the inlet and throat is measured and used to calculate flow rate based on the Venturi principle relating pressure and velocity changes. 2. Nozzles are converging tubes that increase the velocity of a fluid jet. The flow rate through a nozzle can be calculated using the energy equation relating pressure, velocity, and head loss from the nozzle base to the jet. 3. Pitot tubes measure fluid velocity using a bent tube with openings at the sides and front. The difference in pressure readings between the stagnation point and side openings corresponds to the velocity head which can be used to

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    1. Venturi meters measure fluid flow using a converging-diverging tube called a Venturi tube. The difference in pressure between the inlet and throat is measured and used to calculate flow rate based on the Venturi principle relating pressure and velocity changes. 2. Nozzles are converging tubes that increase the velocity of a fluid jet. The flow rate through a nozzle can be calculated using the energy equation relating pressure, velocity, and head loss from the nozzle base to the jet. 3. Pitot tubes measure fluid velocity using a bent tube with openings at the sides and front. The difference in pressure readings between the stagnation point and side openings corresponds to the velocity head which can be used to

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    23 views9 pages

    Fluid Flow Measurement

    Uploaded by

    Jade Dig
    1. Venturi meters measure fluid flow using a converging-diverging tube called a Venturi tube. The difference in pressure between the inlet and throat is measured and used to calculate flow rate based on the Venturi principle relating pressure and velocity changes. 2. Nozzles are converging tubes that increase the velocity of a fluid jet. The flow rate through a nozzle can be calculated using the energy equation relating pressure, velocity, and head loss from the nozzle base to the jet. 3. Pitot tubes measure fluid velocity using a bent tube with openings at the sides and front. The difference in pressure readings between the stagnation point and side openings corresponds to the velocity head which can be used to

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 9

    Fluid Flow Measurement

    1. Venturi Meter – an instrument used in measuring the discharge


    through pipes. (Invented by Clemens Herschel, named by him in
    honor of the original discover of the principle involved. It consist of
    a converging tube AB which is connected to the main pipe at the
    inlet at A, and ending in a cylindrical section BC called the throat,
    and diverging section CD which is again connected to the main pipe
    at the outlet D. The angle of divergence is kept small to reduce the
    head lost cause by turbulence as the velocity is reduced.

    A D
    B C
    Considering two points in the system and neglecting head lost.
    𝑉12 𝑃1 𝑉22 𝑃2
    + + 𝑍1 = + + 𝑍2
    2𝑔 ɤ 2𝑔 ɤ
    𝑉22 −𝑉12 𝑃1 𝑃2
    = + 𝑍1 − + 𝑍2
    2𝑔 ɤ ɤ
    This equation shows that the increase in kinetic energy is equal to
    the decrease in potential energy, a statement which has been called
    the Venturi principle.
    The difference in pressure between inlet and the throat is
    measured by a differential manometer connecting the inlet and the
    throat.
    The discharge can be solved if the velocity is known.
    with the decrease in potential
    2 2
    head known, the only unknown
    𝑉1 𝑉2
    terms in the equation are 𝑎𝑛𝑑 .
    2𝑔 2𝑔
    These velocity heads are related, by the equation of continuity, Q=AV.
    Thus for a given Q, V varies inversely as A. With circular cross sections.
    A varies directly as the square of the diameter D. Therefor V varies
    2 𝑉2
    inversely as 𝐷 , and the velocity head varies inversely as the fourth
    2𝑔
    power of the diameter D.
    𝑉22 𝐷1 4 𝑉12
    Hence = 𝑥
    2𝑔 𝐷2 2𝑔
    With the area known, ”theoretical’’ flow Qt can be computed by
    neglecting the loss od head between inlet and throat.
    From: 𝑄 = 𝐴𝑉
    𝑄 = 𝐶 𝑥 𝑄𝑡
    Where: 𝑄 = 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
    𝑄𝑡 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
    𝐶 = 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
    = 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
    = 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 0.96 𝑡𝑜 0.98
    Venturi meters are usually installed in approximate horizontal
    position.
    2. Nozzle - A nozzle is a converging tube attached to the end of a pipe
    or nose which serves to increase the velocity of the issuing jet.
    Base = corresponds to the inlet of the venturi
    Tip = corresponds to the throat
    The flow conditions in a nozzle is the defined by writing the energy
    equation from the base to appoint in the jet
    Energy equation:
    𝑃1 𝑉12 𝑉22
    + = + 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑
    ɤ 2𝑔 2𝑔
    Where: 𝑃1 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒
    𝑉1 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
    𝑉2 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑗𝑒𝑡
    The discharge: 𝑄 = 𝐶𝐴 2𝑔𝐻
    Where: H = total head at base of nozzle
    A = area of the nozzle tip
    C = 𝐶𝑉 = Coefficient of velocity
    = Value of coefficient for water discharging from smooth
    fire nozzles.
    For diameter at the base of 1.55 inch and Cc =1.00
    ′′
    TIP Diameter 3ൗ 7ൗ 22𝑚𝑚 1′ 25 𝑚𝑚 1 1ൗ8 "(29)𝑚𝑚 1 1ൗ4 (32𝑚𝑚) 1 3ൗ8 35𝑚𝑚
    4 19𝑚𝑚 8
    𝐶 = 𝐶𝑉 0.983 0.982 0.980 0.976 0.971 0.959

    1 𝑉2
    Head Loss: 𝐻𝐿 = −1
    𝐶𝑉2 2𝑔
    3. Pitot Tubes – Pitot tube – a bent L-shaped tube with both ends open
    used to measure the velocity of liquids

    𝑉2
    ℎ=
    2𝑔

    ℎ2
    ②
    ①

    Stagnation point
    𝐸1 = 𝐸2
    𝑉12 𝑃1 𝑉22 𝑃2
    + + 𝑍1 = + + 𝑍2
    2𝑔 ɤ 2𝑔 ɤ
    𝑉1 = 𝑉 ℎ0
    𝑃1 𝑃2
    = ℎ1 = ℎ2 ℎ1 ℎ2 ℎ3
    ɤ ɤ
    𝑉12 𝑉
    + ℎ1 = ℎ2
    2𝑔
    𝑎
    𝑉2 𝑏
    = 2𝑔 ℎ2 − ℎ1
    2𝑔
    𝑉2 Hence, the velocity head at ① is transformed into
    = 2𝑔ℎ pressure head at ② and because of this increased
    2𝑔
    pressure inside the tube, a column ℎ2 is maintained the
    𝑉= 2𝑔ℎ 𝑉2
    height of which is above the level outside.
    2𝑔

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