BOWENS

ILLUMITRAN.3
ILLUMITRAN'3C
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The Bowens Illunitran is unique among transparency duplicators in that it

conbines constant color temperature electronic flash illuiination (5600 K) with
a continuously variable intlnsity control which does not dffect the duration or
color tenperature of the flash. Thus, with careful use,- c6nsistency of a high order
can be achieved even when copying transparenciQq..of vglying dbnSity and those requir-
ing color correction. A few-ninutes spent readitgr. tliis ilanual before working with
the Illunitran will insure you many years of trouble-freer and s4tisfying use.

100 So.Van BruntStreet P.0. Box448 Telephones:(201) 568-7771(N.J.);

ENGLEWOOD, NEWJERSEY 07631 (212I/ 6e5-8166(N.Y.)
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I. DESCRIPTI0N0F MJOR ASSEITIBLIES,

ILLUMITRAN3

The Illunitran 3 is furnished with the following conponents illustrated in

Photosland2below:

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A. Base Unit

1. Intensi ty Contro 4. Open Flash Switch

2. Trimmer 5. Focus/ExposeSwitch
3. Meter Zero set 6. Power On/0ff Switch
7. Flash Intensity Range Switch

B. Camera Support/Bellows Unit (including one set of interchangeable lens

and carnera body adaPters)

C. B a s i c H ol d e r

D. lrleter Probe Cel I

E. Holder and masks for transparencies wp to 2% x 2-3/4tt.

F. Synchronization cord.

The fol lowing are illustrated above, and are accessories which may be ordered
for the I l lunitran.

G. Frame unit and transparency holder for sizes up to 4 x 5 inches

H. Extension cord for using neter cell with 4 x 5 frame rinit (included in
price of 4 x 5 frame unit).
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How The Illumitran Works

The flash unit of the Illunitran and the netering systen are designed to be
used together, both for deternining exposure and for maintaining consistent results
when naking color corrections.

The flashtube and the nodelling lamps (which activate the rneter) are nounted on
a novable platforn which can be raised and lowered by means of the Intensity Control
( A : 1 ) T h e l a n p s a n d f l a s h t u b e , s i n c e t h e y a r e i n a c o r n r n o pn l a n e w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e
s l i d e t o b e c o p i e d a n d t o t h e M e t e r P r o b e b e h a v e i n t h e s a m em a n n e r . B r i n g i n g b o t h
closer to the slide to be copied by raising the platforn produces more light; lower-
ing the platforn reduces the anount reaching the transparency stage..

The netering systen functions as an analog conputer in that when the Meter Probe
Cell (D) is in place over the original slide to be copied and the Focus/ExposeSwitch
(A.5) is in the "Focusrr position, the meter reads the anount of light transrnitted
through the original from the nodelling lamps.

One additional elenent conpletes the system, and that is the Triruner (A.2). The
trimner is sinply a potentioneter which controls the amount of the current generated
in the Meter Probe Cell which reaches the meter movement. It has no effect on
actual exposure since it does not change the position of the platform; its function
is to rnatch the intensity of the nodelling lamps to the known inforrnation about flash-
tube light output which has been previously determined during the calibration proced-
ure (which is described in a later portion of this manual).

The flashtube retains essentially the sane output throughout its life, whereas
the modelling lamps, since they are tungsten lamps, will exhibit a drop in light
outPut as they age. Adjustnent of the trinuner conpensates for this aging of the
modelling lamps.

BC]WENS
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II. ASSEMBLY
INSTRUCTIONS:

A. Check the voltage selector plug on the botton of the base unit to nake
sure that the index nark is set opposite the appropriate voltage for
r'110 for
your area. As shipped by us, it is set to the position rnarked
operation on 105-125 volts, 60 cycle AC. Power consunption of the Illumi-
tran is 10O watts.

B. The Bellows unit is notmted to the base unit by meansof two knurled nuts
on top (which also secure the transparency holders) and a large knob to
the rear. This latter should be fastened finger tight in order to assule
good alignment between the two units.

C. The camera body and lens adapters should first be fastened to the camera
and lens to be used, then attached to the bellows unit by rneans of the
two knurled locking screws to be found at each end of the be1 lows. If
you are using a camera lens with automatic diaphragJning., be :l]re ttla! the
r-.au r position'
t o- I{anuaI t switch on the lens barrel is set to the "Manual
-6Irnrnrcr
TE you-i-re usingin enla;gTng lens, such-as-TFe-eog€n wln.
Schneider Componon, the best procedure is to insert the lens adapter into
the be11ows, screw in the 1ens, and then adjust the position of the adapter
so that the markings on the lens diaphragn ring can be see frorn the front
of the unit.

D. The appropriate transparency holder should be set in place on the threaded

studs' at itt" top of tire base unit, and fastened by means of the two knurled
nuts. Note that the holes in the transparency holders are slightly over-
s i z e t o p e r r n it a x i a l a d j u s t n e n t o f t h e p o s i t i o n o f t h e t r a n s p a r e n c y t o b e
copied. Where it is necessary to enlarge an off center section of a trans-
p"t"tt.y, it nay be placed in any position relative to the lens axis by first
laying a piece of clear glass across the top of the holder.

E. Before plugging the meter into the socket provided for it on top of the
base ur,it, trrtn on the power and allow the Illunitran to warm up for a
few ninutes. Then, notb the position of the meter needle. It should point
to the index nark on the left side of the scale, if it does not, adjust the
zero set (A3) until it does. It should be standard proce4ure to thecl.<the
position of the zero set evgry tine- tle Illunitran is used by unPrugglng
the- celt a&rr91ing the position of the pointer.

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III. INITIAL CALIBRATIONPROCEDURE ILLUMITRAN3 and ILLI.JMITMN3C

Notej When consistency of better than ,4 stop is required it is suggested that a

regulated power supply be utilrzed.

A. Turn the Illurnitran on and al1ow a five minute warm-up period. This should
be done whenever the unit has been turned off. If you have the Contrast
Control nounted, it should be disconnected for this initial calibration.

B. Select a good original 55nrn transparency of average density and contrast

which can be retained as a standard. It is best to use an original made
on the type of filn you most commonly use since reproduction does vary
somewhat with the type of originals copied because of differences in infra
red transmission of processed color slides. If critical matching of colors
is required it is best to use a standard transparency featuring two colors
whose reproduction you are most concerned with. Alternatively, a standard
transparency such as that furnished with Eastman Kodak Cat. No. I20 20tg
(Internegative Test Kit) can be used.

c. Place the standard transparency in the transparency holder. Make sure that
the opal glass provided is in place at the bottom of the filter drawer and
that the protective paper backing has been removed from it. If you alre
u s i n g a d a y l i g h t b a l a n c e d c o l o r f i h n s u c h a s K o d a c h r o m e2 5 , p l a c e a 1 A
(skylight) filter in the filter drawer. If you are using a tungsten
b a l a n c e d d u p l i c a t i n g f i l m s u c h a s K o d a k 5 0 7 1 , w e r e c o m m e n dt h e f o l l o w i n g
as a starting filter pack: 28 (Ultra violet), + 05 Red + 100 Yellow.
Set the switch A.5 to the Focus position.

D. Set up and adjust the camera for 1:1 eopy, focus through the finder, (for
detailed instructions on setting up for any given ratio of image to subject
size see section IV below).

E. Make sure camera shutter is set to proper speed (the fastest which will
a1low 'rxff synch for focal plane shutters; 1/50th sec. for between the lens
shutter). Plug in the shutter synchronizing lead to the tfXrt synch terminals
of the camera.

F. There are two intensity controls on the Illumitran. The Flash Intensity
Switch ( A 7 ) i s i n t e n d e d t o s e t t h e u n i t u p f o r a p a r t i cular type of filn.
The t'Normalff position should be used for films of ASA ratings of 16 or
higher, such as Kodachrome 25 or Ektachrome 64. The "Highrf position is
intended for use with the slower (E. I.8) duplicating films such as Kodak
5071. (See Section VIII regarding fihn choices). The Intensity Control
Knob (A1) is used in conjunction with the meter in order to balance exposures.
For initial calibration adjust the knob until the red dot on it lines up
':,'.
with the matching spot on the front of the base unit
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G. Swing the photo-cel1 over the transparency.

H. Observe the meter, and adjust the trimmer control (A2) to bring the neter
pointer to the zero point at the center of the scale. Do not touch the
trimmer again after making this adjustment, (The trirnner ir ao l
evofil-Intffitent movelnent. Use a snal1 screwdriver or pencil"*"a ' j
to adjust. ) .q
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Note: Do not use the ll-iumitran in a highTg iTluminated area such as next
to a window where bright sunTight mag be refl-ected up the surface of the
meter ce77 to produce fal-se readings. Use under normaT room iTTumination,
however, is satrsfactorg. Effect of ambient i7l-umination mag be checked bg
setting the function switch (A5) to the Exgnse trnsition and noting the posi-
tion of the meter pointer when the cel-l- js in p7ace. If it shows a reading
of at l-east orTe stop below the center ynsition determined above, the ambient
iT Lum inat io n w i L T n o t a ffe c t j ts operati on.

H. Swing the photo celI out of the way and switch A5 to the EXPOSEposition.
The neon indicator will show the readiness of the circuit to flash.

J. Now nake a series of test exposures over the range of lens settings from
f5.6 to f22 at half stop intervals. About five seconds between flashes
will be required for recharging. With ASA 25 filn, at a magnification
ratio of 1:1 the best exposure will probably be between f11 and f16. With
Kodak 5071 (Switch A7 in rrHigh" position), and the proper filtration, best
exposure will be around f6.8 or f8.

K. Examine the processed film and decide the aperture for correct exposure,
on the basis of results obtained. This is the standard aperture to be
used with the Illumitran for making duplicates at the same rnagnification
range and with the same fihn. If the original calibration is done with
a color reversal material, the aperture adjustments required for films of
higher or lower ASA speed rating nay be set proportionally to the differ-
ences in filrn speed. Because of its greater latitude, negative type film
should not be used for calibration. ( S e e s e c t i o n V I I I f o r c o r n m e n t so n
choice of filn for color reproduction. )

IV. DETERMINING RATIOS

IMAGE/SUBJECT

Your lllunitran is now equipped with a scale which will indicate exposure
corrections to be made when copying originals at nagnifications other than 1:1. This
scale is direct reading for lenses of 50nn and 6ftm noninal focal length. ft can be
used by extrapolation for lenses of 55nn focal length, and the exposure corrections
for the 60mn scale can be used for 58nunlenses.

Use of the Exposure CompensatingScale wilL elininate the need for calculations
of exposure correction once the lens position for 1:1 magnification is deternined and
the scale is set.

The follohring is a sinple procedure which can be used both to deternine irnage/
subject ratios and which will also provide information as to the actual area covered
by the camera viewflnder system conpared to the area of the filn plane opening (nany
SLR cameras do not actually show in the viewfinder the entire pictur.e area. The
arnount of cutoff can be rnore than 10% of the total inage area, and in cases where
cropping is critical, it is inportant to know what error exists in the viewfinder
svstenl.

A. To determine cameraflens positions on bellows for 1:1 reproductions.

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L. Obtain two pieces of tracing paper or tissue. One should be cut to d

2 x 2 inches, to fit the slide holder of the Illumitran. The other i8
should be large enough to'lay over the film tracks of your camera with
the c€Lmeraback open or removed. A small transparent ruler is also
useful.
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Draw with fine pencil a line 1 inch long with graduations each
quarter inch along the center line on the 2 x 2 tracing paper
and place this piece in the transparency holder with the line
parallel to the long axis of the camera opening.

3. Disconnect the f lash coupl ing cord frorn your camera and set the
shutter to Tine, or Bulb exposure (if the latter, a cabl e re-
lease with a lock will be needed).

4. S e t F u n c t i o n S w i t c h ( A 5 ) t o F O C U S ,a n d o p e n u p t h e l e n s t o i t s
widest aperture.

5. Place the second piece of tracing paper on the film channel so

that it is over the opening in the camera body and in the film
plane.

6. Using a magnifier to observe the image on the tracing paper,

adjust the front and rear standards of the bellows assemblv so
that the image of the line as viewed on the tracing paper
measures exactly one inch long.
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Close the shutter to reactivate your viewfinder mirror, and re-
check sharpness through the camera finder.

8. Carefully lock the lens in position by tightening the knurled

lock knob on the lens focusing standard.
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9' The Exposure calibrating scale is held in position by the two large
screws on the rear side of the bellows assernbly frame. Loosen these
t'{o- screws slightry, just enough so that you can slide the Exposure
calibrating scale up or down until the pointer fastened to the bellows
standard lines up with the 1:1 position on the scale. (see photo below)

10. Tighten the screws on the rear of the bellows frane so that the scale
is firnly held in place.

The scale is now set, and does not have to be re-set rmless another lens is
substituted for the one originally used to calibrate it. To use the Exposure Cali-
brating Scale, simply note the indicated correction for any position of the lens
under the column applying to the lens focal length. There are two colunns under
each-lens focal length. The first shows the approximate inage to object ratio, i.e.
the degree of nagnification. The second figure shows the exposure correction neces-
sary to compensatefor the change in rnagnification from 1:1. Plus changes mean the
lens must be opened up to a srnaller number (larger opening) or the intensity control
nust be rotated to produce a plus change in exposure. Negative signs means that the
f stop must be made smaller, or the intensit.y control musi be turned to the point
where it produces a corresponding reduction in exposure. For exanple, if your lllurn-
itran is calibrated to produce correct exposure with a given filn at t:f with a lens
opening of f11, and you wish to crop a slide to produce the equivalent of 3:2 magni-
fication, the scale will show that exposure must be increased by I stop. you have
two choices: (a) you can open up the lens half way between f11 and fs, or you can
set the intensity control to show a \ stop increase in exposure without changing the
l ens opening,

Since canera lenses vary in actual focal length by as nuch as 2eo from the
noninal values narked on their engraved scales, the values shown on the scale for
magnification are only approxinate. When using a 55nm lens, use an exposure correc-
tion midway between those shown for 50nn and 60tnmlenses.

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)
B. To Deterrnine Coverage of Your Viewfinder

Use a transparent rulerr preferably calibrated in millimeters. With the

camera set up as in A above, place the ruler on the transparency holder,
making sure that it is para1le1 to the long axis of the viewfinder field.
Focus and repeat the same procedure with the scale perpendicular to the
long axis of the finder. Note how many millimeters on the scale you can
see through the finder. The standard frame si ze for 35mn cameras is 24. Swrr
x 36.3mm. Conparing the dimensions of the film plane opening with the length
of the ruler visible in the viewfinder will show the area covered by the
viewfinder.

OPERATINGINSTRUCTIONS

A. A Standard Sequence of Operation

Note: Good operating procedure dictates that each time the Illurnitran is
used, the mechanical zero of the meter be checked (see section II E), and
the setting of the trimmer be checked by placing the standard transparency
in the holder, setting the Intensity Control to its mid position (the two
red dots in line) and making sure the neter needle points to the center
p o s i t i o n o n t h e s c a l e w h e n t h e f u n c t i o n s w i t c h i s s e t t o t h e F O C U Sp o s i t i o n
and the cell svrung over it. Make sure the Flash fntensity Switch is on the
proper setting for the film you are using.

1. Advance Film
2. Set Switch A5 to FOCUS
3. Insert slide to be copied, check orientation
4. Check focus and centering in camera viewfinder (if you open up
lens to check focus be sure to stop it down again)
5. Insert any filters you may be using for color compensation into
the filter drawer.
6. Swing meter cell probe over slide :.:'il
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7. Adjust exposure with intensity control to bring pointer to center "$:

pos it ion .
8. Set Switch A5 to EXPoSE
9. Swing meter cell probe out of the way
10. As soon as the ready light comes oD, you can expose.

B. Variations from Normal Procedure

The procedure outlined above will give a high percentage of acceptable

results. However, experience will show that certain types of original
transparencies do not reprqduce in the best way with photo-electric control
of exposure, and nay require rather more or less exposure than they would
receive if put through in the routine way. Such transparencies are usually
those of very high contrast in which the exposure needs to be adjusted
according to the density of a smal1 section of the transparency rather than
the average density of the whole. A simple nodification to the routine pro-
cedure can be followed which will allow the operator to bias the exposure
by a known amount without having to make a change in the lens aperture.
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If this is required, procedure A.7 above is altered to bring the meter needLe
to a point on the scale to the plus or minus side of the amow. The scale
numbers represent exposure difference in terms of lens aperture. For example,
if the meter reads plus t4, this is equivalent to opening the lens aperture by
, a stop, compared with the exposure obtained with the meter reading to the
centre arrow. Similarly, minus 1 is equivalent to closing the lens aperture
by 1 stop.

C. Usingthe4x5Frame

This attaches to the top of the tlllurnitranr in place of the bellows assembly
and access to the two retaining screws is obtained by removing the opal screen.
For initial tests with an average transparency, set the brightness control to
its mid-position (red spots together). Changes in exposure for different
transparencies are best made by altering the lens aperture, always keeping
the brightness control in its mid-position.* While the photo electric con-
trol cannot be used in its normal way, it is possible to employ the photo
cel1 to obtain a measure of guidance on the relative density of different
transparencies. For this purpose, unplug the photo ce11 and connect in the
extension lead supplied with the tt x 5rr frame unit. Conpare the neter read-
ings obtained with the cell held close above selected areas of the different
transparencies compared with those obtained with the test transparency, and
adjust the lens aperture accordingly.

*NOTE Even illr.unination will not be obtained over the 4x5 area if the knob
is moved from its mid-brightness position. The Contrast ControT unit
cannot be used in conjunction with the 4 x 5 ll-Tuminating Unit.

D. Duplicating with caneras other than 35mm

Film Strips:

The simplest way to produce filn strips is to use a suitable single frame
35nm camera such as the Olympus Pen F or Pen FT. Tt is possible to use
the Pen F with the bellows furnished with the Illumitran provided that an
enlarging lens of 60run focal length is used. The advantage of this systen
is that if the lens is the same used on your regular 1:1 duplication of
35mmslides, the exposure corrections shown on the fllumitranrs Compensa-
tion S c a l e f o r r e d u c t i o n s f r o m 3 5 n r nt o s i n g l e f r a n e w i l l a p p l y . rr.$
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2. Cameras larger than 35mm

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Roll film single lens reflexes or press and view cameras can be used with ,:
suitable copy stands or tripods to copy any size original from the Illumi- .l
6
tran (up to 4 x 5 with the accessory frame unit). The base unit of the .:
Illumitran should be nounted on a level surface, and the alignment of the
camera checked carefully with a sensitive level. You can also use a matte
acetate target on which an accurate rectangle has been drawn and compare
it to its inage on the ground glass to check alignment.

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The light output of the Illunitran is sufficient to permit enlarging a

35mn transparency to 4 x 5 with an exposure of between f5.6 and f8
using a material of ASA 32 to 64 speed. In order to obtain these magni-
fications within practical bellows extension limits, a short focal length
lens, whose focal length is determined by the size of the original mater-'
ial being copied, is necessary. An enlarging or macro lens is preferred.
For blowups from 35mm, for example, we have found the 60rnmComponon
mounted in a Compur shutter to be satisfactory.

VI. EXPOSURE FOR CHANGESIN MAGNIFICATION

COMPENSATIONS

A. Lens aperture rnarkings (f stops) are based on the assumption that the
closest object upon the lens will be focused is at least 8 times its focal
length away from it. When working at closer distances, therefore, it is
obvious that the actual effective aperture is considerably smaller when the
lens is racked out farther from the fihn to focus the inage. There are two
forrnulas normally used to calculate the change in lens setting required to
compensate for this:

1. E=tr Fz
Where E = exposure factor , D2 = actual lens to film distance and
F = nominal focal length of lens.

E =( r
1
2. + D2
S
Where E = exposure factor, 1 = height of image as measured at the filn
plane; S = height of subject.

In using either of these formulas, it must be remembered that they are

based on a correction for bellows extension fron infinity focus. Since
IE-G assum@@ r r rumffi- ilr r r for
1:1 reproduction, the calibration already includes a compensation for
the bellows factor involved. It is essential, therefore, when using
these formulas to compare the exposure factor obtained for the given
nagnification ratio to that for the ratio at which the fllumitran has
been calibrated. It is also necessary to rememberthat since the flash
duration is constant, compensations must be made in lens settings or
with the intensity control.

For example, if the Illumitran was initially set up for 1:1 reproduction,
andexamination of the duplicates made from the standard transparency in-
dicates the correct lens setting to be f16, it must be remernberedthat
this setting includes the bellows compensation exposure factor of 4, de-
terrnined by the forrnulas above. f f you are copying down fron a larger
size to 35mm, for example, the image to subject ratio might be such that
the indicated Exposure Factor, conpared to infinity focus, would be only
2. Since the original exposure intluded a factor of 4, it is actually
necessary to close the lens down one stop when working at this reduction
ratio.
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B. FACTORCORRECTIONS
{ SIMPLE SYSTEMFOR CALCULATINGEXPOSURE

A good deal of paperwork can be avoided by using the Effective ApertYre

Coiputer, found- on page 31 , of the Kodak Master PhotogffilTubtiEation
Ar-21, published by Eastman Kodak Conpany.

This computer gives the exposure factors which would be determined by either
formula 1 or formula 2 above. It is particularly helpful when making reduc-
tions or blow-ups of such size that the Illumitran bellows unit is not used.
F o r u s e i n s l i d e d u p l i c a t i n g w e r e c o m m e n dt h a t i r n a g e - t o - s u b j e c t h e i g h t
ratios (formula 2) be used since they are easier to measure than the bellows
extension changes.

i.. When using magnif ication ratios other than 1 : l- dbtermined the image-
to-subject r"iio either by measurementor by reference to your chart.

2. First set the window in the lower portion of the dial to the magnifi-
cation used to calibrate the Illunitran and read on the lower black ring
of nulnbers the equivalent f number opposite the lens setting on the camera
lens which produced a properly exposed duplicate. For example, if you
calibrated at 1:1 and itte- lens setting w a s f ! 6 , t h e dial would show that
the Exposure Factor was 4, and that effective aperture, when your lens was
set to f16, was really f32 ( t w o s t o p s d o w n ) .

S. To determine the new lens settirg, turn the dial to show the magnifi-
cation at which you will now be working. The effective aperture remains
the same, since this produced a c o r r e c t e x posure when we calibrated the
Illumitran. Therefoie, what w e m u s t d e t e r rnine is the new lens setting
which produces this effective aperture. We determine this by looking at
the lower ring of numbers, as ii to find effective aperture as determined
in Step 2, thln read against t h i s t h e n e w l e n s s e t t i ng. For example, in
the example given in StGp Z , t t r e e f f e c t i v e a p e r t u r e i s f 3 2 . If we are
enlarging a !tia", and t i r e n e w i m a g e - t o - s u b j e c t r a t i o i s 4 : L , looking at
the dial shows that f'z on the effective aperture ring corresponds to a
setting alnost midway b e t w e e n f 5 . 6 a n d f 8 o n t h e c a m e r a l e n s i . e . w e must
increase exposure by 2 % s t o p s . T h e s e c o r r e c t i o n s c a n b e m a d e e i t h e r by
changing th; lens setting o r u s i n g t h e i n t e n s i t y c o n t r o l .

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VII ING A LENS

CHOOS

A lens suitable for slide duplicating must be corrected so that it projects

a flat field with even illunination. Since most standard camera lenses are
computed to produce optimum results at medium focal distances, their pen-
formance at the close working distances involved in slide duplication is not
idea1. While usable results may be obtained, there will generally be a fal1-
off in sharpness at the corners of the image due to curvature of the pro-
jected field of focus, and most of the faster norrnal lenses will exhibit con-
siderable diffraction effect resulting in a loss of sharpness over the entire
image when stopped down to very smal 1 apertures

We have found that most of the fmacror lenses designed for close up work, in
focal lengths ranging from 55rnmup, are excellent for slide duplication and
these can be used with the Illurnitran 3. However, most of the mountings
for these lenses are too deep to permit them to be used with the Contrast
Control Unit because of mechanical interference with the optical, deflector
which is necessary to the operation of the CCU.

T h e r e f o r e , w e r e c o m m e n dt h e u s e o f a g o o d q u a l i t y e n l a r g i n g l e n s , p r e f e r a b l y
of 60mrnfocal length, os an all around lens for the lllurnitran. Three which
we have found satisfactory a r e t h e B o g e n W . A . 6 0 r n mf 4 . 0 ( c a t a l o g n o . 1 - 7 9 1 ) ,
t h e S c h n e i d e r C o m p o n o n6 0 m n f 5 . 6 ( c a t . n o . 0 1 8 0 ) a n d t h e R o d e n s t o c k R o d a g o n
6 0 r n nf 5 . 6 . A l l t h r e e o f t h e s e l e n s e s c a n b e o b t a i n e d w i t h a 3 9 m ms c r e w
thread (Leica) mount which fits the catalog no. 0161 lens adapter for the
Illumitran be1lows.

Whenthe Illumitran is to be used with several canera bodies, it will be

found much more convenient to use one lens, preferably an enlarging lens or
a macro lens, with all bodies. In this w?I, magnification data and index
markings for the lens only will be determined, and by focusing with the
rear standards on the bellows, &fly other camera will provide the same size
reproductions.

W h e nn o u n t i n g a n e n l a r g i n g l e n s , f i r s t insert the adapter ring in the

bellows, then screw in the lens. By loosening slightly the knurled locking
screws after the lens is mounted, you can rotate the mount so that the
aperture markings can be conveniently viewed from your working position.

If 1'ou are using a camera fmacrot lens, be sure that the supplemental exten-
sion tube supplied with some of these lenses is removed and that the helical
focusing rnount of the Lens is set to infinity. This will give you maximum
flexibility in using your bellows and i-nsure that the calibration of the
magnification pointer will stay the same. Note: If the camera lens has an
automatic diaphragm feature make sure that the tauto-manualr switch on the
l e n s b a r r e l i s s e t t o f m a n u a lI .

The best lens aperture for maximumsharpness and optimum conection of

residual aberrations is generally around 2 stops below rnaximumaperture;
i.e. for an f4.0 lens around f8. It is preferable to adjust exposure by
means of ND filters when using faster fihns rather than to stop down below
f11 as might otherwise b e n e c e s s a r y .
 -14-

VIII FILMS FOR DUPLICATION

IN CHOOSING
CONSIDERATIONS

Any copying process involves some loss of sharpness and detail compared
to the original. The first consideration in choosing a filn on which to
make duplicates should be to minimize this loss by using the sharpest,
finest grain filn. The copying process also involves some increase in
contrast in the duplicate, as compared to the original, although electronic
flash illumination generally causes less contrast buildup that does tungsten
i 1 luminat ion .

While most fihns balanced for daylight or tungsten illumination can be used
with the Illumitran, anyone who has experimented with various films knows
that the color rendition of various types (from even the same manufacturer)
varies. The choice, in this respect, is subjective. However, it is usually
not necessary to change filns to copy slides shot on various emulsions,
most variations desired can be obtained by using filters while duplicating.

Dayl ight Fi lms

Generally speaking, within the range of products available fron any given
manufacturer, sharpness decreases as film speed goes up. Contrast may also
i-ncrease. The best film to use, therefore, for retaining maximum sharpness
would be the slowest in any manufacturerrs conventional filn range. (This
does not apply to films made specifically for duplicating, since other fac-
tors come into consideration.) For short runs, where no special processing
i s a v a i l a b l e , t h e b e s t a l l a r o u n d f i l m w e h a v e f o u n C i s K o d a c h r o m e2 5 .
Ektachrone 64 or the various equivalents from other manufacturers should
only be used if it is possible to obtain custom processing so as to reduce
filn speed and contrast by reducing first d e v e t r o p m e n tt i m e . This is a pro-
cedure with which most custom processing laboratories are familiar.

Duplicating Filns

If a reasonable volume of work is being done, the best choices are probably
the films made specifically for duplicating such as Kodak Type 5071 which
can be processed in standard Ektachrome E-6 chemistry.

Kodak pamphlet E-39, dated June 1976, made some recommendations for filter
packs which our results indicate are not comect for the Illumitran 3.

Our tests were made rvith a standard transparency frorn Kodak part no. 1'20 2019
(Internegative test kit). This is one featuring the usual portrait of a young
woman against a neutral background, surrounded by color patches and gray
scales.

Wemade two sets of trials, both with and without an infra-red cutoff filter.

The best filter pack, without an infra-red cutoff filter was:

28 plus 100 yell-ow plus 05 Red. Exposure was f6.3 on the high power setting.

We were not able to obtain a no. 304 I.R. filter, so instead used the pre-
v i o u s m o d e l , N o . 3 0 1 , w h i c h h a s b e e n r e c o m m e n d e df o r t y p e 5 0 3 8 f i l m w h e n
originals made on both Kodachrome and Ektachrome are interrnixed. In this
case, the best filter pack and exposure were:
3 0 1 p l u s 2 8 p l u s 8 5 Y e l l o w p l u s 5 R e d . Lens settixg was between f6.3 and

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 = 15 -

f5.6 with the high power setting.

Your results may vary slightly, depending on the transmittance of your lens
and the condition of y o u r filters, but we feel that these f ilter packs wi-11
provide an excellent starting p o i n t .

Intermediate Negatives

The principle of operation on which the Illumitran works in making dupli-

cates of transparencies can b e a p p l i e d e q u a l l y t o p r o d uce intermediate nega-
tives ( i n t e r n e g s ) of transparencies f o r p r i n t i n g o n p a per.

N o t w i t h s t a n d i n g s o m e o f t h e m u m b o - j u m b ow e t v e s e e n a b o u t r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r
special interneg films and special exposure techniques, people have been
successfully making internegatives with the Illumitran and regular color
negative f i l n f o r y e a r s . W e r e c e n t l y e x p l o r e d t h i s p r o b lem, using the same
test transparency d e s c r i b e d i n t h e d i s c u s s i o n o f t y p e 5 0 71 film above,
which is a handy check because it comes with a type R print made from i-t as
a reference standard. We did our experiments on afrworst casett basis, i.e.
we had the film processed at a Kodak 1ab and then sent the negatives to a
commercial finisher for printing. The results were as good as the rcalibra-
tion' print supplied by Kodak, and we dar:e say we can make a better print
than either with the same internegatives.

You can use either Vericolor Professional type S or Kodacolor II. Wepre-
fer the former because it seems to produce an internegative with less con-
trast. For VPS a filter pack consisting of CP2B (U.V. correction) and a
1A (skylight) is suggested. If you do your own printitg, you might want to
add a 5R filter to avoid having to use cyan filters in your enlarger"

If you are making 1:L internegatives, a lens setting of f22 is called for.
Since this smal1 a diaphragm setting is not available on many lenses, and
in any case it is not usually a sharp aperture with multi-element lenses, w€
suggest you add a KodakWratten No. 96 0.60 Neutral Density Filter ( 2 5 e "t r a n s -
mission) to your filter pack and expose at f11.

We carried exposure over a range of tL, stops, and all the negatives were
printable. We therefore suggest an exposure test at t , stop from nominal
to pick the type of negative you prefer to prlnt.

Since there are two optical steps involved in obtaining a print fron a slide
by means of internegatives, there is some loss of sharpness. This can be
minimized when you are planning to make larger prints by using a film size
for the internegative intermediate between the slide size and the final
print. Many custom labs use a 4 x 5 internegative to produce L6 x 20 prints.

I \ l e f e e l a g o o d 1 , 2 0s i z e r o 1 1 f i l m i n t e r n e g a t i v e , e s p e c i a l l y i f m a d e w i t h V P S
filn will do quite well. The same setup used for rnaking enlarged transparen-
cies with the Illumitran (large format camera mounted on a copy stand above
the Illumitran base) will serve for this. Don't forget, however, that an ex-
posure compensation is required for the increase in magnificatj-on from 1:1.
 L6-

Correction and Filtration

An original slide may be considered of poor color balance, and an in-

proved duplicate may be obtained by using color filters. If a slide
ir too blue, for example in the case of a landscape exposed under a
blue s k y l i g h t w i t h o u t c l o u d s , a y e l l o w i s h o r b r o w n i s h f i l t e r will im-
prove matters. Arr ordinary Skylight filter will correct slight cold-
n"rr ( a s i t w o u l d h a v e d o n e i n t h e o r i g i n a l scene), while a wratten 81
or g 1 A w i l l a d d m o r e w a r m t h . E v e n a n o r i g i n a l exposed accidentally to
the wrong illurnination, 3s in the case of daylight filn with tungsten
light, o i a r t i f i c i a l l i g h t t y p e f i l m e x p o s e d t o d a y l i g h t , n d _ Yb e i m - , -
pr6ved somewhat by using a rigtrt balanclng filter. Bluish filters add
Loolness, brownish filters add warmth. The exposure increase factor is
automatically compensated by the Illumitran when the filters are placed
in the filter drawer (not over the lens).

Wrat t en Light Balanclng F i l t e r s

'fo Make Warmer Exposure Tnerease in StoPs
To Make Cooler
82 1/3
824 1/3
828 2/3
82C 2/3
81 L/3
81A L/3
818 1/3
81C 1/3
81EF 2/3

Different lenses transmit images of cooler or warmer tone, according to

the types of glass elements and the coatings employed. Somelenses may
be improved bt adding a W or Skylight filter, though this will not be
,,".*=i"ty where a m* (barownish) light balancing filter is being used.
Due t9 individual preferences, flo definite aclvice can b e g iven on filtra-
tion, but. a very fiw tests will show the individual operator whether he
'l'o correct lens coldness one of the Kodak
consid.ers filtration desirabLe.
Ce yellow filters m a y b e u s e d . C C 0 5 Ya n c l C C L 0 Y , t h e t w o l o w e s t d e n s i t i e s ,
will certainly suffice for this purpose.

I t s h o u l d b e r e m e m b e r e ctl h a t f i l t r a t i o n cannot put back color that is

totally absent from an original slide, as in the case of over-exposed
highrights. Reducing the aperture or giving intentionaL under*exposure by
ofisetiing the needle on the meter scale will add further density to a
duplicate over your re-elected exposure 1evel, but using a color filter
will simply add in all-over cast of t.hat color.

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 -17 -

CONTRASTCONTROLI.JNIT

How the BowensCCu Works.

Exposure to a snall percentage of non-irnage forming light (flashing) has

long been known to increase filrn sensitivity in the shadow areas in par-
ticular and to lorver contrast by degradation of highlights.

The BowensCCUis a separate electronic flash unit, powered by and syn-

chronized with the Illurnitran so that it produces.in the image/subject
light path a sirnultaneous exposure which is a predetermined percentage of
the nain flash power of the lllumitran, There are three switch controlled
ranges each increasing total light output of the CCUby approxirnately one
full stop. Within each range,output of the CCUcan be varied continuously
over a range of 7 nominal intensities. Thus effects can be held to repeat-
able results.

ASSEMBLYINSTRUCTIONS

When purchased as a conplete unit with the Illumitran (Illumitran 3-C)

the CCU is supplied with the bellows aTready nounted. When purchased
as a separate unit to be used with an existing Illunitran, the bellows
fron the original Illunitran is transferred to the support unit of the
CCU. This is acconplished by unscrewing the two large pan head screl/s
on the back of the bellows support. A new nagnification scale is supplied
with the CCUand this, together with the bellows, should be mounted on the
CCU, using the sane large screws.
 - 18-

In fitting the bellows to the new support unit, note that the clamp plate
and scale are between the bellows brackets and column, not behind as on
the original column. The pointer may require slight bending forward to
prevent it from running on the face of the scale.

There are two glass plates supplied with the CCU. One is a spare.

In assenbling the lllunitran 3-C follow steps outlined in Sec. II (page 4)

except that the CCU is mounted over the two studs on the top of the base
unit (A) and then the basic Holder (C) is put in place before fastening
the locking nuts. The large knob supplied fastens the CCU to the rear of
the base unit.

The glass plate should be carefully cleaned and inserted in the 45o slot in
the CCU. ,

CALI BRATION

A. Basic set-up and calibration o f the Il lumitran 3-C should be caried

o u t w i t h t h e C C Uu n p l u g g e d .

B. Follow the same steps outlined in sections III and IV, (pps 5-8).
P l u g i n t h e C C Ua n d t e s t i t b y u s i n g t h e O p e n F l a s h B u t t o n . It should flash
as the main flash unit is fired.

C. If you have already calibrated your Illumitran, the same filter packs
and basic exposure information you have developed rnay be used with the
Illumitran 3-C. For normal duplication, i.e. to reduce contrast without
introducing color shifts, a duplicate of the filter pack used in the main
flash should be made up and inserted in the f i l t e r h older of the CCU.

D. On the rear of the CCU are two rocker switches and a knurled thumb
wheel. Whenthe CCUis plugged in and or, the settings of these controls
can be observed on the neon indicators on the front panel of the unit.
Each switch selects a range of intensities of flashing light covering
approximately one stop. Within each range the intensity is continuously
variable by means of the knurled thumb wheel, and for easy reference the
letters tfGfr through trArr. The
settings of the wheel are represented by the
rMin-
least amount of flashing exposure possible is obtained by setting the
I
Maxt switch to tMin', the rNormal-Hight switch to rNormal and the thunb
wheel to position rrcfr. At this setting only the pointer indicator for the
thunb wheel will be illuminated as will the lower neon of the three on the
left, 1abe1led 'Minf.

E. The mid position of each range is obtained by setting the thunb wheel
t o t h e r t D f rp o s i t i o n , w h i c h i s a p p r o x i n a t e l y , 2 s t o p m o r e f l a s h i n g l i g h t t h a n
f tcrf and L, stop less than ffArf. Setting the tMin-Max I switch to the f Maxrr
position increases the light output by a ful1 stop over the previous setting
rMaxf. Setting
and this is indicated by the second neon, over the marking
the tNormal-Highf switch to tHight also boosts power by one stop.

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 - 19-

F. How nuch flashing exposure is needed? This depends on two factors:

how conEiaEt-y tIE-oiT-ginat-Ts, and_wfraT-firm is being used as a duplicating
mediun. Our tests indicate that a normal contrast original copied on Koda-
chrone 25 requires more flashing exposure than does the same original copied
on a low contrast filrn such as 5071. Specifically, we found that the best
copies of the standard Ektachrone transparency (Kodak Cat. No. 1-20 2019) were
obtained with Kodachrone 25 when both the tMaxr and rHight switches were
activated and the thunb wheel indicator was at "Err. These were based on
subjective visual observation and all the copies ranging fron rMaxr - trBrt
to rHigh-Maxr - 'rE'rwere pleasing.

Conversely, the best result with 5071 was obtained with only the tlt{int in-
dicator activated and the thumb wheel set to rrBrt or trct'.

A simple calibration run can be nade by taking an average transparency,

setting the Illurnitran to produce a nornal duplicate, and then re-copying
it in a series of exposures starting eith the lowest setting (rMinr - "Gt')
and working up to tMax-High' - ItA in individual steps. (Renenber when
switching ranges that the pointer nust be set back to the "Gt' position to
rnaintain a continuous increase in flashing exposure.) Saving this calibra-
tion ro11 for conparison will facilitate selecting proper settings for pro-
blen slides. F o r e x a n p l e , a d e g r e e o f f l a s h i n g w h i c h w o u l d r r w a s ho u t ' r a
norrnal contrast original nay in fact be needed for one which is extremely
contrasty.

G. An fnteresting Additional

Just as it is necessary to rnatch the filtration of the CCU to the nain

flash in order to avoid introducing color crossovers, deliberate nismatch-
ing can aid in curing 'problent slides which exhibit these crossovers.
The effect of the flashing exposure is observed nainly in the shadow areas
of copy slides. Therefore, it is possible to conpensate, for exanple, for
blue shadows in a landscape scene by adding a small anount of orange or
L -20-

yellow filtration to the flashing exposure only. (Normally, if you attempt

to correct this fault by f i l t e r i n g t h e s l i d e w h i l e copying it, you will
find that you have introduced an undesirable cast to the highlight areas.)

Again, we have found that different copy fihns react differently to this
technique. More filtration is required for Kodachrome than for 5071.

The effect of filter changes in the CCU is most readily observed when the
original contains a neutral gray card since this will give a better indica-
tion of what is happening in the individual color forming layers of the
film being u s e d a s a d u p l i c a t i n g m e d i u m t h a n w i l l c o p i e s m a d eo f a s t r i c t l y
subj ective s c e n e .

In experimenting it is important to remember that two factors will control

how much of an effect is obtained: the arnount of flashing exposure and
the saturation of the filters used. For maximun color effect with minimum
reduction of contrast, high saturation values (50-4OCC, for example) should
be coupled with low s e t t i n g s o f t h e C C U , a n d v i ce versa.

ROUTINEMAINTENANCE ILLTJI,IITRAN3 AND ILLTJIVIITMN3-C

The Illumitran is guaranteed for a period of one year from date of purchase, and
should be returned to us for any required service or repairs. The original pack-
ing naterial should be retained, i f p o s s i b l e , f o r t h i s PurPose.

It is recomnendedthat only a conpetent technician perforn routine naintenance on

the I I lunitTan.

A. Replacement of Modelling LanPs

The nodel l ing lamps used for focusing are long l ife autornotive lanps rated
at a minimum of fbOO hours. . Replacement of the set of both is desirable
Replac-ernentsets nay be ordered from us at $2.00 _':
when either larnp fails.
' :tt

per set, ( c a t a l o g N o . 0 1 9 1)

To replace the lamps follow these steps:

1. Turn off the Illunitran first (the power switch also discharges the
condenser) unplug it from the power socket, and wait five minutes for
any residual charge to drain off.

2. Remove the transparency hoLder and turn the Intensity Control lhob to
bring the lamp platforn to the toP.

S. The two modelling lamps are fastened in place with cartridge type
clips. Lift out the old lamps and replace.

4. When focusing larnps are replaced, or if they have been in use for a
long time, it is possible tttat there will be some change in the
brightness which *itf affect the exposure balance to which the Illumi-
tt"tr was originally adjusted. This can be corrected as follows:

a. Replace the original standard transparency in the Illunitran.

.:ii

,
i&

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 -21-

b. Set the Intensity Control to its rnid-position so the dots coincide.

c. Note meter reading, if it does not read at the center zero posi-
tion adjust the trimmer control to bring it into balance.

B. F lashtube

If the tube fails to fire, first check that the fault is not in the camera
by removing the synchronizing lead and shorting across the plug contacts.
(irlake sure the Illumitran is switched to f exposet and the neon indicator
ir alight). The flashtube fitted to the rllurnitran norrnally has a life in
excess of 10,000 flashes; complete failure of the tube (necessitating re-
placement) is often preceded by intermittent firing.

To replace the tube proceed as in 1 and 2 above.

The tube is of the plug-in variety and is easily replaced. Observe that
the new tube is fitted with the metaltzed stripe engaging t h e clip.

I A replacement flashtube is available at $fg.OO (catalog No. 0190).