Bounded Set

Bounded set
In mat hemat ical analysis and relat ed areas of mat hemat ics, a set is called bounded if it is, in a
cert ain sense, of finit e measure. Conversely, a set which is not bounded is called unbounded.
The word 'bounded' makes no sense in a general t opological space wit hout a corresponding
met ric.
An artist's impression of a bounded set (top) and of an unbounded set (bottom). The set at the bottom continues forever
towards the right.
"Bounded" and "boundary" are distinct concepts; for the latter see boundary (topology). A circle
in isolation is a boundaryless bounded set, while the half plane is unbounded yet has a
boundary.
A bounded set is not necessarily a closed set and vise versa. For example, a subset S of a 2-
dimensional real space R2 const rained by t wo parabolic curves x2 + 1 and x2 - 1 defined in a
Cart esian coordinat e syst em is a closed but is not bounded (unbounded).
Definition in the real numbers
A real set with upper bounds and its supremum.
A set S of real numbers is called bounded from above if t here exist s some real number k (not
necessarily in S) such t hat k ≥ s for all s in S. The number k is called an upper bound of S. The
t erms bounded from below and lower bound are similarly defined.
A set S is bounded if it has bot h upper and lower bounds. Therefore, a set of real numbers is
bounded if it is cont ained in a finit e int erval.
Definition in a metric space
A subset S of a met ric space (M, d) is bounded if t here exist s r > 0 such t hat for all s and t in S,
we have d(s, t) < r. The met ric space (M, d) is a bounded met ric space (or d is a bounded met ric)
if M is bounded as a subset of it self.
Tot al boundedness implies boundedness. For subset s of Rn t he t wo are equivalent .
A met ric space is compact if and only if it is complet e and t ot ally bounded.
A subset of Euclidean space Rn is compact if and only if it is closed and bounded.
Boundedness in topological vector spaces

In t opological vect or spaces, a different definit ion for bounded set s exist s which is somet imes
called von Neumann boundedness. If t he t opology of t he t opological vect or space is induced by
a met ric which is homogeneous, as in t he case of a met ric induced by t he norm of normed vect or
spaces, t hen t he t wo definit ions coincide.
Boundedness in order theory
A set of real numbers is bounded if and only if it has an upper and lower bound. This definit ion is
ext endable t o subset s of any part ially ordered set . Not e t hat t his more general concept of
boundedness does not correspond t o a not ion of "size".
A subset S of a part ially ordered set P is called bounded above if t here is an element k in P such
t hat k ≥ s for all s in S. The element k is called an upper bound of S. The concept s of bounded
below and lower bound are defined similarly. (See also upper and lower bounds.)
A subset S of a part ially ordered set P is called bounded if it has bot h an upper and a lower
bound, or equivalent ly, if it is cont ained in an int erval. Not e t hat t his is not just a propert y of t he
set S but also one of t he set S as subset of P.
A bounded poset P (t hat is, by it self, not as subset ) is one t hat has a least element and a
great est element . Not e t hat t his concept of boundedness has not hing t o do wit h finit e size, and
t hat a subset S of a bounded poset P wit h as order t he rest rict ion of t he order on P is not
necessarily a bounded poset .
A subset S of Rn is bounded wit h respect t o t he Euclidean dist ance if and only if it bounded as
subset of Rn wit h t he product order. However, S may be bounded as subset of Rn wit h t he
lexicographical order, but not wit h respect t o t he Euclidean dist ance.
A class of ordinal numbers is said t o be unbounded, or cofinal, when given any ordinal, t here is
always some element of t he class great er t han it . Thus in t his case "unbounded" does not mean
unbounded by it self but unbounded as a subclass of t he class of all ordinal numbers.
See also
Bounded funct ion
Local boundedness
Order t heory
Tot ally bounded
References
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Bounded Set

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Bounded set

Definition in the real numbers

A real set with upper bounds and its supremum.

Definition in a metric space

Tot al boundedness implies boundedness. For subset s of Rn t he t wo are equivalent .

A subset of Euclidean space Rn is compact if and only if it is closed and bounded.

Boundedness in topological vector spaces

Boundedness in order theory

Bounded funct ion

Tot ally bounded

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