Blood Typing

Human Physiology & Lab 1
7th Lab Report
Blood Typing
Huda Bahrooz Saadi
A22101393
Department of Nursing - The American University of Kurdistan (AUK)
BIOL2404: Human Physiology & Lab
Dr. Fouad Kasim Mohammad
October 27th, 2022

Introduction to Blood Types
Blood types are based on the presence or absence of antigens, which are
chemicals that, if they are unfamiliar to the body, might cause an immune reaction.
Safe transfusion depends on proper blood typing and cross-matching since some
antigens might cause a patient's immune system to fight the transfused blood. The
presence or absence of two antigens, A and B, on the surface of red blood cells
determines the four major blood categories. The eight most prevalent blood types
are A+, A-, B+, B-, O+, O-, AB+, and AB-. Moreover, to the A and B antigens, the
Rh factor is a protein that may either be present (+) or absent (-), resulting in the
eight blood types. Blood types must be linked in specific ways for a transfusion to
be safe. The outcome of a blood transfusion can determine one's fate. Use the
interactive image below to learn more about mixing blood types for transfusions.
Additionally, Rh-positive, or Rh-negative blood may be provided to Rh-positive
patients, while Rh-negative blood is administered to Rh-negative people. For
plasma, the rules are the opposite.
Objectives
In this experiment, we examined how the blood might change when combined with
each anti-A, anti-B, and anti-AB antibody. Additionally, we identified the blood
type from the alteration. One antibody's reaction with the antigen on both red cells
resulted in the formation of antibody cross-linkages, which caused the alteration.
When a person with blood type A receives an injection of B-type blood, antibodies
coupled with their matching antigens work to kill them. A blood clot will develop
when the anti-B antibodies from blood type A meet the antigen B from blood
group B. Due to the harmful compounds released when agglutinated red blood
cells break, that blood clot might result in a person's death.
Materials
 2 Microscope Slides
 Anti-A, Anti-B and Anti-D
 Markers
 Lancets
 Lancet Device
 Ethanol
 Cotton Ball
 3 Toothpick
Procedure
1. A new slide is taken, with one end labeled "Anti-A" and the other "Anti-B,"
and “Anti-D” respectively.
2. On the end of the slide labeled "Anti-A," a drop of Anti-A test serum is
added, and on end labeled "Anti-B," a drop of Anti-B testing serum is added,
and on end labeled “Anti-D” a drop of anti-D testing serum is added.
3. Each edge of the slide receives one drop of the subject's blood, which is then
thoroughly mixed with the help of tiny wooden sticks.
4. Direct reading of the findings is possible from the slide. The person's blood
group is A if the Anti-A test serum causes agglutination. Similarly. If the
Anti-B testing serum agglutinated, the blood group would be B. If both test
serums caused agglutination, the blood group would be AB, and if none
caused it, it would be O. and so on for Anti-D if the blood agglutinated then
it is positive for RH for all four groups.
Results
Blood is categorized as type A, B, AB, or O, depending on the findings of the
blood typing test. Additionally, it is categorized as Rh+ or Rh-. as shown down
below:
1. Because there were no clots so it is negative for all serums.

2. Here we have clots is Anti-A and Anti-D serum so it was positive for both.
3. Here we have clots only in Anti-D so it is only positive for that one.
Blood Groups Givers and Receivers

Blood types Gives blood to Receives blood to
A+ A+, AB+ A+-, O-+
B+ B+, AB+ B+-, O+-
AB+ AB+ All Blood Types
O+ A+, B+, AB+, O+ O+, O-
A- A-+, AB-+ A-, O-
B- B-+, AB-+ B-, O-
AB- AB+- A-, B-, O-, AB-
O- All Blood Types O-

Conclusion
This test takes a few minutes to determine a person's blood type. Similarly, an anti-
Rh serum is added to the blood sample to perform Rh typing. The blood is Rh-
positive if it clumps together in reaction to the anti-Rh serum. The blood is
declared to be Rh-negative if no clumping happens. Because knowing one's blood
group and Rh type will make it easier for medical professionals to give immediate
care in the event of an emergency, a blood grouping test is essential for everyone.
Knowing your blood type is essential if you want to give blood to a loved one
during an emergency.
References
Blood Types and Blood Group Tests | pathkind. (2022, July 6). Blood Types
and Blood Group Tests | Pathkind. Retrieved October 27, 2022, from
https://www.pathkindlabs.com/health/blood-types-and-blood-group-tests
Blood Types Explained - A, B, AB and O | Red Cross Blood Services. (n.d.).
Blood Types Explained - a, B, AB and O | Red Cross Blood Services. Retrieved
October 27, 2022, from https://www.redcrossblood.org/donate-blood/blood-
types.html
Investigating blood types. (2015, July 7). Science in School. Retrieved
October 27, 2022, from
https://www.scienceinschool.org/article/2015/investigating-blood-types/
Hegde, S. (2017, November 24). Blood Grouping Test : Principle, Purpose
And Procedure | Health Checkup. Health CheckUp. Retrieved October 27, 2022,
from https://www.healthcheckup.com/general/blood-grouping-test/

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Human Physiology & Lab 1

7th Lab Report

Huda Bahrooz Saadi

Department of Nursing - The American University of Kurdistan (AUK)

BIOL2404: Human Physiology & Lab

Dr. Fouad Kasim Mohammad

October 27th, 2022

Introduction to Blood Types

Additionally, Rh-positive, or Rh-negative blood may be provided to Rh-positive

patients, while Rh-negative blood is administered to Rh-negative people. For

plasma, the rules are the opposite.

resulted in the formation of antibody cross-linkages, which caused the alteration.

cells break, that blood clot might result in a person's death.

 Anti-A, Anti-B and Anti-D

and “Anti-D” respectively.

and on end labeled “Anti-D” a drop of anti-D testing serum is added.

thoroughly mixed with the help of tiny wooden sticks.

group is A if the Anti-A test serum causes agglutination. Similarly. If the

it is positive for RH for all four groups.

Blood is categorized as type A, B, AB, or O, depending on the findings of the

blood typing test. Additionally, it is categorized as Rh+ or Rh-. as shown down

1. Because there were no clots so it is negative for all serums.

Blood Groups Givers and Receivers

B+ B+, AB+ B+-, O+-

AB+ AB+ All Blood Types

O+ A+, B+, AB+, O+ O+, O-

A- A-+, AB-+ A-, O-

B- B-+, AB-+ B-, O-

AB- AB+- A-, B-, O-, AB-

O- All Blood Types O-

positive if it clumps together in reaction to the anti-Rh serum. The blood is

declared to be Rh-negative if no clumping happens. Because knowing one's blood

Blood Types Explained - A, B, AB and O | Red Cross Blood Services. (n.d.).

Blood Types Explained - a, B, AB and O | Red Cross Blood Services. Retrieved

October 27, 2022, from https://www.redcrossblood.org/donate-blood/blood-

Investigating blood types. (2015, July 7). Science in School. Retrieved

October 27, 2022, from

Hegde, S. (2017, November 24). Blood Grouping Test : Principle, Purpose

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