Lecture 2:

Introduction to
Physical Chemistry
(CHM 103)

Facilitator: Prof. Nnabuk Okon Eddy

Okon.nnabuk@unn.edu.ng
National Open
University of Nigeria National Open University Of Nigeria
Objectives

• To Know what are the differences between gas and other states of matter
• To know the strength of inter and intra molecular forces between the
different state of matter
• To know the postulates of kinetic theory of gases
• To know the different types of gas laws
• To differentiate between ideal and real gases
• To know how to handle calculations concerning gases by the application of
the gas laws
• To know the limitations of the gas laws
Gaseous state

• There are three states of matter: Solid liquid and gases

• What determines a particular state depends on the temperature and pressure.
• Some substances can change from one state to another For example consider
liquid water, ice (solid state) and vapour (gaseous state)
• The different states are maintain at different temperature and pressure (There is
no solid that can not be melted to liquid and there is no liquid that can not be
converted to gas. It depends on temperature and pressure)
• Solid has a definite shape and volume. Liquid and gases takes the shape of the
container
Properties of gases (kinetic theory of gas)

• (i) Gas consists of molecules which are in continuous radom motion

• (ii)Gas molecules are separated by large intermolecular distances. Therefore, interaction
(intramolecular forces) between gas molecules are very weak
• (iii) gas molecules have greater freedom of movement. They move randomly and tend to
occupy maximum available space
• (iv) Gas molecules collide with each other and with the wall of the container
• (iv) The collisions of gas molecules with each other and with the wall of the container
constitute gas pressure
• (v) The temperature of a gas is the measure of the average kinetic energy of the gas
molecules
Self assessment

• What are the basic differences between gas and other states of
matter?
• What are the parameter the collision of gas molecules and the
average kinetic energy affects or reflects?
• State the influence of intermolecular distance of gas molecules on its
behaviour
Gases
• At high temperature and low pressure. gases tend to expand.
• When the temperature is lowered. gases tend to contract
• Gases can be compressed almost indefinitely if they exist above a certain critical
temperature.
• The critical temperature is defined as the temperature above which a substance
can exist only in the gaseous state.
Self assessment
• If a gas is heated in a rigid container having a fixed volume, what do you
expect? Answer: The pressure will increase
Ideal and real gases (non ideal)

• Ideal gases obey all the gas laws at all temperatures and pressures
• Real gases do not obey the gas laws and do not behave according to the
assumptions of the kinetic molecular theory
• Real gases obey Van der Waal equation of state
• A real gas deviates most from an ideal gas at low temperature and high
pressure
• Gases are most ideal at high temperature and low pressure
Self assessment

• What are the differences between ideal and real gases

Ideal gas, PV = RT or PV/RT = 1
Gas laws

• Boyle’s law
• Charles law
• Combined gas law
• Dalton's law of partial pressure
• Graham’s law of effusion/diffusion
• Gay Lussac’s law
Boyle’s law
• At constant temperature, the volume of a given mass of a gas is
inversely proportional to the pressure
1
𝑉 ∝
𝑃
𝑘
𝑉 = or 𝑉𝑃 = 𝑘 (k is the proportionality sign, V is the
𝑃
volume of the gas and P is the pressure of the gas)
At different volumes and pressures,
𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2
Graphical: Boyl’s law
Example of P-V graph at different
temperature
Other forms
Question 1

• Assuming a 3.00 litre sample of gas at 1.00 atm is compressed to 0.600 litre
at constant temperature. Calculate the final pressure of the gas.
𝑃1 𝑉1
• Hint: 𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2 , 𝑃2 = (1 L = 0.001 m3)
𝑉2
• V1 = 3.00 L = 3.00 x 0.001 m3
• P1 = 1.00 atm = 101325 Pa
• V2 = 0.600 L = 0.006 x 0.001 m3
𝑃1 𝑉1 101325 𝑃𝑎 𝑥 3.00 𝑥 0.001𝑚3
• 𝑃2 = = 3
𝑉2 0.006 𝑥 0.001𝑚
Question 2

• A sample of gas occupies 360 ml (V1) under pressure of 4.052 8 x

105’Pa (P1 ) (at constant temperature). What volume will the sample
occupy at a pressure of 1.013 2 x 105 Pa –P2’)
𝑃1 𝑉1
• Hint: 𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2 , 𝑉2 =
𝑃2
• (Convert 360 ml to m3 (1 ml = 1 x 10-6 m3)
Question 3

• Express each of the following gas pressures in Pa: (a) 300 mm/Hg (b)
0. 760 torr (c) 1.5 atm.
• Hint
• Pascal is the S.I unit of pressure (1 Pa = 1 Nm3)
• 1 mm/Hg = 133.322 Pa
• 1 Torr = 133.322 Pa
• 1 atm = 101325 Pa
Charles’ law

• The volume of a given mass of a gas is directly proportional to its

absolute temperature
• 𝑉 ∝ 𝑇 𝑜𝑟 𝑉 = 𝑘𝑇
𝑉
• =𝑘 𝑜𝑟
𝑇
𝑉1 𝑉2
• =
𝑇1 𝑇2
• At a given pressure, the ratio of the volume to temperature will always
be a constant
Graphical representation
Self Assessment

• What is SI unit of temperature

• Convert 70, 80 and 100 C to K For example 70 C = 273 + 70 = 343 K
• Convert 273, 298 and 303 K to C
• 273 K = 273-273 C = 0 C,
• 298 K = 298 – 273 = 25 C
• 303 K = 303 – 273 = 30 C
Question 4

• Calculate the volume which 6.00 litres-V1 of gas at 0 C-T1 will occupy at 125°C- T2 at constant
pressure. Draw the isobar
• Hint: Convert 6 L to m3 and 125 °C to K and apply the formula
• T1 = 0 °C = 273 K
• T2 = 125 °C = 273 + 125 = 398 K
• V1 = 6.00 L = 6.00 x 0.001 m3 = 6.00 x 10-3 m3. therefore, Type equation here.
𝑉 𝑉
• 1 = 2 or 𝑉1 𝑇2 = 𝑉2 𝑇1
𝑇1 𝑇2
𝑉1 𝑇2
• 𝑉2 =
𝑇1
• Isobar is a graph obtaiained at constant pressure. At constant temperature-isotherm and at
constant volume - Isochoric
Combined gas law

𝑘
• Boyle’s law: 𝑉 = or 𝑉𝑃 = 𝑘
𝑃
𝑉
• Charles law: 𝑉 = 𝑘𝑇 or =𝑘
𝑇
𝑃𝑉 𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2
• Combined law : =𝑘 𝑜𝑟 =
𝑇 𝑇1 𝑇2
• 𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑇2 = 𝑃2 𝑉2 𝑇1
𝑃2 𝑉2 𝑇1
• 𝑇2 =
𝑃1 𝑉1
Ideal gas equation

𝑃𝑉
• =𝑘
𝑇
• 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑘𝑇 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 (k = nR) n is the number of moles defined as
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠
•𝑛 =
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
• 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 – ideal gas equation or equation of state
• R is called the Universal gas constant and is numerically equal to 8.314
J/mol/K
Self Assesement

• Calculate the number of moles in 18 g of water (H = 1, O = 16)

Mass of water= 18 g
• Molar mass of water = Relative atomic mass of hydrogen + Relative
mass of oxygen
• = 2x 1 + 1 x 16 = 18
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠
•𝑛 = = 18/18 = 1 mol
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
Self Assesment

• Calculate the number of moles in 180 g of water

• Solution
• Molar mass of water = 18 g
• Mass of water expected = 180 g
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠
•𝑛 = = 180/18 = 10 moles
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
Question

• What volume will I 0 grams of CO occupy at STP, assuming that CO is an

ideal gas (C = 12, O = 16 g/mol, R = 8.314 J/mol/K))
• Solution
• Stp is standard temperature and pressure and correspond to T = 273 K, P =
101325 Pa. Recall, Ideal gas law PV = nRT
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠
•𝑛 = = 10/28 = 0.3571
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑛𝑅𝑇 0.3571 𝑥 8.314 𝑥 273
• PV = nRT 𝑉 = =
𝑃 101325
Question

• What volume would 1 mole of CO occupy at stp (C = 12, O = 16 g/mol,

R = 8.314 J/mol/K))
• Imole of CO = 12 + 16 = 28 g= its molar mass
• n = 28/28 = 1mole
𝑛𝑅𝑇 1 𝑥 8.314 𝑥 273
• PV = nRT 𝑉 = = = 0.022400 𝑚3 =
𝑃 1013253
0.022400 𝑥 1000 = 22.4 𝑑𝑚 = molar volume of CO
• Molar volume is the volume occupied by 1 mole of a gas and is
numerically equal to 0.022400 𝑚3 or 22.4 𝑑𝑚3
Molar volume

• I mole of oxygen = 16g, molar volume = 22.4 𝑑𝑚3

• The volume occupy by 1 mole of hydrogen gas, chlorine gas or any
other gas is equal to 22.4 𝑑𝑚3 , which is called the molar volume
• Defined what is molar volume and how it applied to all gases,
considering their molar mass
Question

• Calculate the volume occupied by 0.0660 kg (mass of the gas) of carbon (IV)
oxide gas at a temperature of 300.2 K and a pressure of 9.41 x I0 Pa
assuming ideal behaviour. (C = 12, O = 16, R = 8.314 J/mol/K, )
• Solution
• Molar mass of CO2 = Mass of C + 2 (mass of Oxygen) = 12 + 2(16) = 44 g/mol
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠
•𝑛 = = 0.0660 x 1000g/44 g/mol =
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
• PV= nRT V = nRT/P
Question

• At 27.0 C, Nitrogen gas in a 0.05 m3 container exerts a pressure of 5.065 x

105 Pa. What mass of N2 is in the container? (14 g/mol)
• Solution
• 27 C = 273 + 27 = 300 K
• PV = nRT
5.065 × 105 ×0.05
• n = PV/RT = = 10.1535 mol
8.314 ×300
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠
•𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 = n x molar mass =
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
10.1535 x 14 =
Question

• Calculate the density of oxygen gas at 273.2 K and 101325 Pa,

assuming ideal behaviour at stp (O=16 g/mol)
• PV= nRT.
• (i) Calculate n = PV/RT = (101325 x 0.024 m3)/8.314 x273.2) =
1.07062 mole
• (ii) Calculate the mass of the gas using Mass of oxygen = n x molar
mass = 1.07062 x 16 g/mol = 17.12992 g
• Density = mass/volume = 17.12992/0.024 = 713.7467 g/m3
Question

• How many molecules of oxygen arc present in 0.0032 kg of the gas (Molar
mass of oxygen = 16 g/mol)
• Solution
• Avogadors number is the number of molecules in 1 mole of a gas = 6.022 x
1023 molecules
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠
•𝑛 = = (0.0032 x 1000 g)/16 g/mol) = 0.2 moles
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
• I mole of a gas contain 6.022 x 1023 molecules
• 0.2 moles will contain (0.2 moles x 6.022 x 1023 molecules)/1 = 1.2 x 1023
molecules
Dalton law

• If there is a mixture of gas that do not react chemically, the total pressure is the
sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases
• 𝑃𝑇 = 𝑃1 + 𝑃2 + 𝑃3 −− −
• From ideal gas equation, PV = nRT P = nRT/V
𝑛1 𝑅𝑇
𝑃1 =
𝑉1
𝑛2 𝑅𝑇
𝑃2 =
𝑉2
𝑛3 𝑅𝑇
𝑃3 =
𝑉3
𝑛1 𝑅𝑇 𝑛2 𝑅𝑇 𝑛3 𝑅𝑇
𝑃𝑇 = 𝑃1 + 𝑃2 + 𝑃3 = + +
𝑉1 𝑉2 𝑉3
Question

• Assuming we collect oxygen gas over water at 303 K in a 25 mL gas jar at a total pressure of 4.24 x 1011 Pa .
What is the number of moles of oxygen gas, collected (vapour pressure of water at 303 K = 2.026 x 10'' Pa)
• Solution
• 25 mL = 25 x 10-6 m3
• Poxygen = 2.026 x 1011Pa
• Pwater vapour = 4.24 x 1011Pa
• Two gas (i) Due to water vapour (ii) Due oxygen gas
• 4.24 x 1011 Pa = Poxygen + Pwater vapour = Poxygen + 2.026 x 10'' Pa
• Poxygen = 2.214 x 1011
• PV = nRT (
• n = ((25x 10-6 x 2.214 x 1011)/(8.314 x 303 K)
Graham’s law of effusion
• The rates at which gases effuse are inversely proportional to the square
root of their densities or molar masses under similar conditions of
temperature and pressure
• Consider two gases A. Diffusion rate of gas A is RA while that of gas B is RB.
therefore,
1 1
• 𝑅𝐴 ∝ and 𝑅𝐵 ∝
𝑀𝐴 𝑀𝐵
𝑘 𝑘
• 𝑅𝐴 = and 𝑅𝐵 =
𝑀𝐴 𝑀𝐵
𝑅𝐴 𝑀𝐵
• =
𝑅𝐵 𝑀𝐴
Question

• What is the ratio of effusion rate of hydrogen to oxygen

• (H = 2, O = 16) H2 gas
• Solution
𝑅𝐴 𝑀𝐵 16
• = = =4/1.4142 = 2.8289 or 8 = 2.8289
𝑅𝐵 𝑀𝐴 2
Gay Lussac’s law

• If the mass and volume of a gas are held constant, then the pressure
of the gas will increase
Question

• The gas in an aerosol can is under a pressure of 3.00 atm at a temperature of 25 C. It is dangerous to dispose of an aerosol can by incineration. What
would the pressure in the aerosol can be at a temperature of 845 C?

𝑃1 𝑃2
• =
𝑇1 𝑇2
𝑃1 𝑇2
• 𝑃2 =
𝑇1
• P1 = 3.00 atm = 101325 x 3 Pa
• T1 = 273 + 25 = 298 K
• T2 = 273 + 845 = 1118 K
𝑃 𝑇
• 𝑃2 = 1 2
𝑇1
• Demsity of a gas = 2 x relative molecular mass
Conclusion
• The existence of different state of matter depends on the temperature
and pressure
• Gases behaves differently from other states of matter
• Gases whose behaviour agrees with the assumptions of the kinetic
theory are called ideal gas while those that do not obey the theory are
called real gases
• Ideal gases obey all the gas laws while non ideal gases do not obey the
gas laws
• The gas laws include Boyle’s, Charles, Grahams, Gay Lussac’s, Dalton,
Combined, ideal