Roland deSouza, PLE. (Member, Iitumination Society of Pakistan Member, indian Society af Lighting Engineers Phan a din eens empire arte a mars tence by. econ ‘comniderapin. Three techniques that casts igues that optimise capital or epératicg All designers, engineers or architects, would love to have a Mughal badshah as a patron of their art, a sponsor or client who has no financial constraints, and affords the designer the complete freedom to create and plan as he wishes Unfortunately the Mughal era is past, and we live today in an age of economic limitations — and building energy codes. One cannot just create and plan without keeping 4 sharp eye on the financial pros and cons of warious alternatives, thus trying tor evolve optimum solutions ‘Economics plays a major Ee in a choice and application of lighting solutions. Ax the Memons are fond of saying: “Beso pir na Mooso pir, badhay sey wadho paiso pir * Three techniques will be examined in this paper: judicious application in the correct circumstances can provide substantial capital savings of short paybacks. irchandli In a typical office interior in Karachi, approximately 10% - 15% of the heat gains within a space are generated by the lighting system. If the air-handling (seturn-air) is integrated with ths luminaire, by providing slots behind the lemps, most of this heat is removed direetly without entering the interior space This reduces air-flow requirements substantially, the connected load by 2.5% - 5% and the consequent energy expended in the air-conditioning system by 1% - 3% ‘The three types of integrated air-conditioning and lighting systems are shown in Fig. |mses cal ‘neato Rom ito of pa ie inceated by he (7) postive pressare 6) negative presnre. ‘With cool air passing over the lamps and fixture body, three extra benefits emerge: ; © the comfort of occupants is improved as the heat radiation from lower temperature lamps and light fixtures is reduced % the luminous flux and efficiency of the fluorescent lamps increases 5% - 10% (Fig:2) dirt accumulation on lamps is reduced. ‘Additionally, the supply-air diffasers ina linear form can be ‘ ae made part of the light fixture (Annexure-1) to provide a ‘compact, well-formed unit, The visual “noise” in the false ceiling, with luminaires, supply-air registers, and returo-air grilles, is eliminated. Surprisingly, this improvement in © aesthetics comes along with a reduction in price. Bae Annexure-2 shows a comparison of three altematives for = : eee. lighting and air-handling, with air-handling luthinsires | a providing the optimum solution, allowing maximum o 2 oe ake flexibility in relocation of interior partitions as supply and retum air is available everywhere. fe lr faeces Sree ar on of at and To summarise, the advantages of integrated lighting and air-bandling include reduced (1% - 396) air-conditioning operating costs 0 reduced heat radiation from lamps & light fixtures . © increased (5% - 10%) light output from cooler-cunning lamps, ‘0 improvement in falsc-ceiling sesthetics increased flexibility in lotation of interior partitions at lower capital costs Today less that 10% of air-conditioned commercial interiors in Pakistan use air-handling, luminaires: this needs to be changed. Triphosphor Lamps In Pakistan, Cool Daylight (6200°K) halophosphate-coated flourescent lamps have been used exclusively up to three or four years ago. Due to the limited market in the country, manufacturers cannot afford to produce a range of colours and opted for the one that best suits the warm climate. Recently, however, triphosphor fluorescent lamps have been imported by a number of parties and their use is increasing. The main comparative characteristics of the lamps are given in Fig. 3.— ‘Bo IB [eso [soe0 | 3000} esac ne [6g gs a Cr 2500 (40m) | 3000 3350 1030 aw) | 1350. Rem F120 Fig. 5. Comparative characteristics of fluorescent lamps. — sae = Se) fos ‘The advantages of these three-band fluorescent lamps include ? low power consumption (36 instead of 40W) © longer service life © lower lumen depreciation © high luminous efficacy (34% higher) © very good (vibranu/natural) colour-rendering properties The Building Energy Code of Pakistan (1990) recommends a lighting power budget of 20Wim? for offices: with the use of the new generation of trighosphor lamps it should be possible to reduce this to around 15 Wim? The number of luminaires could be reduced by upto 25% (when compared to fixtures with cortventional tubes) to achieve the same lighting levels: the optics and light distribution characteristics would have to be improved in order to provide an acceptable uniformity of Mlumination with fewer fixtures. Thus the initial capital cost of the lighting installation can be reduced -— along with a sustained reduction im operating and enezgy costs (including the thermal effects on the air conditioning, system). ‘ ‘To summarise, the benefits.of using the tripbosphor Nuorescent lamps include % lower capital costs (upth 25% less) of lighting installations > lower maintenance costs as lamp luminous flux depreciation is negligible © improvement in interior appearances owing to superior colour rendition. In would thus seem that there is no reason to use anything but the triphosphor lamp in commercial, industrial, and institutional installations today Compact Fluorescent Lamps ‘With the popular nickname of “energy-savers”, the CFL have not yet been properly applied in ® number of situations in commercial, residential, and institutional projects in Pakistan. A lack of knowledge of the exact benefits and payback periods for the extra investment has probably ‘been a contributing factor. ‘The comparative characteristics of some lamps commonly used in interiors are given below ApaFig. 4. Comparative characterisnes af intertew- dight sources, ‘From a study of the above figures it can be seen that © the CFL is an “energy-saving” substieute for the incandescent lamp, but does not compare well with tubular fluorescent lamps, which have equal or better luminous efficiencies. at much lower prices. © “energy-saving” does not necessarily mean “economical”: an analysis must be made of the payback period for the extra capital cost, and as shown in Fig. 4, the simple payback [periods depend on + the number of operation hours in a year + the cast of electric energy in a particular situation Generally paybacks of more than + years are not very attractive and thus CFLs find their applications in commercial offices, banks, hotels, hospitals and other installations with operatibn in excess of 2500 hours/anoum, and energy costs in excess of Rs.3.00/KWh In Conclusion In this day, when being “lean and mean" is desirable, the lighting designer must temper his creativity and art with a knowledge of economics and energy conservation. Utilisation of the above methods will go towards realising his goals, Fig. 5. Payback period (208 PLE‘ ws 100M GES) for vorions electricity costs be‘us Handling Luminaire @ Rs3.00 ch Nek OR TAH-S00240L-3 (Sepply & return sirwoit) Luumisnire TAH-300289 Le} @ Re2e0u ech 4 Now RL LOO (Dears seppty + return air unity lnaallation charges a200" each 12 Non eso Toa) _ fees Supply alr differ R200 cach 2 Nos Ras coum (Type AME 12" 13°) ‘Hletur a dieser @ Fsiso~ eek 4 Now Rx 6,000 (Type AME 12" x 12°) ‘Cenventioeal Lemsinaire @ «R190 ech 2 OO ‘TRE-IOWI40 L-3 Aeotallation anges @ Re cht 3,00 Total "Rs 64007 ee ‘Supply ae oe mE om 2 mi Rs21 aso (BH Slot) 3:Sloe LS. Rem ais diffuser a mse om 2s m@ Rs i2-500% CM" Sloth 3 Slat a Bam rh 50 rit Rao Lumisaire TRE-200/240 L-3 8 Ralge t rhR Be Remur rit Te ‘Total Reasonsi me Ene Arwae Sacaat, ISP Workshop “Energy Conseration ia Lighting , Karachi 2 “inierior| "138 - ie Teer & Fisebas, Esedboren, 4 Liphting ion $ Fleorescent Lamp Catangue, 1994 (Roland deSouza is « Partner and Principal Electrical Engineer of Fahim, Naryi & deSouea, multi-disciplinary firm of building services consultants in Pakistan).