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    Lecture 10

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    Chinmay Mothe
    This document discusses biochemical engineering and metabolic pathways. It describes how metabolic engineering allows altering an organism's metabolic functions through adding or removing genes. It also summarizes some key metabolic pathways like glycolysis and discusses how organisms derive energy through ATP during catabolism and anabolism. The control of these pathways is important for bioprocess engineering.

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    Lecture 10

    Uploaded by

    Chinmay Mothe
    13 views20 pages
    This document discusses biochemical engineering and metabolic pathways. It describes how metabolic engineering allows altering an organism's metabolic functions through adding or removing genes. It also summarizes some key metabolic pathways like glycolysis and discusses how organisms derive energy through ATP during catabolism and anabolism. The control of these pathways is important for bioprocess engineering.

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    This document discusses biochemical engineering and metabolic pathways. It describes how metabolic engineering allows altering an organism's metabolic functions through adding or removing genes. It also summarizes some key metabolic pathways like glycolysis and discusses how organisms derive energy through ATP during catabolism and anabolism. The control of these pathways is important for bioprocess engineering.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    13 views20 pages

    Lecture 10

    Uploaded by

    Chinmay Mothe
    This document discusses biochemical engineering and metabolic pathways. It describes how metabolic engineering allows altering an organism's metabolic functions through adding or removing genes. It also summarizes some key metabolic pathways like glycolysis and discusses how organisms derive energy through ATP during catabolism and anabolism. The control of these pathways is important for bioprocess engineering.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
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    Biochemical Engineering

    Mohit Garg
    Department of Chemical Engineering
    BITS Pilani B.I.T.S-Pilani, Pilani Campus
    Pilani Campus
    Contact: mohit.garg@pilani.bits-pilani.ac.in
    BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
    BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
    BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
    BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
    BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
    Major Metabolic Pathways

    ●
    A major challenge in bioprocess development - select an organism.
    ●
    Genetic engineering, it is possible to remove and add genes to an organism to alter its metabolic functions
    in a predetermined manner (metabolic engineering).
    ●
    The bioprocess developer must understand the metabolic capabilities of natural organisms.
    ●
    Learn some essential metabolic pathways.
    ●
    Differences in microbial metabolism - genetic differences or differences in their responses to changes in
    their environment.
    ●
    Even the same species may produce different products when grown under different nutritional and
    environmental conditions.
    ●
    The control of metabolic pathways by nutritional and environmental regulation has become an
    important consideration in bioprocess engineering.

    For example, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker’s yeast) produces ethanol when grown under anaerobic
    conditions. However, the major product is yeast cells (baker’s yeast) when growth conditions are aerobic.
    BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
    Metabolism
    Living cells require energy for biosynthesis, transport of
    nutrients, motility, and maintenance.

    Sum of all the chemical activities taking place in an organism


    Catabolism
    Larger molecules broken down into smaller ones
    Stages 1-4 (Digestion; Formation of Acetyl CoA; Citric Acid
    Cycle; Electron Transport Chain & Oxidative Phosphorylation)
    Releases energy (may be stored temporarily as ATP)
    Anabolism
    Complex molecules synthesized from simpler
    substances
    Absorbs energy & stores it as chemical bonds

    BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


    Metabolic reactions
    The major categories are (I) degradation of nutrients, (II) biosynthesis of small molecules (amino acids,
    nucleotides), and (III) biosynthesis of large molecules. These reactions take place in the cell
    simultaneously. As a result of metabolic reactions, end products are formed and released from the cells.
    These end products (organic acids, amino acids, antibiotics) are often valuable products for human and
    animal consumption.

    BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


    Metabolic reactions – Power Source

    Energy in biological systems is primarily stored and transferred via adenosine


    triphosphate (ATP), which contains high-energy phosphate bonds.

    Biological energy is stored in ATP by reversing this reaction to form ATP from ADP
    and Pi . Similarly, ADP dissociates to release energy.

    BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


    Metabolic reactions – Power Source
    ●
    High-energy phosphate compounds produced during metabolism, such as phosphoenol pyruvate
    and 1,3-diphosphoglycerate, transfer their ∼P group into ATP.
    ●
    Energy stored in ATP is later transferred to lower-energy phosphate compounds such as glucose-6-
    phosphate and glycerol-3-phosphate.

    BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


    ATP Structure
    The ATP molecule is composed of three components. At the center is a sugar molecule, ribose (the same
    sugar that forms the basis of DNA). Attached to one side of this is a base (a group consisting of linked rings of
    carbon and nitrogen atoms); in this case the base is adenine. The other side of the sugar is attached to a
    string of phosphate groups. These phosphates are the key to the activity of ATP.

    BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


    Biological oxidation–reduction reactions

    ●
    Hydrogen atoms released in biological oxidation–reduction reactions are carried by nucleotide
    derivatives, especially by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and nicotinamide adenine
    dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+).
    ●
    The oxidation–reduction reaction described is readily reversible. NADH can donate electrons to
    certain compounds and accept from others, depending on the oxidation–reduction potential of the
    compounds. NADH has two major functions in biological systems:

    BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


    2. ATP formation in respiratory metabolism:

    BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


    GLUCOSE METABOLISM
    ●
    Glucose is a major carbon and energy source for many organisms. Several different metabolic
    pathways are used by different organisms for the catabolism of glucose.
    ●
    The catabolism of glucose by glycolysis, or the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP) pathway, is the
    primary pathway in many organisms.
    ●
    Other pathways, such as the hexose monophosphate (HMP) and Entner–Doudoroff (ED) pathways.

    Aerobic catabolism of organic compounds such as glucose may be considered in three different
    phases:
    1. EMP pathway for fermentation of glucose to pyruvate.
    2. Krebs, tricarboxylic acid (TCA), or citric acid cycle for conversion of pyruvate to CO 2 and NADH.
    3. Respiratory or electron transport chain for formation of ATP by transferring electrons from NADH to
    an electron acceptor.

    BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


    Glycolysis

    Stoichiometry
    1 Glucose + 2 ADP + 2 Pi + 2 NAD+ → 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 H2O + 2 NADH + 2 H+

    Glycolysis is used to provide energy (in the form of ATP)


    and intermediates for other metabolic pathways.
    Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm.

    Aerobic conditions: Oxygen is required to re-oxidize NADH to NAD+ via the


    electron transport chain

    Anaerobic conditions: NADH is re-oxidized to NAD+ in a reaction in which


    pyruvate is reduced to lactate (humans)
    or ethanol (yeast and other microorganisms)

    BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


    Glycolysis

    BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


    Glycolysis

    BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


    Glycolysis

    BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


    Glycolysis

    BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

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