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    4.1 Simple Magnetism and Magnetic Fields

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    Ishraque Mahmud
    Magnets have north and south poles and experience both attraction and repulsion. Permanent magnets maintain their magnetism, while induced magnets are temporarily magnetized when placed near another magnet or electromagnet. Magnetic fields emerge from the north pole and enter the south pole, depicted as field lines on diagrams. Common uses of magnets include compasses, toys, fridge magnets, and electromagnets which can be turned on and off.

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    4.1 Simple Magnetism and Magnetic Fields

    Uploaded by

    Ishraque Mahmud
    178 views9 pages
    Magnets have north and south poles and experience both attraction and repulsion. Permanent magnets maintain their magnetism, while induced magnets are temporarily magnetized when placed near another magnet or electromagnet. Magnetic fields emerge from the north pole and enter the south pole, depicted as field lines on diagrams. Common uses of magnets include compasses, toys, fridge magnets, and electromagnets which can be turned on and off.

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    4.1 Simple magnetism and magnetic fields

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    Magnets have north and south poles and experience both attraction and repulsion. Permanent magnets maintain their magnetism, while induced magnets are temporarily magnetized when placed near another magnet or electromagnet. Magnetic fields emerge from the north pole and enter the south pole, depicted as field lines on diagrams. Common uses of magnets include compasses, toys, fridge magnets, and electromagnets which can be turned on and off.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    178 views9 pages

    4.1 Simple Magnetism and Magnetic Fields

    Uploaded by

    Ishraque Mahmud
    Magnets have north and south poles and experience both attraction and repulsion. Permanent magnets maintain their magnetism, while induced magnets are temporarily magnetized when placed near another magnet or electromagnet. Magnetic fields emerge from the north pole and enter the south pole, depicted as field lines on diagrams. Common uses of magnets include compasses, toys, fridge magnets, and electromagnets which can be turned on and off.

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    Simple magnetism and magnetic fields

     What is a Magnet?

     The ends of a magnet are called poles


     Magnets have two poles: a north and a south

    Poles of a Magnet

     Magnets are objects which experience attraction and repulsion


    o Like poles repel (push each other apart)
     For example a north pole will repel a north pole and a south pole will
    repel a south pole
    o Unlike poles attract (move towards each other)
     For example a north pole will be attracted to a south pole

     When two magnets are held close together, there will be a force between the
    magnets:

    Opposite poles attract; like poles repel

     Magnetised materials can both repel and attract


    o Magnetic materials (which are not magnets) will always be attracted to the
    magnet, regardless of which pole is held close to it
     Unmagnetised materials can be attracted to a magnet but will never experience
    repulsion
    o A magnet can only repel another magnet (This can be a useful test for a
    magnet)

    Magnetised vs. Magnetic

     Magnetised materials can both repel and attract


    o This is because they themselves are a magnet and so have poles
     A magnet can only repel another magnet.
    o This can be a useful test for a magnet or to see if a material is magnetised

     Magnetic materials (which are not magnets) will always be attracted to the magnet,
    regardless of which pole is held close to it

     These unmagnetised materials can be attracted to a magnet but will never


    experience repulsion

     Non-magnetic materials are not attracted or repelled as they do not interact with
    the magnetic field

     Magnets
    Magnetic and Non-magnetic Materials

    Magnetic materials are attracted to a magnet; non-magnetic materials are not

     Very few metals in the Periodic Table are magnetic. These include:
    o Iron
    o Cobalt
    o Nickel
     Steel is an alloy which contains iron, so it is also magnetic
     Magnetic materials (which are not magnets) will always be attracted to the magnet,
    regardless of which pole is held close to it

    Magnetic materials attracted to magnets

     To test whether a material is a magnet it should be brought close to a known magnet


    o If it can be repelled by the known magnet then the material itself is a magnet
    o If it can only be attracted and not repelled then it is a magnetic material

    Types of Magnets

     There are two types of magnets



    o Permanent magnets
    o Induced magnets
    Permanent Magnets

     Permanent magnets are made out of permanent magnetic materials, for example
    steel
     A permanent magnet will produce its own magnetic field
    o It will not lose its magnetism

    Temporary (Induced) Magnets

     When a magnetic material is placed in a magnetic field, the material


    can temporarily be turned into a magnet
    o This is called induced magnetism

    o Some objects such as paperclips or needles (which are made from steel) can
    be magnetised and will remain magnetic for a while
    o Other objects, such as electromagnets or transformers (which are made from
    iron) will be demagnetised as soon as the cause of the induced magnetism is
    removed

     When magnetism is induced on a material:


    o One end of the material will become a north pole
    o The other end will become a south pole
     Magnetic materials will always be attracted to a permanent magnet
    o This means that the end of the material closest to the magnet will have
    the opposite pole to magnets pole closest to the material

    Inducing magnetism in a magnetic material

     When the magnetic material is removed from the magnetic field it will lose most/all of
    its magnetism quickly
     Magnetic Fields

     All magnets are surrounded by a magnetic field


     A magnetic field is defined as:

    The region around a magnet where a force acts on another magnet or on a magnetic
    material (such as iron, steel, cobalt and nickel)

     Two bar magnets can be used to produce a uniform magnetic field


     Point opposite poles (north and south) of the two magnets a few centimetres apart
     A uniform magnetic field will be produced in the gaps between opposite poles
    o Note: Outside that gap, the field will not be uniform

    A uniform field is created when two opposite poles are held close together. Magnetic
    fields are always directed from North to South

     A uniform magnetic field is one that has the same strength and direction at all
    points
    o To show that the magnetic field has the same strength at all points there must
    be equal spacing between all magnetic field lines
    o To show that the magnetic field is acting in the same direction at all points
    there must be an arrow on each magnetic field line going from the north pole
    to the south pole

     The magnetic field lines are the same distance apart between the gaps of the poles
    to indicate that the field strength is the same at every point between the poles
     This field can be determined by using plotting compasses that will point
    from north to south or by using iron filings

     Plotting Magnetic Field Lines

     In your IGCSE examination you might be asked to describe a method of plotting the
    magnetic field around a bar magnet
     There are two principle ways of doing this:

    Using Iron Filings

     Place a piece of paper on top of the magnet


     Gently sprinkle iron filings on top of the paper
     Now carefully tap the paper to allow the iron filings to settle on the field lines
    Iron filings can be used to plot a magnetic field

     Place the magnet on top of a piece of paper


     Draw a dot at one end of the magnet (near its corner)
     Place a plotting compass next to the dot, so that one end of the needle of the
    compass points towards the dot
     Use a pencil to draw a new dot at the other side of the compass needle
     Now move the compass so that it points towards the new dot, and repeat the above
    process
     Keep repeating until you have a chain of dots going from one end of the magnet to
    the other. Then remove the compass, and link the dots using a smooth curve – the
    magnetic field line
     The direction of the field line is the same as the direction of the plotting compass
     You can now repeat the whole process several times to create several other
    magnetic field lines
    Compasses can be used to plot the magnetic field around a bar magnet

     Magnetic Field Lines

     Magnetic field lines are used to represent the strength and direction of a magnetic
    field
     The direction of the magnetic field is shown using arrows

     There are some rules which must be followed when drawing magnetic field lines.
    Magnetic field lines:
    o Always go from north to south (indicated by an arrow midway along the
    line)
    o Must never touch or cross other field lines

    Magnetic Field Around a Bar Magnet

     The magnetic field is strongest at the poles


    o This is where the magnetic field lines are closest together
     The magnetic field becomes weaker as the distance from the magnet increases
     This is because the magnetic field lines are getting further apart

    The magnetic field around a bar magnet

     Magnetic Field Strength

     The strength of the magnetic field is shown by the spacing of the magnetic field
    lines
    o If the magnetic field lines are close together then the magnetic field will
    be strong
    o If the magnetic field lines are far apart then the magnetic field will be weak

     Magnetic forces are due to interactions between magnetic fields


    o Two bar magnets can repel or attract

     The field lines will look slightly different for each:


    Magnetic field lines for attracting and repelling bar magnets

     Therefore, the magnetic field lines around different configurations of two bar
    magnets would look like:

    Magnetic field lines between two bar magnets


     Uses of Magnets
    Uses of Permanent Magnet

     Permanent magnets are usually (but not always) made from steel
    o They tend to stay magnetized

     Permanent magnets have many uses including


    o Compasses: for thousands of years humans have used compasses for
    navigation, since the needle always points north
    o School lab experiments; the magnets used in school science
    demonstrations are permanent magnets
    o Toys; toy trains and trucks often have magnets which attach the carriages or
    trailers to the engine or cab
    o Fridge magnets; these are made either of flexible magnetic material or by
    sticking a magnet to the back of something

    Uses of Electromagnets

    Electromagnets use electricity to create a magnet from a current-carrying wire

    o They have the advantage that they can be magnetised and demagnetised,
    literally at the flick of a switch
    o They can be switched on and off
     Soft iron is the metal normally used for this
    o It can easily become a temporary magnet

     Electromagnets have many uses including


    o MRI scanners in hospitals; an MRI scanner is a large, cylindrical machine
    using powerful electromagnets to produce diagnostic images of the organs of
    the body
    o Speakers and earphones; the loudspeakers, microphones and earphones
    used in phones and laptops use electromagnets to sense or send
    soundwaves
    o Recycling; because steel is a magnetic material it can be easily separated
    from other metals and materials using electromagnets. Once recovered the
    steel is re-used and recycled, reducing mining for iron ore and processing ore
    into steel
    o Mag-Lev Trains; the ability of Mag-Lev trains to hover above the rails is due
    to them being repelled by large electromagnets on the train and track. This
    reduces friction and allows speeds of nearly 400 miles per hour

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