CHAPTER 1: INTRO TO ZOOLOGY 2.

ANIMAL HISTOLOGY – study of microstructure

of tissues
- Is the scientific study of animal life
3. GROSS ANATOMY – the general visible
- It seeks to understand the sum total of all the
structures of animals as revealed by dissection
animals and animal population.
4. ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY – the living process and
HISTORY OF ZOOLOGY functions of parts of the animal body
5. ZOOGEOGRAPHY – distribution of animals
- Is the sum total of all body activities of an according to space and region
organism. 6. ANIMAL EMBRYOLOGY – development and
- There are series of seven characteristics which growth of the new individual within the egg or
we call “unifying characteristics of life.” within the mother
SEVEN UNIFYING CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE: 7. GENETICS – the laws of heredity and
variations
1. CELLULAR ORAGNIZATION – all organisms 8. ECOLOGY – the relationships of the animals to
consist of one or more cells. their environment
2. ORDERED CAPACITY – all living things are 9. TAXONOMY – study of the animal
complex and contains many complex classification
molecular structures. 10. PALEONTOLOGY – fossil animals and their
3. SENSITIVITY – all organisms respond to stimuli distribution in time
(e.g. movement) 11. ETHOLOGY – study of the animal behavior
4. GROWTH DEVELOPMENT AND 12. EVOLUTION – origin and differentiation of
REPRODUCTION – all organisms are capable of animal life
growing and reproducing
- They possess hereditary materials that are ZOOLOGY SPECIALIZATIONS
passed to their offspring ensuring that the A. PROTOZOOLOGY – study of protozoans
offspring is of the species. B. ICHTHYOLOGY – fishes
5. ENERGY UTILIZATION – all organisms take in C. ORNITHOLOGY – birds
energy and use it to perform many kinds of D. MALACOLOGY – mollusks
work E. ANTHROPOLOGY – study of man
6. HOMEOSTASIS – all organisms maintain a F. MAMMALOGY – mammals
relatively constant internal conditions G. PARASITOLOGY – parasites
- State of balance within all physical systems H. CONCHOLOGY – shells
needed for a body to function properly and I. HERPETOLOGY – reptiles and amphibians
survive (ex. body temp, blood sugar) J. ENTOMOLOGY – insects
7. EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATION – all organisms
interact with other organisms of non-living THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
environment in ways that influence their
1. OBSERVATION – begins with making careful
survival, and as a consequence, organisms
observations of the surroundings
evolve adaptations to their environment.
2. HYPOTHESIS – assumption made in order to
HIERARCHICAL ORGANIZATION draw out and test logical consequences and to
interpret practical situation or condition taken
A. CELLULAR LEVEL as the ground for action
- ATOMS, MOLECULES, MACROMOLECULES, 3. PREDICTION – the result expected from
ORGANELLES, CELL, TISSUE, ORGAN experimental test. A hypothesis serves as a
B. ORGANISMAL LEVEL prediction about the outcome of an
- ORGAN SYSTEM, ORGANSIM experiment
C. POPULATION LEVEL 4. METHOD OF EXPERIMENT – refers to the tests
- POPULATION, SPECIES, COMMUNITY, conducted in order to prove or disprove the
ECOSYSTEM, BIOSPHERE hypothesis and predictions
ZOOLOGY SUBDIVISION 5. RESULTS – outcomes of the experiment
6. CONCLUSION – result, outcome or a reasoned
1. ANIMAL MORPHOLOGY – study of animal judgement on th basis of evidence
form as a whole
 7. THEORY – hypothesis supported through
many experiments done over a period of time.

CHAPTER 2: CELL: THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE

- All living creatures are composed of cells, the

basic unit of life
- This cell performs various activities
- It grows, produces, and matures
PROKARYOTES VS. EUKARYOTES
EUKARYOTIC VS PROKARYOTIC CELLS

TAXONOMY – branch of biology that studies the

naming, arranging, classifying, and describing ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE CELL
organisms into groups and levels.
A. CELL MEMBRANE – the outer covering of the cell
1. DOMAIN – highest level constitutes three domains - It functions as a selective barrier that
of life. regulates the entrance and exit of substances
2. KINGDOM – second most level constitutes five into the cell
kingdoms B. CYTOPLASM – the ground substance and the
3. PHYLUM – group of related classes biggest part of the cell where the organelles are
4. CLASS – group of related orders found
5. ORDER – group of related families
6. FAMILY – group of related genera CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES
7. GENUS – group of related species
1. THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM - is a continuous
8. SPECIES – group of similar organisms
intercommunicating channel composed of
WHO IS THE FATHER OF TAXONOMY? – CAROLUS membrane-enclosed sacs and tubules
LINNAEUS - ER has a variety of functions among different
cell types (ex. it helps biosynthesis of steroid
hormones in endocrine cells)
TAXONOMY OF LIVING THINGS TWO FORMS OF ER
A. ROUGH ER – more common type of endoplasmic -The cell cycle is composed of four stages
reticulum
1. Gap 1 (G1)
- Presence of ribosomes
- Ribosomes – sites of protein synthesis 2. Synthesis (S)
B. SMOOTH ER – more tubular and non-granular due
to the absence of ribosomes 3. Gap 2 (2)
2. GOLGI APPARATUS – composed of sets of 4. Mitosis (M)
cisternae and numerous vesicles
- Responsible for sorting and packaging INTERPHASE – the cell is not undergoing division
macromolecules for use within the cell or for -Cell appears to be at rest
exocytosis (cell secretion)
3. THE MITOCHONDRION – the powerhouse of the -Cell performs its regular functions, taking in nutrients
cell and growing, preparing itself for division
- Varies in size, shape, and number, depending
STAGES OF INTERPHASE
on the degree of cellular activity
- It is the site of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) 1. THE G1 or Gap 1 Phase – the first phase of
synthesis and fatty acid oxidation interphase that comes before the synthesis of
4. LYSOSOME – small membrane-bound bodies that DNA
contain several hydrolytic enzymes, such as acid
-the cell increases in mass and size in preparation for
hydrolase, for intracellular digestion
cell division
- The word lysosome is derived from (lyso=lytic
or digestive; and soma=body) thus helping in 2. The S or Synthesis Phase – a crucial part of the
digestion interphase since this is when DNA is synthesized
5. CENTRIOLE – it is usually adjacent to the nucleus The G2 or Gap 2 Phase – comes after DNA
- Has a center role in cell division where it synthesis has occurred but prior to the start of
participates in the formation of the mitotic mitosis
spindle -the cell synthesizes proteins and continues to
C. NUCLEUS – found in almost cells increase in size
- It functions as a site where hereditary factors -chromosomes start to condense; proteins
are stored necessary for the construction of mitotic spindle
- It is a source of ribosomal (rRNA), messenger are synthesized
(mRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA)
MITOSIS – A type of cell division that takes place in
1. NUCLEAR ENVELOPE (NE) – nucleus’ two-layered
somatic or body cells
outer limited separating it from the cytoplasm
- Nuclear pores (NP) can be seen in NE -main purpose of this division is the production of
- NP acts as a selective channels between the more cells for growth, repair, and development
cytoplasm and the inside of the nucleus
2. NUCLEOPLASM – also called as “karyoplasm” -produces two diploid (2n) somatic cells
- It is the fluid contained in the nucleus
- Suspended to it is the spherical, non-
membrane-bound nucleolus
3. CHROMATIN – found inside the nucleus
- It is made up of DNA and proteins and forms
chromosomes during cell division
- Two general types: euchromatin and
heterochromatin STAGES OF MITOSIS

CELL DIVISION 1. PROPHASE – chromatin condenses into more

discrete chromosomes
THE CELL CYCLE – Like any other living organisms, cells -nuclear envelope starts to disintegrate, and
also have their life cycle spindles form at opposite “poles” of the cell
-Eukaryotic cells: Cell cycle is a regular pattern of 2. METAPHASE – the spindle fibers fully developed-
growth, DNA replication, and cell division the chromosomes align at the equilateral plate
3. ANAPHASE – the paired chromosomes separate
and begin to move towards the opposite poles of
the cell
-at the end of anaphase, each pole contains a
complete set of chromosomes
4. TELOPHASE – the chromosomes are confirmed
into distinct new nuclei of the daughter cells
-Cytokinesis – the cytoplasm splits in two and the
cell divides

MEIOSIS – cell division that takes place in sex cells or

gametes

-Meiosis 1 and Meiosis 2

-Produces four genetically diverse haploid daughter

cells from one diploid parent cell