MUHAMMAD IMRAN

BT503 Environment Biotechnology

ALL PAST MCQs AND SOLVED QUESTIONS
FINAL TERM SOLVED QUESTIONS
QUIZ NO 1 GRAND QUIZ MID TERM QUIZ NO 2 FINAL TERM

• MID TERM MCQs

MUHAMMAD IMRAN MID • MID TERM GRAND QUIZ

• QUIZ NO 01
QUIZ • QUIZ NO 02

FINAL • FINAL TERM MCQs

ALL IN ONE MCQs

MID TERM MCQs

1. Natural estrogens deactivated by………. Glucuronidation
2. Insect virus that causes over expression of genes in molecular biology- Baculo virus
3. Acute toxins All
4. By using recombinant technologies scientists are now producing Insulin
5. …………. are combustible materials, containing within themselves all Propellants or low
oxygen needful for their combustion, which burn but do not explode, explosives
and function by producing gas which produces an explosion

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6. -------------are types of waste stabilization pond used for biological Facultative lagoon
treatment of industrial and domestic wastewater
7. PAH-containing fractions, by animal test systems skin painting,lung implantation)
….evidence have been obtained that PAH containing
8. Pentane is utilized as a ……………in the preparation of phenol foaming
9. Polystyrene, as a propellant for aerosol sprays, as a filling of thermometers
lowtemperature----------------, and as reference compound in gas
chromatography.
10. Herbicide resistant plants pests
11. Average temperature of ocean 1–3°C
12. Which of ....does not use to make vessel of biofilters may be formic
sheet
13. Which of the following is not fate of water may be generation of aerosol

14. Which of the following does other than those options) materials is a major
not classify as a substitution potential avenue for the environmental
material.------- biotechnology

15. Which of the following statement about desulphurization of oil and coal ?????????
is false-------
16. Metals are released into the environment by all of the following except- Earthquake
17. When facultative pond receives raw sewage they are called ......ponds. primary pond
18. Which of the following is not linked to biomagnifications
19. ----------- is the presence of contamination in the environment which Pollution
harm the environment.

20. Chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( CL-PAHs) are group of Chlorine

compound with two or more aromatic rings and one or more ---------
atoms are attatched to the ring system
21. Making the compound more polar and easily cleared from the blood by Kidney
the -----------.
22. Herbicide resistant plants ------------------ ???????

23. -------- is the degree to which a chemical substance or a particular Toxicity

mixture of substance can damage an organism.
24. -------- is the application of biotechnology for solving Environmental biotechnology
environmental problems.
25. In the soil, a ----------has basically four possible destinations: pollutant

26. Bio substitution are: …… 1-Biofuels, 2-Polymers 3-Biodegradable

27. A strain of Pseudomonas putrid known to---------- degrade PCBs

28. The insect virus, …….., has been shown to be the Baculovirus. molecular bioliogy
method of choice for the over , expression of
genes in many applications of ------------
29. Methogenic constortio of over 100 bacterial clone with the capability to terephthalate
digest -----------,
30. Insertion of foreign DNA in the vector resulting in the loss of the future marker gene
…
31. In the Inhofe tank, settling occurs in the upper compartment settling
compartment.
32. The septic tank can be a single-chamber tank or a two-compartment called an Inhofe
tank-----------------, tank
33. For land base application soil type best suited to biotehnological Sand and gravel
intervention are
34. Which of the following is not linked to biomagnification --------------------- ?????????

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 35. Which of the following is not fate of water ……… may be generation of aerosol
36. Which of does not use to make vessel of biofilters ……… may be formic sheet
37. Preliminary treatment involves the removal of coarse …… solids only
38. Attack by insect not only cause damage to the plant but also provide for bacterial or
route … fungal infection
39. In the Inhofe tank, settling occurs in the upper compartment settling compartment
40. The septic tank can be a single-chamber tank or a two-compartment tank called an
Inhofe tank
41. Why frogs are helpful as bioindicator--- Frogs are also Bioindicators; influenced by
------ changes that take place in their freshwater and
terrestrial habitats

42. Which of the following is not linked to …(other than those) • long-lived, • mobile, •
biomagnifications soluble in fats, • biologically active
43. Which of the following is not fate of water may be generation of aerosol
44. Which of does not use to make vessel of biofilters may be formic sheet
45. A strain of Pseudomonas putida known to ----------- degrade PCBs
46. In the soil, a pollutant has basically -----------possible destinations: four
retention in the soil matrix, retention by the plants, appearance in the
underground water and collection by underdrains
47. In the Imhoff tank, settling occurs in the upper compartment settling compartment
48. septic tank can be a single-chamber tank or a two-compartment tank an Inhofe
called tanks
49. -----------------which receive raw sewage is also known as primary ponds Facultative ponds
50. A strain of ----------------putrid known to degrade PCBs Pseudomonas
51. Mere a gene is one of a ……involved in bacterial detoxification of cluster of
mercury, and is the one coding for the enzyme, mercuric ion genes mercury
reeducates, which converts …….from an ionic to a……. volatile form

52. ---------------- also known as microalgae, are similar to terrestrial plants in Phytoplanktons
that they contain chlorophyll and require daylight to live and develop
53. ----------------are microscopic animals living near to the surface of the Zooplanktons
water body. They are poor swimmers, instead relying on tides and
currents as a transport mechanism. They feed upon phytoplanktons,
bacterioplanktons, or detritus (i.e. marine snow).
54. The …..released in air by the processes of weathering, erosion and metals
volcanic activity
55. The nature of the soil or water which harbors the …..can have a major pollution
effect on the actual expressed end-result.
56. Bio filter consists of a relatively large vessel or container, typically made durable plastic
of cast concrete, metal or

57. Wastewater is applied to the soil, supplying water and nutrients plant growth.
necessary for-----
58. Frog are bio indicator by……. Change in fresh and
terrestrial
59. Na+/H+ antiport, …. …in opposite directions the transport of sodium and hydrogen ions
across a membrane

60. Attack by insects is cause…… micrococcus lentos

61. Fundamental requirements are ……………. all of given above
62. Second strategy is usually ……………………. plasmid
63. In the Inhofe tank, settling occurs in the upper compartment

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64. Facultative ponds which receive raw sewage is also known as primary Retention by the
ponds….. plants
65. Septic tanks are also a form of,,,,,,,,,, treatment primary
66. Due to continuous arrival of food in the form of BOD to the aeration tank, If an indefinite
bacteria grow and reproduce continuously. population growth

QUIZ NO:1
1. Biological system may be used to clean up pollutants which of It should be highly toxic
the following… attributes must be present in the pollutants.
2. Halophiles are extremely important in environment Their cytoplasm contains a higher
biotechnology these are microorganisms that survive in concentration of solutes then their
highly saline environment . they do so by ensuring that- surroundings
----.

3 Glyphosate ( herbicide) is analyze of phosphenol pyruvate and Petunias

inhibits the enzyme, the plants that gave the best result were --------.

4 Lichens are used as bioindicators to monitor -------- quality. Air

5 Microorganisms are now being used for The tolence degradation pathway and p-cumate
the removal of pollutants from catabolic pathway are coded by genes present
environment . all of the following on the same operon.
statementsin this regards are true
except-------.

6 In bacteria genetic transfer of materials occurs through --------. Plasmids

7 Which statement about endocrine Feminization of male fish has occurred due to
disrupters is true------. increased levels of oestrogen in water ways,

8 Plants have been produced using the Ti plasmid Agrobacterium tumefaciences

transfer system of the bacterium.
9 The plant pathogen that is used to increase the resistance of plant to Erwinia Carotovora
disease is ----------.
10 Living organisms may be used to define the characteristics of Biomonitors
biosphere , those that are used to get quantitative information on the
quality of the environment are known as ---------.
11 The removal of pollutants by plant that breaking Degradation, phytovolatislation,
down into compounds that can be vaporized is phytosorption
known as -------.

12 Planktons are often used as indicator of water pollution, many Phosphorus and
planktons reproduce at increased rate in lakes when there are high nitrogen
centralization of ------.

QUIZ NO 1 2021 SPRING

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1. Which of the following group is now recognized as forming a distinct evolutionary
line_____________________________________________________________Archaebateria
2. Successful experiments using Trametes versicolor ATCC has a typically high average sulphur
content of around _________._______________________________________________ 2.59%
3. Biological systems may be used to clean up pollutants. Which of the following attributes MUST be
present in the pollutant if it is to be degraded by a living organism?
_____________________________It should be present in an aqueous environment
4. Why is a eukaryotic cloning vector required? ___________________large scale production
5. Extremozymes capable of functioning below pH 1 have been isolated from these structures in
some. Species.______________________________________________________acidoophile
6. To increase resistance to pests, the gene encoding for an endotoxin has been inserted and
expressed in plants. The gene was isolated from: ________________Bacillus thuringiensis
7. tend to be more susceptible to mutation than.______________, RNA viruses DNA viruses,
8. Which of the following statements about xenobiotics is FALSE? __________________
__________________________________________They are a sub class of antibiotics
9. ____is a thermophilic microorganism from which polymerase has been isolated and used for PCR
purpose. ___________________________________________________Thermus aquaticus
10. Which statement about endocrine disruptors is TRUE?_________________Feminisation of
male fish has occurred due to increased levels of oestrogen in waterways
11. A.use of thermophilic enzymes is seen in the application of Pfu polymerase for PCR. Pfu stands
for:______________________________________________________ Pyrococcus furiosus
12. Extra chromosomal elements are known as _________________________________ Plasmids
13. Alkaliphiles are naturally occurring species. typically enduring PH of,___________________ PH9
14. Which of the following organism is sensitive to lead? _______________________________Pets
15. Which bacteria colonizes the surface of the leaves? _____________Pseudomonas syringae
16. Planktons react rapid to ecological changes and are viewed as excellent indicators of
_________________________________________________________Water contamination
17. DNA polymerase, called Taq polymerase, was derived from. _______Thermus aquaticus
18. Environmental persistence is 4 particularly important factor in pollution and is often linked to
mobility and ___________________________________________________bioaccumulation
19. Find out the Extreme Halophile among the organisms below.___________ Salinibacter ruber
20. Bacillus thuringiensis tends to use codons richer in than the plant cells into which the gene is
placed.________________________________________________ Thymidine and adenine
21. Which of the following levels are included in Wastewater Treatment except,_____________ BOD
22. Aerobic, acidophilic chemolithotrophs like Thiobacillus species, for desulphurization of the
inorganic sulphur in coal, falls under ___________ method._______- _____________biological
23. Species found in the deep ocean volcanic vents known as ‘black smokers’ can tolerate_? ___
__________________________________________________________________________ ALL
24. How many codons are in one amino acid___________________________________________ 3
25. Define a Methanogen?_____________________________________ That produce Methane as
a metabolic byproduct in hypoxic conditions.
26. Which term explains cDNA best?___________________________________________ Complementary DNA
27. All of these are artificial processes of pathogen removal except.........._______Land treatment
28. In situ technique is suitable for_________Contramination........_______________Widespread
29. A sludge with a level of dry solids of 2% has water content of_______........_____________98%
30. A sludge with a solids load of 120 kgSS/d and a solid concentration of 2.0% (20.000mg/L) will
have a flow of........._____________________________________________________ 6.0 m3/d
31. Most frequently used unit for concentration of sludge ............_______________________%
32. Which of the following method affects the Reproduction of the pathogenic
agents...........______________________________________________________ UV radiation
33. The main characteristic of______Methodsare that the soil is removed from where it originally lay,
for treatment........________________________________________________________ Ex situ
34. For preliminary waste water treatment all basic equipment are required except
one.......__________________________________________________________ Grit chamber
35. The design of sludge treatment and final disposal stages is based on which of the
following........______________________________________________________ Sludge flow
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36. Which of the following pathogen removal system does not need chemicals .........________
___________________________________________________Maturation ponds
37. ________ are well suited to large scale treatment where speed is not of the
essence...........__________________________________________ Extensive technologies
38. Capillary water maintain it self absorbed in which of the following phase..........__________Solid
39. In a dewatering process the dry solid level in the dewaterd sludge of filter press______20-30%
40. Facultative pond require how much time for sludge removal from liquid phase..........__Decades
41. The process in which decomposition of aerobic organic matter is achieved through control
condition of temperature, water content, and nutrients is known as........._______Compositing
42. Following Chemicals are added in the sludge preparation process........__________________
_________________________________ Coagulants and Polyelectrolytes Both a & c
43. Soil washing and thermal treatments are example of__Technologies.._________________
_____________________________________________________ Intensive Technologies
44. . Which of the following is highly recommended system for pathogen removal...........__________
___________________________________________________________ Maturation Ponds
45. Which of the following Sludge management stage accomplished through the removal of the
biodegradable organic matter of the sludge......... _________________________Stabilization
46. A very effective method for removal of disease causing organisms is........._____ Ozonisation
47. Disposal of sludge in the mining areas is known as............._____________Land reclamation
48. ________ technique is the best suited to instances of relatively localised pollution with an insight
typically in hotspot of medium relatively high concentration.........___________________Ex situ
49. Cropping accumulater of heavy metal plants occur in________technology....... ___________
_______________________________________________________ Extensive Technology
50. _______ is normally uses high-temperature refuse the contaminated materials........
_________________________________________________________________ Vetrification
51. Which of following process does not introduce chemical product into the liquid ..__Membranes
52. Among dewatering processes the process which is least used is called......_________Stabilizati
53. The use of ecometerials on walls is effective for? ___________________Sound suppression
54. A compound …isolated from neam plant has broad spectrum insecticidal effect__Azadirachtin
55. Which of the following Phytoplankton facilitate the growth of fishes? ______Chlorella vulgaris
56. Which of the following chemicals is involved in the detoxification of the metals?_____________
___________________________________________________________ cu-EDTA complex
57. Main purpose of growing non food crops is to get__ commercially? ____________________Oils
58. Which of the following is used to degrade the xenobiotics _______Mixed microbial cultures
59. Which of the following has been considered as a strong anti-biofouling agent? ______Acid rain
60. Zooplanktons are microscopic ........?________________________________________Animals
61. At which pH, air contamination is controlled?_______________________________________7.5
62.

GRAND QUIZ MID TERM 2021

1. freshwater species Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was sensitive to _____________________all
2. which of the following factors contribute to the increase in the death rate of the pathogenic
microorganisms ______________________ high DO concentrations and an increase in Ph
3. Plants are susceptible to bacterial pathogens such as Erwinia carotovora, which produces
enzymes capable of degrading its ________________________________________cell walls
4. The average oceanic temperature is around __________________________________1–3°C
5. Which of the following bacteria causes crown gall disease _____Agrobacterium tumefaciens
6. Which zone is essential in the treatment line for biological removal of phosphorus
___________________________________________________________ both of the above

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7. Salt tolerance in tomatoes has been established by introducing genes involved in …..antiport,
the transport of sodium and hydrogen ions in opposite directions across a
membrane________________________________________________hydrogen and sodium
8. Those species which live in higher Kcl levels are known a___ extremophiles ______ halophile
9. The process of expression of foreign genes in a plant is called __________ Gene expression
10. The removal of pollutants by plant that breaking down into compounds that can be vaporized is
known as ------._____________________ Degradation, phytovolatislation, phytosorption
11. The removal of the organic matter in the secondary stage is carried out through biochemical
reactions undertaken by. ________________________________________ microorganisms
12. Enzyme used in PCR is ….______________________________________ DNA Polymerase
13. in facultative aerated lagoons are oxygen is supplied by mechanical equipment called
aerators.___________________________________ _________________________aerators
14. Halophiles are extremely important in environmental biotechnology. These are microorganisms
that survive in highly saline environments. They do so by ensuring that: ____________ their
cytoplasm contains a higher concentration of solutes than their surroundings
14. denaturation step in PCR usually occur at which temperature? ____________________ 95 ◦C
15. Is thermophilic microorganism from with polymerase has been isolated and used for PCR
purpose.___________________________________________________ Thermus aquaticus
16. many planktons at an increased rate in lakes when there are high centralization of
___________________________________________________________BOTH of the above
17. in bacteria the most likely candidates for genetic transfer are..___________ both of the above
18. the first working draft of the human genome sequence was published in which year ?___ 2001
19. which of the following is considered as health threatening microorganism of water
______________________________________________ Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus
20. Halophiles are extremely important in environment biotechnology these are microorganisms

that survive in highly saline environment . they do so by ensuring that________________

Their cytoplasm contains a higher concentration of solutes then their surroundings

21. What are GMOs?______________ Genetically Modified Organisms

22. DNA is precipitated by __________________________________________________ Alcohol

23. Genomic library are very useful to look for a specific Sequence of __________________ DNA

24. Typically the soil types best suited to biotechnological interventions are __sands and gravels

25. Absorption, Adsorption, Incineration, Ozonation, etc. are alternatives of ____________.

26. which of the following contaminants are rich in trichopria tetrat ______________ Phosphorus
27. During nitrification PH level ?________________
28. Wolffia globosa is an important tool for showing ….. sensitivity and contamination.______
___________________________________________________________________cadmium
29. Multicellular organism cannot tolerate temperature….___________________________ 50 ◦ C
30. In eukaryotes the first product of transcription form DNA is …
32.Bacillus thuringiensis tends to use codons richer in then the plant cells into which the gene is
placed.___________________________________________________ thymidine and adenine
33. Optimum PH for local environment conditions lies in the range of ….?____________ 6.5–7.5
34. Which of the following treatment system is adopted for removal of biodegradable organic
matter form domestic sewage? ____________________________ aerobic biofilm reactors
38. The sequence recognized by restriction enzyme is known as…_________ recognition a site
39. High rate of ponds usually receive a high ….. load per unit surface area?
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40. Which of the following method may be employed to improve the efficiency of pollutant
degradation by a bacterium without the use of genetic engineering? _____________
Culture the bacterium in growth medium containing increasing concentrations of the
pollutant.
41. Microbes and enzymes typically function at _______ lower temperatures and pressures.
42. The first bio tech based method of odor control was applied in.._________________1920
43. applications of the system overland flow is applicable to the …_______________ plain area
44. generally the local environmental conditions required would ideally offer a temperature of.-
__________________________________________________________________20–30 ◦ C
45. The existence of microbes capable of surviving in extreme environments has been known
since the.. ____________________________________________________________1960s
46. mer B codes for which enzyme ____________________________________________ lyase
47. a bacterial strain known to degrade PCBs is?__________________ Pseudomonas putida

48. lichens are used as bioindicators to monitor ……. Quality_________________________air

49. Extremozymes capable of functioning below pH1 have been isolated from these structures in

some …species __________________________________________________ acidophile

70. How many practical problems associated with GE of plants which make them more difficult to

manipulate than bacteria ____________________________________________________ 2

71. Of all soil which bacteria, seem to have the most highly developed ability to adapt quickly to
new carbon sources
___________________________________________________________ Pseudomonads

72. ….. are able to transfer genetic material between susceptible cells _____ eukaryotic viruses

73. Which this bacterium would later make possible the widespread use of a revolutionary
technology, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) _________________ Thermus aquaticus

74.A bacterial gene encoding pentaerythritol tetranitrate reductase, an enzyme involved in the

degradation of explosives, has been transferred into ______________________ tobacco plant

75. biological treatments are not best suited to in which type of soils ________ all of the above

76. The oestrogen is degraded completely to …….. thus presenting a plausible method for water

polishing prior to consumption. ___________________________ carbon dioxide and water

77. Of all soil bacteria …… seem to have the most highly developed ability to adapt quickly to

new carbon sources.___________________________________________Pseudomonads

78. Ralstonia eutropha, containing ……in its backbone, ________________________ Sulphur

79. A use of thermophilic enzyme is seen in the application pfu polymerase for PCR . pfu stands
for ___________________________________ Pyrococcus furiosus

80. Reporter genes can only be a guide to the process of transcription and translation
occurring in the cell ______________________________ both b&c
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 81. Hyperthermophiles work at temperatures above_______________________85c

82. Isolated samples of common place proteins, like egg albumin, are irreversibly denatured well

at which temperature? _________________________________________blew 100c

83. Bryophytes are frequently used to monitor____________________. air contamination

84. The retention time of the solids in the system is called? __________________ sludge age

85. Planktons are often used as indicators of water pollution. Many planktons reproduce at an
increased rate in lakes when there are high centralizations of ____ and ______ phosphorus
and nitrogen.

86. When the bacteria starts to use organic material from the cellular material of extended

aeration system, which kind of gas is produced ?

87. Imhoff tanks, are basically____tanks? ____________________________ sedimentation

88. Plankton also plays an important role in biological deterioration __________ organic matter

89. In bacteria, the most likely candidates for genetic transfer are_______. Bacteriophage

90. Bacteria have also adapted to degrade man-made organics called _________xenobiotics.

91. Gene is expressed, preceded by a strong promoter, most commonly the ‘35S’ promoter,

obtained from___________________________________. Agrobacterium tumefaciens

97. T-DNA on Ti plasmid is flanked by a direct repeat of_____________________. 24bp

98. What is the efficiency of maturation pounds for the removal of pathogenic
organisms?____________________________________________ 99.99%

103. In sub surface flow system rhizomes and roots are adjacent to which condition? ____ Aerobic

104. Glyphosate’ (herbicide) is an analogue of phosphoenol pyruvate and inhibits the enzyme

5enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase. The gene coding for this enzyme has been

isolated and inserted into plants which then exhibited an increased resistant to the herbicide.

The plants that gave the best results were:_______________________ Petunias

105. Microorganisms are often used as health indicators of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.

e.g., Some microorganisms when exposed to cadmium and benzene contaminants produce

_______ proteins, which can be used as early warning signs ___________________stress

106. To design production systems which avoid the potential for environmental contamination is

the challenge of _____________________________________________. Green chemistry

107. Pyrolobus fumarii, optimum temperature for reproduction is______________________? 105 c

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1. Which kind of porous medium is used in surface flow wetland? _____________________Gravel
2. which of the following gene is one of a cluster of genes involved in bacterial detoxification of
mercury.________________________________________________________________mer A
3. Genetic modification of which tree enabled mercury to be removed from the soil and converted to
a form able to be released to the atmosphere. ______________________________ Poplar tree
4. The……. is a type of wastewater treatment process for treating sewage or industrial wastewaters
using aeration and a biological floc composed of bacteria and protozoa.
______________________________________________________Aquatic-based systems
5. Of all soil bacteria, which bacteria seem to have the most highly developed ability to adapt quickly
to new carbon sources? ____________________________________________ Pseudomonas
6. Which of the following is the most abundant biopolymer on this planet. as well as major product of
photosynthesis? _______________________________________________________ Cellulose
7. in biotrickling filters, constituents of the smell are biodegraded by..._________________________
_________________________________________________________Biofilm communities
8. What do you mean by anoxic zone? _____________Presence of both oxygen & nitrates
9. is mainly intended for the removal of coarse solids and grit _________Preliminary Treatment
10. The slop in overflow land should be 2 to __%._____________________________________ 4
11. Environment Biotechnology involves ______________________________All of the above
12. In overflow land. the soils should have a…. permeability. _________________________high
13. Which of the following statement is true? _______________________________________All
14. What is the main application of Biomemetics?_______________Prevention of biofouling
15. Which of the following are useful indicators to check the water quality? ____Phytoplankton
16. High rate ponds usually receive a high…. load per unit surface area.? ____________organic
17. Many surface structural proteins in halophiles require severely elevated concentrations of
______________________________________________________________Potassium salts
18. has become a popular choice for the production of recombinant species.
_________________________________________________________Arabidopsis thaliana
19. Transposons were first discovered in _______________________________________ Rice
20. Microorganisms are now being used for the removal of pollutants fram the environment. All of
the following statements in this regard are true, EXCEPT ___________________The toluene
degradation pathway and p-cumate catabolic pathway are coded by genes
present on the same operon
21. The term transposable element was first coined by. ____________Barbara MacClintock
22. Surface flow wetlands means_________________________________-free water Surface
23. Removal of from coal has been investigated by using dibenzathiaphene
(DBT)________________________________________________________organic sulphur
24. An extremophile _______________________________live in extreme conditions
25. The sulphur content of fossil fuels is of environmental concern. e.g. implicated in the
production of acid rain. since it produces ……on combustion.______________sulphur dioxide
26. Many planktons reproducing at an increased rate in lakes when there are high centralizations
of __________________________________________________________Both of the above
27. in bacteria, the most likely candidates for genetic transfer are ________Both of the above
28. Yeast are _____________________________________________eukaryotic unicellular
29. Transgenic plants? _________________________contain foreign genes in their cells
30. The repeats flanking the T-DNA of Agrabacterium tumefaciens are known as, _________
________________________________________________________________Direct repeats
31. Release of free ammonia (NH3) into the atmosphere, under high pH conditions is known
as?____________________________________________________________Denitrificatiom
32. Conventional activated sludge and extended seration are examples of _______
_____________________________________________________Activated Sludge System
33. Which of the following environmental parameter has no effect on the biadegradation of a
pollutant present in soil? ________________________Type of plants growing in the soil
34. Luciferase genes are also used at times for detection. Choose the correct statement for them.
________________________________________They are obtained from fire flies only
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35. has proven itself to be a highly effective against garden slug______________
_____________________________________________Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita
36. A genetically modified organism means an organism which has had genes. ________
____________________________________________________________________Replaced
37. ….the most frequently talked about of all environmental _____________________Pollution
38. Which kind of plant genera are used in sub-suface flow system? _________________Cactus
39. It is important to remember that pollution cannot properly be assessed without a linked
examination of the __________________________________________________environment
40. The oxygen required in the facultative ponds by the aerobic bacteria is supplied by algae
through. ?______________________________________________________Photosynthesis
41. Around….. of the input raw materials in leather manufacturing ultimately ends up being
discarded and enzyme additions have long been used to help manage this waste._________60%
42. In order to metabolize crude oil, first patent for which genetically madified bacterial strain was
granted in 1980____________________________________________________________Ecoli
43. The most popular method of transforming plants is by the.___________________Ti plasmid
44. Constructed wetlands are. ______________________________Aquatic-based systems
45. is difficult because of diverse nature of potential pollutants. ______________Classification
46. What is the range of thermal conductivity of cellulose in W/mK?_____________0.038- 0.040
47. High rate ponds are conceived in order to maximize……production?_________________alge
48. Which gas is produced from up flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor system? ___ Methane
49. The mechanism of separation of the particles with a density greater than sewage is adopted
in_________________ ____________________________________________Sedimentation
50. Species found in the deep ocean volcanic vents known as ‘black smokers’ can tolerate_____?
____________________________________________________________ High temperature

51. Which of the following has been considered as a strong anti-biofouling agent?_ Chloroform
52. Which of the following method belongs to the physical unit operation________ Fluccolation
53. Planktons react rapidly to ecological changes and are viewed as excellent indicators of____
_________________________________________________________Water contamination
54. What is the BOD removal efficiency of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors?__ ____10%
55. Steinernema carpocapsae is a _____________.___________________________ nematode
56. In bacteria, the most likely candidates for genetic transfer are_____._________________ all
57. In facultative aerated lagoons the oxygen is supplied by mechanical equipment called
aerators.______________________________________________________________ aerators
58. The ____________ of many of today’s polluting substances or materials is a major potential
avenue for the environmental biotechnology.____________________________ bio-substitution
59. The treatment used for the removal of coarse solids and grit is______. Preliminary treatment
60. Mostly_____________are used but rapid temperature increase coupled with the lengthy period
of contact time is required______________________ _________________________Mesophiles
61. Plants may be genetically modified for the removal of toxic compounds from the environment.
Many of the transgenic plants have been produced using the Ti plasmid transfer system of the
bacterium _____________________________________________Agrobacterium tumefaciens
62. The removal of settleable solids and part of the organic matter (Physical pollutant removal
mechanisms are predominant in both levels) is called ________________. Primary treatment
63. What is the main objective of maturation ponds?___ _________________
_____________________________________________Removal of pathogenic organism
64. In bacteria, genetic transfer of material occurs through________ ______________Plasmids
65. Southern Blotting is a laboratory technique used to detect a specific_______sequence in a
blood or tissue sample._____________________________________________________- DNA

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66. In which systems, pre-settled or pre-treated sewage is applied below ground level?________
_______________________________________________________ Subsurface infiltration
67. The attenuation of pollutants by permitting them to become physically spread out, thereby
reducing their effective point concentration is called ____________dilution and dispersion
68. The expression ‘____________’ is used as an aggregate term referring to all sources of biotic
and abiotic reactions to ecological changes.______________________________ bioindicator
69. An organism whose genome has been altered by the gene transfer from another species is known as
a________-. __________________________________________________ Transgenic organism
70. Activated carbon preferentially adsorbs __________molecules.________________ organic
71. BOD is stabilised aerobically by ___________that grow attached to a support medium.____
_____________________________________________________________________ bacteria
72. The ________ communities feed on substances in the solution passing over them,
biodegrading the constituents of the smell.____________________________________ biofilm
73. Which gene is the one coding for the enzyme, mercuric ion reductase, which converts mercury
from an ionic to a volatile form?_____________________________________________- mer A
74. Which of the following contaminents are rich in Trichopria tetrat____________ Phosphorus
75. Imhoff tank is a ______________. _______________________a two-compartment tank
76. An organism containing a gene which doesn’t belong to it and is derived from somewhere else
then the organism is said to be ___________.______________________________ Transgenic
77. Which organism can degrade Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)?__________________
_______________________________________________ Strain of Pseudomonas Putida
78. The signaling molecules used in bacterial quorum sensing are___________________. AHLs
79. What is the detention time of sedimentation ponds?__________________________ 02 days

- BT503 QUIZ-2

1. Which of the following method for removal of pathogenic organisms do not need
chemical products of energy , but require large areas._______________ Maturation ponds
2. Free water in the sludge can be removed by --------.__________________________ Gravity

3. Which zone is essential in the treatment line for biological removal of phosphorus,
aerobic or anerobic. ____________________________________________________ Both
4. A process In sludge management for preparation for dewatering is known as ---
___________________________________________________________________Dewatering

5. Vitrification uses --------- temperature for fuse contaminated material. ______________High

6. The sludge production is a function of the waste water treatment system used for the ------
_________________________________________________________________ Liquid phase
7. --------- is very effective agent for the removal of pathogens. ___________________Ozone

8. Lime stabilization is used in treat ---------- sludge. _______________________________All

9. Thermal decomposition process by oxidation is known as ------. ____________Incineration

10. For which of the following waste water treatment system the equipement depends on the
post treatment process used._____________________________________ Rapid infiltration
11. Which of the following process does not introduce chemical products into the liquid.
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 ___________________________________________________________________Membranes
12. A sludge with a level of dry solids of 2% has water content of ------. _______________ 98%

13. Which of the following method for pathogen removal affects the reproduction of
pathogenic agents. _______________________________________________UV Radiations
14. Gamma radiations are used for ------------.______________________________ Conditioning
15. Thickening in sludge management is removal of -------._________________________ Water
16. Most significant temperature for bio-remediations is --------- ___________________20-30℃

1. All of these are artificial processes of pathogen removal except? ………..... Land treatment

2. ln s situ to technique is suitable for ------ contamination…………………………....Widespread

3. A sludge with a level of dry solids of 2% has water content of……………………….…___98%

4. A sludge with a solids load of 120 KgSS/d and a solids concentration of 2.0% (20,000 mg/L)

will have a flow of………………………………………………………………….…_____6.0 m3/d

5. Most frequently used unit for concentration of sludge is?...............................................__...... %

6. Which of the following method affects the reproduction of the pathogenic agents?....
_______________________________________________________________ UV radiation
7. The main characteristic of ______ Methods are that the soil is removed from where it originally
lay for treatment?..........................................________________________................. Ex situ
8. For preliminary waste water treatment, all basic equipment are required except one?.......
____________________________________________________________________ Aerator
9. The design of sludge treatment and final disposal stages is based on which of the
following?........................................................................................................____........... Both

10. Which of the following pathogen removal system does not need chemicals?.......__________
__________________________________________________________ Maturation ponds
11. _________ are well suited to large scale treatment where speed is not of the
essence…………………………………………___………………__ Extensive technologies

12. Capillary water maintain itself adsorbed in which of the following phase?....................... Solid
13. In a dewatering process the dry solid level in the dewatered sludge of filter press…… 20-30%
14. Facultative ponds require how much time for sludge removal from liquid phase?... _Decades
15. The process in which decomposition of aerobic organic matter is achieved through controlled
conditions of temperature. water content and nutrients is known as………..….. Compositing

16. Following chemicals are added in the sludge preparation process…..…………... Both a & c
(Coagulants, Sulphur, polyelectrolytes, Both a & c)
17. Soil washing and thermal treatments are examples of ___ technology……… _____________
_____________________________________________________ Intensive technologies
18. Which of the following is highly recommended system for pathogen removal?...... ________
__________________________________________________________ Maturation ponds
19. Which of the following sludge management stage accomplished through the removal of the
biodegradable organic matter of the sludge? …………………………………….. Stabilization

20. A very effective method for removal of disease causing organisms is?............... Ozonisation
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21. Disposal of sludge in the mining areas is known as-----………………___ Land reclamation
22. _______ technique is the best suited to instances of relatively localized pollution within a site.
typically, in 'hot-spots' of medium to relatively high concentrations……………..______ Ex situ

23. Cropping of heavy metal accumulator plants occur in _ technology . _____________

____________________________________________ Extensive technologies
24. ___is normally uses high temperature to fuse the contaminated materials…_….. Vitrification
25. Which of following process does not introduce chemical products into the
liquid……________________________________________________________ Membranes
26. Among dewatering processes, the process which is least used is called………. Stabilization
27. Stages of sludge processing involve?........................................______________..............ALL
28. Technologies have smaller resource requirement and lower initiation, running and support
costs……………………………….__………………………………….Intensive technologies

29. _________process is an appropriate method for sludge stabilization in nurseries, horticulture

and landscaping. _________________________________________________ Composting

30. _______ is very effective agent for the removal of pathogens……………………_……..Ozone

31. Density of the liquid sludge range between…………………___………………...1.02 and 1.03
32. If the sludge is to be incinerated then the following ---process is not necessary._Disinfection
33. Water in the sludge can be classified into how many classes?............................___..............4
34. Lime stabilization is used to treat______ sludge…………………………………………………All
35. ______ metallic coagulants is/are used in conditioning of sludge………………_…both A&B
36. Principle mechanism of influence in the dewatering process is called……………Evaporation
37. For which of the following waste water treatment system the equipment depends on the post
treatment process used………_…………………………UASB reactors+ post treatment

38. Transformation or mineralization of contaminants to less toxic and more mobile, forms is
known as ____ remediation method……………………………………__…………….Biological

39. ____process is an appropriated method for sludge stabilization in nurseries, horticulture and
landscaping………………………………………………………………_______……Composting

40. How much dry solid content is found in fluid sludge?.................................................... 0%-25%
41. Which basic equipment is required for high rate pond waste water treatment
process?................... . ...........................................................Rotors for liquid movement
42. Water content influences which properties of the sludge? ………………_………..Mechanical
43. _____process is an encapsulation of contaminants within a monolithic solid of high structural
integrity, with or without associated chemical fixation………………………_……...Vitrification

44. Adsorbed water in the sludge can be removed by?............................... Flocculating agents
45. Sludge drying lagoons are used for…………………………………………_____……………..All
46. The sludge production is a function of the waste water treatment system used for
the……………………………………………………………………………___…… Liquid phase

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 47. __ is a land disposal process, in which the organic substrate is biologically degraded in the
upper layer of the soil and the inorganic fraction is transformed or fixed into this layer.

………………………………………………………………………………_____….Land Farming

48. How much water content is found in fluid sludge?......................................__..........100%-75%

49. For sludge stabilization, chemical stabilization is accompanied by ------of an organic matter.
…………………………………………………………………………………________…Oxidation

50. Toxic by-products can be generated in which of the following system?......_.......Chlorination

51. Thermal decomposition process by oxidation is known as____..........._.............. Incineration
52. Type of centrifuges mostly used in the dewatering process are called--------
………………………………………………………………__….Horizontal-Shaft Centrifuge

53. --------is an example of thermal remediation method…………………………_……Gasification

54. In primary treatment system, primary sludge takes how much time for sludge removal from
liquid phase?................................................................................................._...............months

55. Free water in the sludge can be removed by…………………………………___………. gravity

56. ______ involves the heating of sludge at 70 oC for 30 mints………………….. Pasteurization
57. Normal temperature required in thermophilic aerobic digestion process is…____……50-60oC
58. Time period required to carry out compositing through in-vessel biological reactors is
normally…………………………………………………………………………____……14-21days

59. Which one of the following sludge management stage includes the removal of organic
matter?........................................................................................._......................Stabilization

60. Criteria for analysis of waste water treatment include……………………...…….._________All

61. ________ agent/s responsible for land contamination………………………. asbestos work
62. ____ is the main natural water removal mechanism/s in the sludge dewatering…Percolation
63. Time required for the accumulation of discard sludge from WWTPs……………..__3-5years
64. The density of the sludge during most of its processing is very close to………. ______Water
65. Which methods are costly for removal of disease causing organisms………………_Artificial
66. Removal of organic matter in sludge management is known as…………………Disinfection
67. Density of sludge in processing stages is close to…………………………_______1000Kg/m3
68. Large areas are required for which pathogen removal system…………__Maturation ponds
69. Gamma radiations are used for _______................................................_______Disinfection
70. Vitrification uses ______ temperature to fuse the contaminated materials……….. ______High

1. ……..techniques are best suited to instances of relatively localized pollution within a site, typically in ‘hot-
spots’ of medium to relatively high concentration ______________________________________Ex situ
2. Which of the following method affects the reproduction of the pathogenic agents_____ UV radiation
3. A sludge with a level of dry solids of 2% has a water content of ______________________________98%.

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4. Cropping accumulater of heavy metal plants occur in ____ technology ______Extensive Technology
5. _______ is normally uses high-temperature refuse the contaminated materials_______Vetrification.
6. Which of following process does not introduce chemical product into the liquid________Membranes.
7. Among dewatering processes the process which is least used is called________ ________Stabilization
8. All of these are artificial processes of pathogen removal except___ ______________Land treatment.
9. In situ technique is suitable for_________Contramination__________________________Widespread.
10. A sludge with a solids load of 120 kgSS/d and a solid concentration of 2.0%n(20.000mg/L) will have a
flow of______________________________________________________________________ 6.0 m3/d.
11. Most frequently used unit for concentration of sludge…………________________________________%.
12. The main characteristic of______Methodsare that the soil is removed from where it originally lay, for
treatment_______________________________________________________________________Ex situ.
13. For preliminary waste water treatment all basic equipment are required except one______aerator.
14. The design of sludge treatment and final disposal stages is based on which of the following___
_________________________________________________________________________Sludge flow.
15. Which of the following pathogen removal system does not need chemicals__ _____________
__________________________________________________________________Maturation ponds.
16. ________ are well suited to large scale treatment where speed is not of the essence______
____________________________________________________________ Extensive technologies.
17. Capillary water maintain it self absorbed in which of the following phase _________________Solid.
18. In a dewatering process the dry solid level in the dewaterd sludge of filter press_________20-30%.
19. Facultative pond require how much time for sludge removal from liquid phase__________________
____________________________________________________________________________ Decades.
20. The process in which decomposition of aerobic organic matter is achieved through control condition
of temperature, water content, and nutrients is known as______________ _________Compositing.
21. Following Chemicals are added in the sludge preparation
process_______________________________Coagulants and Polyelectrolytes Both a & c.
22. Soil washing and thermal treatments are example of Technologies _____Intensive Technologies.
23. Which of the following is highly recommended system for pathogen removal ______________
_________________________________________________________________Maturation Ponds.
24. Which of the following Sludge management stage accomplished through the removal of the
biodegradable organic matter of the sludge ____________________________________Stabilization.
25. A very effective method for removal of disease causing organisms is_____________Ozonisation.
26. Disposal of sludge in the mining areas is known as ________________________Land reclamation.
27. Stages of sludge processing involve? ________________________________________________ ALL
28. ----technologies have smaller resource requirement and lower initiation, running and support costs.
____________________________________________________________ extensive technologies
29. --------- process is an appropriate method for sludge stabilization in nurseries, horticulture and
landscaping.______________________________________________________________ composting
30. _______ is very effective agent for the removal of pathogens. _______________________ Ozone

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31. of the liquid sludge range between? ______________________________________ 1.02 and 1.03
32. If the sludge is to be incinerated then the following --------process is not necessary. ___Disinfection
33. Water in the sludge can be classified into how many classes? _______________________________ 4
34. In primary treatment system, primary sludge takes how much time for sludge removal from liquid
phase?______________________________________________________ ___________________months
35. Lime stabilization is used to treat______ sludge. ________________________________________ All
36. Which of following process does not introduce chemical products into the liquid.____ Membranes
37. In situ technique is suitable for ------------- contamination. _______________________ widespread
38. The concentration of solids in sludge is expressed in the form of? __________________ Dry solids
39. ----- metallic coagulants is/are used in conditioning of sludge.______________________ both A&B
40. Principle mechanism of influence in the dewatering process is called -------. _________Evaporation
41. For which of the following waste water treatment system the equipment depends on the post
treatment process used._______________________________ UASB reactors+ post treatment
42. How much dry solid content is found in hard solid?__________________________ 35% to 60 %
43. In extensive technologies precipitationof metal sulphides takes place under------- conditions.______
___________________________________________________________________ anaerobic
44. The sludge production is a function of the waste water treatment system used for the_____________.
_________________________________________________________________ liquid phase
45. Time required for the accumulation of discarded sludge from WWTPs is-------_______3 to 5 years
46. In UASB + polishing pond dry solid level ranges between?_____________________________3-4 %
47. The pH of the medium will be ----------when lime is added to the digested sludge, in the sludge
disinfection process._______________________________________________________________ Basic
48. Among the natural dewatering processes, which is least used are called ___ sludge
lagoons
49. Cropping of heavy metals accumulators plants occur in _________________ Extensive methods
50. ------process is an encapsulation of contaminants within a monolithic solid of high structural integrity,
with or without associated chemical fixation. _________________________ Vitrification
51. Which basic equipment is required for high rate pond waste water treatment
process?_________________________________________________ rotors of liquid movement
52. Gamma radiations are used for__________________________________________. Conditioning
53. The density of the sludge during most of its processing is very close to? _________________Water
54. Density of sludge in processing stages is close to? _________________________1000 kg/m3
55. Adsorbed water in the sludge can be removed by?___________________ flocculating agent
56. Transformation or mineralisation of contaminants to less toxic and more mobile, forms is known
as…….. remediation method. _______________________________________________________Biological
57. Thermal decomposition process by oxidation is known as _______. ________________Incineration
58. How much water content is found in fluid sludge? _____________________________100%-75%
59. ------- is the main water removal mechanism in the sludge dewatering…….__________ Percolation.
60. ..agent/s responsible for land contamination………..__________________________asbestos work
61. Criteria for management of waste water treatment include……___________________________all
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62. - The period required for carry out composition through in vessel biological reactors is
normally………________________________________________________________________ 14-21days
63. Normal temperature required in thermopilic aerobic digestion process is………___________50-60oC
64. ……..involves the heating of sludge at 70oC for 30 mints. _____________________Pasteurisation
65. Free water in the sludge can be removed by….____________________________________gravity
66. ------is an example of thermal remediation method. ____________________________Gasification
67. Type of centrifuges mostly used in the dewatering process are called-------. ___________________
________________________________________________________ Horizontal-Shaft Centrifuge
68. Toxic by-products can be generated in which of the following system?____________ Chlorination
69. For sludge stabilization, chemical stabilization is accompanied by ------of an organic matter._________
____________________________________________________________________________Oxidation
70. ____is a land disposal process, in which the organic substrate is biologically degraded in the upper
layer of the soil and the inorganic fraction is transformed or fixed into this layer. ______Land Farming
71. ---the following technologies have high initiation, running and support costs. Intensive technologies
72. How much dry solid content is found in fluid sludge?______________________________ 0%-25%
73. Thickening in sludge management is removal of --------. ________________________________Water
74. - Water in the sludge can be divided into ------- classes. _____________________________________4
75. Sludge treatment stages are ---------. ____________________________________________________6
76. ---- dewatering can be done by natural or mechanical processes. _______________________Sludge
77. Which of following technologies key factors are a fast response and low treatment time are key factors
which pertains to ---------. ________________________________________Intensive technologies
78. Virtification uses ----- temperature to fuse contaminated materials. _______________________High
79. In the process of dissolved air flotation release of oxygen in the form of bubbles is known as --------.
____________________________________________________________________Depressurization
80. A common way in which all form of remediation are often characterized is as ---_______ Both a&b
81. ---- is used for thickening of sludge. ____________________________________________Both b& c
82. -- technologies impose less damage to soil quality. _______________Extensive technologies.
83. A process in sludge management for preparation for dewatering is known as ------. _Conditioning
84. ------- is the main natural water removal mechanism in the sludge dewatering. ______Percolation
85. Which method are costly for removal of disease causing organisms. __________________Artificial
86. Removal of organic matter in sludge management is known as --------._________ Mass reduction
87. In sludge processing stages specific gravity is close to -----. ________________________________0.1
88.

FINAL TERM MCQs

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1. What is not true about bio scrubbers?...........................................................Remove toxic metals.
2. Following is true about imhoff tank used in anaerobic filter system?......................................Can be
a single-chamber tank or a two-compartment tank.
3. Explosives of characterized by presence of _ group?.........................................................___Nitro.
4. The term "endophytes" is usually used to denote microorganisms?................___Non-Pathogenic.
5. UASB stands for?................................____Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors.
6. Facultative ponds which receive raw sewage is also known as? …………. ______Primary ponds.
7. The bio scrubber is not itself truly a biological treatment system, but rather a?
……………____Highly efficient method of removing odour components by dissolving them.

8. Biodiesel is not derived from? ……………………………..___________________________Algae.

9. An aquatic plant? ……………………………………………………………………______Macrophyte.
10.Important factors to be considered when evaluating and selecting unit operations and processes
except? ……._______________________________________________Sterilization of vessels.
11.Dioxins released as by-products in a number of chemical processes?............______________Do
not pose threats to environment.
12.Nonspecific enzymes are? …………………………………………________________oxygenase’s.
13.Wastewater is applied to the soil, supplying water and nutrients necessary for plant growth. Which
is not true? ……………………__________________________________Generation of aerosols.
14.Which is not used regarding desulphurization of coal? ______________________Psychrophiles.
15.Suitable temperature is? …………………………….._____________________________20—30C.
16.What is false about Collection stage?______________________________________ This is the
stage when solid waste is transported to the final disposal site.

17.False statement about on site disposal of waste? …………._________Waste volumes are large.
18.Which of following does not use to make vessel of biofilter? ………………._______Formic Sheet.
19.Preliminary treatment involves the removal of?................. ____________________Coarse Solid.
20.1n bacteria genetic transfer of materials occurs through? ………………______________Plasmid.
21.Wolffia globose is an important tool for?................................ _____________________Cadmium.
22.Optimum PH for local environment conditions lies in the range?.................................____6.5—7.5.
23._____________uses High temperature for fuse contaminated material………. ______Vitrification
24.A step in the development of biosensors is?.................... ______________________……….The
immobilization of the biological component at the transducer surface.
25.Associations of fungi with roots of vascular plants? …………………. ____________Mycorrhizae.
26.The ability of a single compound to be degraded can be affected by the presence of other
contaminants? …__________________________________________________Cometabolism.
27.Which is true for Environment Biotechnology?……………………………………………………....….
enhance or optimize conditions for existing biological systems to make their activities
happen faster or more efficientl'ß

28.Thermophile thrive at temperatures above? …………….._____________________________45C.

29._________ are compounds which are man-made…………………………… _________Xenobiotic

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30.Natural estrogens are deactivated in humans by? …………………………_____.Glucuronidation.
31.Collection of total Genomic DNA from an organism? …………………….._____Genomic libraries.
32._____________ refers to how pollutants enter a food chain…………………. ___Bioaccumulation
33.Which statement about Bioscrubber is FALSE?............. They are useful for the removal of toxic
metals

34.Which of the following is NOT a possible destination of the pollutant in the soil?...................
....................................................________________________....appearance in surrounding air
35.The presence of metals in environment may be detected visually by the use of bacteria. One such
example is Vogesella indigofera that gives an idea of metal contamination by
producing…………… ...__________________________________________Coloured pigments

36.Which statement about chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons is correct?.......... _________oxidative

dehalogenation of CAHs is carried out by facultative aerobes

37.In the conventional activated sludge system. continuous arrival of food in the form of BOD to the
aeration tank, leads to rapid and continuous bacterial growth. All of the following problems caused
by increased bacterial growth. Except……………..________________________the overall
efficiency of the process is enhanced

38.Which kind of the technique are suitable for bioremediation____________ _____________In-situ

39.Unlike other marine species, _____ are characteristically untroubled by biofouling and study of
their skin have established that its unique texture coupled with its inherent antimicrobial properties
help keep them clean of fouling organisms__ ___________________________________Sharks
40.Which plant is used as a model to protect from various agents?......___________...Tobacco plant
41. The airflow in the submerged aerated biofilter is always ____ while the liquid flow can be
___.....................................................................................................______......upflow, downflow
43. Which of the following approaches do not remove the pollutants but only immobilize the
pollutants? …………______________________________________________phytostabilization
44. The ___ product of pollutant may be more harmful than the original pollutant itself, therefore it is
important to understand the chemistry of the pollutant…________________________breakdown
45. Among the first synthetic organic chemicals to create environmental problems were
_____........___________________________________________________________Detergents
46. Immobilization refer to the removal of contaminants, typically metals, by means of ______by
various microbes or plants species……………… ………............___...............................adsorption
47. Which of the following factors has no effect on the execution and implementation of environmental
technology? ………___________________________________health of the general population
48. Dioxins have many congeners. The most toxic is ____ which is thought to be the most poisonous
synthetic chemical…………………………_________………TCDD (tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin)
49. How much arsenic can be accumulated by using Pteris vittata?.............___________...........2-3%
50. Which of the following methods are best suited to instances of relatively localized pollution within a
site, typically in ‘hot-spots’ of medium to relatively high concentration which are fairly near to the
surface……………………………___________________________……………………….…Ex-Situ
51. Foe land based applications, the soil type best suited biotechnological inventions are
____......._______________________________________________________...Sand and Gravel
52. Plants containing the novel DNA grow, a gene coding is frequently for___........... all of the above

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53. Deliberate transfer of a gene from one organism to another is called_____................Foreign gene
54. Western blotting technique is used for the detection of ______.........................................Protein
55. The term “endophytes” is usually used to denote ____microorganism……..…….non-pathogenic
56. Which of the following have the innate ability to degrade hydrocarbons contaminants through
metabolic action and biosurfactant product……__……….. hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria (HCB)
57. What is false about poor biodegradation of hydrocarbons?..........................____________. Easily
degraded by enzymatic attack
58. Liquid biofuels are of considerable importance due to
Liquid fuels are of considerable importance due to the relative ease of transport and
handing, and inherent controllability of combustion
59. Which process used in the natural process of sludge dewatering.. Drying beds, sludge lagoons
60. In aerobic Cometabolism of CAHs ---- is required -----
Successful Cometabolism can be achieved by ensuring that primary substrate is well in
excess of that needed to overcome toxicity from the CAH or its transformation products
42.What is not true about bio scrubbers?...........................................................Remove toxic metals.
43.Following is true about imhoff tank used in anaerobic filter system?......................................__Can
be a single-chamber tank or a two-compartment tank.
44.Explosives of characterized by presence of _ group?............................................___.............Nitro.
45.The term "endophytes" is usually used to denote microorganisms?...........___.....Non-Pathogenic.
46.UASB stands for?.........................____.......Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors.
47.Facultative ponds which receive raw sewage is also known as? …………_____. Primary ponds.
48.The bio scrubber is not itself truly a biological treatment system, but rather a?
………____……Highly efficient method of removing odour components by dissolving them.

49.Biodiesel is not derived from? ……………………………..___________________________Algae.

50.An aquatic plant? ……………………………………………………………………______Macrophyte.
51.Important factors to be considered when evaluating and selecting unit operations and processes
except? ……_______________________________________________.Sterilization of vessels.
52.Dioxins released as by-products in a number of chemical
processes?............_______________________________Do not pose threats to environment.
53.Nonspecific enzymes are? …………………………………………________________oxygenase’s.
54.Wastewater is applied to the soil, supplying water and nutrients necessary for plant growth. Which
is not true? ……………………__________________________________Generation of aerosols.
55.Which is not used regarding desulphurization of coal? ______________________Psychrophiles.
56.Suitable temperature is? …………………………….._____________________________20—30C.
57.Statement about phytoremediation is false?
58.What is false about Collection stage?This is the stage when solid waste is transported to the
final disposal site.

59.False statement about on site disposal of waste? …………._________Waste volumes are large.
60.Which of following does not use to make vessel of biofilter? ………………._______Formic Sheet.
61.Preliminary treatment involves the removal of?................. ____________________Coarse Solid.
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62.1n bacteria genetic transfer of materials occurs through? ………………______________Plasmid.
63.Wolffia globose is an important tool for?................................ _____________________Cadmium.
64.Optimum PH for local environment conditions lies in the range?.................................____6.5—7.5.
65._____________uses High temperature for fuse contaminated material………. ______Vitrification
66.A step in the development of biosensors is?.................... ……………. The immobilization of the
biological component at the transducer surface.
67.Associations of fungi with roots of vascular plants? …………………. ____________Mycorrhizae.
68.The ability of a single compound to be degraded can be affected by the presence of other
contaminants? …___________________________________________________Cometabolism.
69.Which is true for Environment Biotechnology?……………………………………………………....….
enhance or optimize conditions for existing biological systems to make their activities
happen faster or more efficientl'ß

70.Thermophile thrive at temperatures above? …………….____________________________.45C.

71._________ are compounds which are man-made…………………………… _________Xenobiotic
72.Natural estrogens are deactivated in humans by? …………………………._____Glucuronidation.
73.Collection of total Genomic DNA from an organism? …………………….._____Genomic libraries.
74._____________ refers to how pollutants enter a food chain…………………. ___Bioaccumulation
75.Which statement about Bioscrubber is FALSE? They are useful for the removal of toxic metals
76.Which of the following is NOT a possible destination of the pollutant in the
soil?..........................................................................__________.appearance in surrounding air

77.The presence of metals in environment may be detected visually by the use of bacteria. One such
example is Vogesella indigofera that gives an idea of metal contamination by
producing……………...___________________________________________Coloured pigments

78.Which statement about chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons is correct?.......... _________oxidative

dehalogenation of CAHs is carried out by facultative aerobes

79.In the conventional activated sludge system. continuous arrival of food in the form of BOD to the
aeration tank, leads to rapid and continuous bacterial growth. All of the following problems caused
by increased bacterial growth. Except……….the overall efficiency of the process is enhanced

80.Which kind of the technique are suitable for bioremediation_________________________In-situ

81.Unlike other marine species, _____ are characteristically untroubled by biofouling and study of
their skin have established that its unique texture coupled with its inherent antimicrobial properties
help keep them clean of fouling organisms……………………………………………__………Sharks
82.Which plant is used as a model to protect from various agents?..............................Tobacco plant
83. The airflow in the submerged aerated biofilter is always ____ while the liquid flow can be
___........................................................................................................______...upflow, downflow
61. Which of the following approaches do not remove the pollutants but only immobilize the
pollutants? …………______________________________________________phytostabilization
62. The ___ product of pollutant may be more harmful than the original pollutant itself, therefore it is
important to understand the chemistry of the pollutant……………………………__……breakdown

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MUHAMMAD IMRAN
63. Among the first synthetic organic chemicals to create environmental problems were
_______________________________________________________________...._....Detergents
64. Immobilization refer to the removal of contaminants, typically metals, by means of ______by
various microbes or plants species..________________________________________adsorption
65. Which of the following factors has no effect on the execution and implementation of environmental
technology? ………___________________________________health of the general population
66. Dioxins have many congeners. The most toxic is ____ which is thought to be the most poisonous
synthetic chemical…………………………………________TCDD (tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin)
67. How much arsenic can be accumulated by using Pteris vittata?........................___________2-3%
68. Which of the following methods are best suited to instances of relatively localized pollution within a
site, typically in ‘hot-spots’ of medium to relatively high concentration which are fairly near to the
surface…………………………………………………….…___________________________Ex-Situ
69. Foe land based applications, the soil type best suited biotechnological inventions are
____..........______________________________________________________Sand and Gravel
70. Plants containing the novel DNA grow, a gene coding is frequently for__......._.... all of the above
71. Deliberate transfer of a gene from one organism to another is called_____......__....Foreign gene
72. Western blotting technique is used for the detection of ______..............................._...........Protein
73. The term “endophytes” is usually used to denote ____microorganism………____.non-pathogenic
74. Which of the following have the innate ability to degrade hydrocarbons contaminants through
metabolic action and biosurfactant production…………_… hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria (HCB)
75. What is false about poor biodegradation of hydrocarbons?........................ Easily degraded by
enzymatic attack
76. Liquid biofuels are of considerable importance due to __________________________________
Liquid fuels are of considerable importance due to the relative ease of transport and
handing, and inherent controllability of combustion
77. Which process used in the natural process of sludge dewatering……………………….. Drying
beds, sludge lagoons
78. In aerobic Cometabolism of CAHs ---- is required ----- ________________________________
Successful Cometabolism can be achieved by ensuring that primary substrate is well in
excess of that needed to overcome toxicity from the CAH or its transformation products

1- Insect virus that causes over expression of genes in molecular biology___________ bacilo virus
2- Acute toxins…………._________________________________________________________ all
6. By using recombinant technologies scientists are now producing…………______________insulin

7.………………are combustible materials, containing within themselves all oxygen needful for their
combustion, which burn but do not explode, and function by producing gas which produces an
explosion………_________________________________________ Propellants or low explosives

8- ………… are a type of waste stabilization pond used for biological treatment of industrial and
domestic wastewater……… ______________________________________Facultative lagoon
9- PAH-containing fractions, by animal test systems ………………evidence has beenobtained that
PAH containing……….._________________________ (skin painting, lung implantation)
10- Pentane is utilized as a ……………in the preparation of phenolic………… __________foaming
11- Polystyrene, as a propellant for aerosol sprays, as a filling of low-temperature--------------------,
and as reference compound in gas chromatography.______________________ thermometers

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MUHAMMAD IMRAN
12- Reintroduction of these ---------------bacteria to the polluted sites should give them an advantage
over the indigenous bacteria as they would be better suited to survive and remediate the
contamination. _________________________________________________________trained
13- The DNA construct contains --------------------which are complementary to the plant DNA to
enable the inserted piece to recombine into the plant genome._____________ regions of DNA
14- Attack by insects not only causes damage to the plant but also provides a
route_____________________________________________ for bacterial or fungal infection.
15- Bacteria which Thrive at temperatures above 45°C is called as ------___________Thermophiles
16- Bacteria which Thrive at temperatures above ~85°C. is called as ________Hyper thermophiles
17- Which attribute of pollutant is not linked to bio magnification -------------
________________longlived, • mobile, • soluble in fats, • biologically, active other than
these option
18- Following substances cannot use to make the vessel of bio filter ______________concrete,
metal or durable plastic, ( other than these)
19- 21- When facultative ponds receive raw sewage, they are also called primary ponds.

22- In general, enzymatic biosensors are based on -----------------------------enzymes by different

classes of compounds. the selective inhibition of specific Traditionally,
pancreatic enzymes were
23. Which enzyme are used in leather industry _____________________________ employed

24- The term “endophytes” is usually used to denote non-pathogenic microorganisms.

31 Following property of hydrocarbon does not contribute poor biodegradation

32. Toxicity represents the potential damage to life and can be both short and long term. It is
related to Type of the pollutant, • Concentration,• The time of
33- In order for bio magnification to occur, the pollutant must be :• _____Long-lived,• Mobile,•
Soluble in fats,• Biologically active.
34- bio filters can reduce odour release by _______________________________ 95% or more
35- For higher efficiencies of phosphorus removal, effluent polishing methods can adopted:
____________________________________________________ Addition of coagulants
36- In the Inhofe tank, settling occurs in the………………… ___________upper compartment
37- In the soil, a pollutant has basically -------------possible destinations: _________________four
38- Facultative ponds which receive raw sewage is also known as ………._____.primary ponds
39- In the Imhoff tank, settling occurs in the upper compartment ________(settling compartment).
40- . Biodiesel is derived mostly from ---- __________________________________vegetable oil
41- DDT was of great benefit to humans in their fight against------------- malaria
43- Two characteristics of chlorinated pesticides that led to great harm
are ________________________Their resistance to biodegradation
and• their hydrophobicity Nitro (-NO2)

45- up flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor stand for ____________________________ UASB

46- Water treatment accounts for 25% of the total global environmental market.
47- Basic equipment required in Preliminary treatment involves screen, grit chamber and flow
meter
49- UASB stands for -----------_______________up flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor
50- Important factors to be considered when evaluating and selecting unit operations and processes
except: _______________________________________________ Sterilization of vessels

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MUHAMMAD IMRAN
51- What is false about final disposal of sludge in ocean? ___________It has beneficial uses.

51- Rhizodegradation refers to the biodegradation of contaminants in the soil by edaphic

microbes enhanced by the inherent character of the rhizosphere itself.
53- False about On-site disposal? _________________________waste volumes are large
54. . What is true about Biodiesel? ________It is derived mostly from vegetable oils

55. The term “endophytes” is usually used to denote __non-pathogenic microorganisms.

56. A tumor-like growth, seen as a crown gall in plants. ____Agrobacterium tumefaciens

57. Dioxins released as by-products in a number of chemical processes _______Do not pose
threats to environment
58. Explosives use -------------------functional group ________________________________ nitro
59. Aerobic Co-metabolism of ---------------NADH to provide the 2H _______CAHs-II requires
60. What is false about poor biodegradation of hydrocarbons? ________ Easily degraded
by enzymatic attack
61. Nonspecific enzymes are oxygenases that initiate the oxidation of hydrocarbons such as
methane or toluene.
62. Western blotting is used to detect-----------------____________________________ proteins
63. Due to continuous arrival of food in the form of BOD to the aeration tank, bacteria grow and
reproduce continuously. If an indefinite population growth were allowed…-------following
problems arised except ______________________________ option D will be correct option

64. Wastewater is applied to the soil, supplying water and nutrients necessary for plant growth.
Which is not true? ____________________________________ Generation of aerosols
65-Which statement is not true regarding desulphurization of oil and coal? ____________D
66.The metals release in air by all following process except-------___________Earthquake
67. mer A gene codes for the enzyme, --------------------------mercuric ion reductase

68-What is true regarding zooplankton? _____ Rely on tides and currents as a transport

69- Facultative ponds which receive raw sewage is also known as ___________primary ponds
70 - In the soil, a pollutant has all the possible destinations except? Option d will Be correct
71. What is not true about bio scrubbers? _______________________ Remove toxic metals
72. One such recombinant is a plant where the fatty acid composition in the seed has been
modified to produce triacylglycerol’s containing elevated levels of trierucinic acid suitable for
use in the polymer industry. _________________________________Arabidopsis thaliana
73. Unlike other marines species, sharks are characteristically untroubled by ---------------and
studies of their skin have established that its unique texture coupled with its inherent
antimicrobial properties help keep them clean of fouling organisms. ___________bio fouling
74. ) Factors related to bio magnifications except ------------------______________________source

1......is the branch of biotechnology that addresses environmental problems, such as the removal of
pollution, renewable energy generation or biomass production, by exploiting biological processes
(nature.com).____________________________________________Environmental biotechnology

2.The goals of Environmental biotechnology can be achieved in....... ways.________________two

3. .........key points for environmental biotechnology

interventions.___________Three(manufacturing process,waste management,pollution
control)
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MUHAMMAD IMRAN
4. The market will have grown to.......US dollars by 2025._________________________7400 billion
5.Water treatment accounts for.........of the total global environmental market.______________25%

6.In general the use of biotechnology for environmental management relies

on..........._______________________________________________ mesophilic micro-organisms.

7.Extremophiles could provide a way of developing alternative routes to many ..........conventional

chemicals or materials....

8.Thermophiles organinsms thrive at temperatures above....... _________________________45°C.

9.An optimal temperature for the existence of hyperthermophiles abuot....________________~85°C

10.Thermus means _____________________________________________________aquaticus....

11.Taq Polymerase is a__________________________ DNA Polymerase of Thermus aquaticus.

12.Pfu Polymerase DNA Polymerase cloned from....____________________Pyrococcus furiosus

14.......survive intensely saline environments, such as exist in natural salt lakes or salt evaporation
ponds.________________________________________________________________Halophiles

15.Acidophilesthrive in the conditions of...... , typically below. low ______________________pH,5

16.Extremozymes capableof functioning below..... have been isolated..._________________pH 1

17...... flourish in environments at pH9 or more such as soda lakes and heavily alkaline
soils.________________________________________________________________Alkaliphiles

18.Greek word ‘xenos’meaning_______________________________________________ foreign.

1. Reintroduction of these “trained” bacteria to the polluted sites should give them an advantage
over the indigenous bacteria as they would be better suited to survive and remediate the
contamination.

2. The DNA construct contains regions of DNA which are complementary to the plant DNA to
enable the inserted piece to recombine into the plant genome.

3. Attack by insects not only causes damage to the plant but also provides a route for bacterial or
fungal infection.

4. Bacteria which Thrive at temperatures above 45°C is called as Thermophiles

5. Bacteria which Thrive at temperatures above ~85°C. is called as Hyper thermophiles
6. Following factor in linked to toxicity of pollutants…..??????
7. Which attribute of pollutant is not linked to bio magnification long-lived, • mobile, • soluble in fats,
• biologically active other than these option

8. Following substances cannot use to make the vessel of bio filter concrete, metal or durable
plastic,( other than these)

11.When facultative ponds receive raw sewage, they are also called primary ponds.
12.In general, enzymatic biosensors are based on the selective inhibition of specific enzymes
by different classes of compounds.

13.Which enzyme are used in leather industry Traditionally, pancreatic enzymes were
employed
14.Which statement about chlorinated hydrocarbons is correct fixation of carbon by
phytoplankton.

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MUHAMMAD IMRAN
 15.Main use of DDT other than fighting crop insects effective in controlling the Anopheles
mosquito malaria

16.The term “endophytes” is usually used to denote non-pathogenic microorganisms.

17.Statement about on-sito disposal of waste is incorrect
Advantages: • Bins are potentially a highly hygienic and sanitary management method; and • Final
disposal of waste is well away from dwelling areas. Constraints: • Collection, transportation and
human resources are required; • System takes time to implement; and • Efficient management is
essential. (Other than these)

18. In planning studies for the implementation of the wastewater treatment, the following points
must be clearly addressed:
• Environmental impact studies on the receiving body • Treatment objectives •
Treatment level and removal efficiencies

24. Toxicity represents the potential damage to life and can be both short and long term. It is
related to
• Type of the pollutant, • Concentration,• The time of
25. In order for bio magnification to occur, the pollutant must be:• Long-lived,• Mobile,• Soluble in
fats,• Biologically active.
26. bio filters can reduce odour release by ________________________________95% or more
27. For higher efficiencies of phosphorus removal, effluent polishing methods can adopted:
_______________________________________________________Addition of coagulants
28. In the Inhofe tank, settling occurs in the…………………_____________ upper compartment
29. In the soil, a pollutant has basically four possible destinations:
• Retention in the soil matrix• Retention by the plants• Appearance in the underground water
• Collection by Under drains
30. Facultative ponds which receive raw sewage is also known as ……….._____primary ponds
31. . In the Imhoff tank, settling occurs in the upper compartment ____(settling compartment).
32. . Biodiesel is derived mostly from---- _________________________________vegetable oil
33. . DDT was of great benefit to humans in their fight against-------_________________ malaria
34. . Two characteristics of chlorinated pesticides that led to great harm are
• Their resistance to biodegradation and• their hydrophobicity
36. . A characteristic of explosives is the presence of ----------groups. Nitro (-NO2)
38. . up flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor stand for (UASB)
39. Water treatment accounts for 25% of the total global environmental market.
40. Basic equipment required in Preliminary treatment involves screen, grit chamber and flow
meter
41. UASB stands for -----------up flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor
a) Process applicability, b) Applicable flow, c) Influent characteristics, d) Sterilization of
vessels
42. What is false about final disposal of sludge in ocean?
a) After pre-conditioning, the sewage is disposed in the sea b) It has beneficial uses.
c) It gives pollution to oceans
b) Sampling involves two distinct activities b) Does not define the objectives of the program
c) Characterize the samples in terms of description, location, batch number, size,
43. Rhizodegradation refers to the biodegradation of contaminants in the soil by edaphic
microbes enhanced by the inherent character of the rhizosphere itself.
44. The correct sequence of Initial Steps in Solid Waste Management:

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MUHAMMAD IMRAN
 1. Identify the types of waste. 2. Identify the sources of waste. 3. Determine the
potential health hazards from waste. 4. Determine the volume of waste generated
5. Identify safe collection method/s. 6. Identify safe transportation method/s.
7. Identify safe disposal method/s. All of these.
45. What is false about Collection stage?
a) This is the stage when solid waste is transported to the final disposal site
46. False about On-site disposal?
a) waste volumes are small, b) plenty of space is available, and c) waste is largely organic or
recyclable.(biodegradable) d) waste volumes are large
47. What is true about Biodiesel? It is derived mostly from vegetable oils
48. 50. The term “endophytes” is usually used to denote non-pathogenic microorganisms.
51. A tumor-like growth, seen as a crown gall in plants. Agrobacterium tumefaciens
52. What is false about dioxins?
53. a) Dioxins released as by-products in a number of chemical processes
54. b) The manufacture of PVC plastics c) carcinogenic d) Do not pose threats to environment
55. Explosives use nitro functional group
56. Aerobic Co-metabolism of CAHs-II requires NADH to provide the 2H
57. What is false about poor biodegradation of hydrocarbons?
a) Complexity of the molecule b) Branched or aromatic rings are difficult to degrade c) Low
water solubility. d) Easily degraded by enzymatic attack
58. Nonspecific enzymes are oxygenases that initiate the oxidation of hydrocarbons such as
methane or toluene.
59. Western blotting is used to detect proteins
60. Due to continuous arrival of food in the form of BOD to the aeration tank, bacteria grow and
reproduce continuously. If an indefinite population growth were allowed…-------following
problems arised except option d will be correct option
61. Wastewater is applied to the soil, supplying water and nutrients necessary for plant growth.
Which is not true?
d) Generation of aerosols
62. Which statement is not true regarding desulphurization of oil and coal?
a) washing pulverized coal and the use of fluidized bed technology . d) Option d will be
correct
63. The metals release in air by all following process except d) Earthquake
64. mer A gene codes for the enzyme, mercuric ion reductase

65. What is true regarding zooplankton? Rely on tides and currents as a transport
66. 66. Facultative ponds which receive raw sewage is also known as primary ponds
67. In the soil, a pollutant has all the possible destinations except? d) Option d will be correct
68. What is not true about bio scrubbers? c) Remove toxic metals
69. One such recombinant is a plant where the fatty acid composition in the seed has been
modified to produce triacylglycerol’s containing elevated levels of trierucinic acid suitable for
use in the polymer industry. Arabidopsis thaliana
70. Unlike other marines species, sharks are characteristically untroubled by bio fouling and
studies of their skin have established that its unique texture coupled with its inherent
antimicrobial properties help keep them clean of fouling organisms.
71. ) Factors related to bio magnifications except d) source

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MUHAMMAD IMRAN
BEST OF LUCK

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MUHAMMAD IMRAN
 MUHAMMAD IMRAN BT503 Environment Biotechnology
Past papers solved questions MID TERM

1. What is the bio indicator?

Bioindicators are living organisms such as plants, planktons, animals, and microbes, which are utilized to
screen the health of the natural ecosystem in the environment. The expression ‘Bioindicator’ is used as an
aggregate term referring to all sources of biotic and abiotic reactions to ecological changes.They are used for
assessing environmental health and biogeographic changes taking place in the environment e.g., a plankton
responding rapidly to changes taking place in the surrounding
2. Importance of an aerobic zone?
It is essential to have anaerobic and aerobic zones in the treatment line for the biological removal of
phosphorus. The anaerobic zone gives good conditions for the development or selection of a large population
of phosphorus accumulating organisms.
Bio filter? What are the bio filter give example?
Biofiltration is a pollution control technique using a bioreactor containing living material to capture and
biologically degrade pollutants.
Examples of biofiltration include: Bioswales, biostrips, biobags, bioscrubbers, Vermifilters and trickling filters.
Constructed wetlands and natural wetlands. Slow sand filters.

3. Glyphosate?
‘Glyphosate’ (herbicide) is an analogue of phosphoenol pyruvate and inhibits the enzyme 5-
enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase. The gene coding for this enzyme has been identified, isolated
and inserted into a number of plants
e.g., Petunias. The gene was expressed behind a CaMV promoter and introduced using A. tumefaciens.
4. How we improve crop quality?
Consider these 9 tips, techniques, and methods regarding how to increase your corn crop yield
1. Plant Early, Plant Effectively. ...
2. Practice Seasonal Soil Rotation. ...
3. Know The Yield Potential. ...
4. Always Scout Your Fields. ...
5. Ensure Proper Water Drainage. ...
6. Utilize Fertilizers. ...
7. Test Your Soil. ...
8. Weed Early and Often.
5. Two advantage of conventional system of sludge?
Advantages of Conventional Dispersed Plug Flow Process 1. Allows smaller volume than CSTR 2. Flexible
operation, zone aeration, step feeding options, accommodates anoxic and aerobic processes with single
biomass for biological nutrient removal 3. Less aeration than CSTR 4.
6. How marine plant indicate the health of environment give example?
Marine plants provide valuable information to predict the status of oceanic environment, as they are immobile
and rapidly obtain equilibrium with their natural surrounding.
Changes in the diversity of species of phytoplankton, including Euglena clastica, Phacus tortus, and
Trachelon anas, indicate the pollution of marine ecosystems

7. What are phase of bio filters?

The first methods to be developed. Consists of a relatively large vessel or container, typically made of cast
concrete, metal or durable plastic, which holds a filter medium of organic material such as peat, heather, bark
chips and the like.The gas to be treated is forced, or drawn, through the filter.
8. Three phase of bio filter?
This biofilter is a three-phase reactor composed of: Solid phase: consists of a support medium and biofilms,
Liquid phase: consists of the liquid in permanent flow through the porous medium, Gas phase: formed by
artificial aeration and by the gaseous by-products of the biological activity.
9. Importance of anaerobic zone?

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 1
 The anaerobic zone gives good conditions for the development or selection of a large population of
phosphorus accumulating organisms.
10. Transformation of plant resistance against herbicide?
The transfer of herbicide resistance genes from various sources into crop plants has been performed using
several techniques. These transgenic products rely on both target site and metabolic detoxification
resistance mechanisms.
11. Acidophile?
Acidophiles or acidophilic organisms are those that thrive under highly acidic conditions (usually at pH 2.0
or below). These organisms can be found in different branches of the tree of life, including Archaea, Bacteria,
and Eukarya.
12. Phytoplankton?
Phytoplankton are microscopic marine algae. Phytoplankton is the base of several aquatic food webs. In a
balanced ecosystem, they provide food for a wide range of sea creatures including whales, shrimp, snails,
and jellyfish.
13. Function of bio trickling filter over bio filter?
A biotrickling filter is a combination of a biofilter and a bioscrubber. The bacteria responsible for
decomposition are immobilised on a carrier or filter material. ..... This water also carries away excess
sludge/biofilm, as well as decomposition products which may hinder the biomass.
14. Role of phytoplankton for the transfer of pollutant among the different trophic level? What
is the role of phytoplankton in the transfer of pollutants among different trophic level?
Phytoplankton are the primary producers in aquatic ecosystems and play a key role in the transport of
organic contaminants through the food chain to higher trophic levels ..... The bioaccumulation at lower
trophic levels forms the first step in the transfer of chemicals through the food chain.
15. Advantage of bio indicator?
The most important reasons for using bioindicators are: the direct determination of biological effects,
the determination of synergetic and antagonistic effects of multiple pollutants on an organism, the early
recognition of pollutant damage to plants as well as toxic dangers to humans and.
16. Submerged bio filter?
Besides being a support medium for biomass growth, the granular material acts also as a filter medium.
Periodic washings are necessary to eliminate the excess biomass accumulated.
17. Biotechnology and its all applications?
Biotechnology has applications in four major industrial areas, including health care (medical), crop
production and agriculture, non-food (industrial) uses of crops and other products (e.g. biodegradable
plastics, vegetable oil, biofuels, and environmental uses).
18. Pollutant?
A pollutant is a substance or energy introduced into the environment that has undesired effects, or adversely
affects the usefulness of a resource.
19. Bio reactor?
a bioreactor is a vessel in which a chemical process is carried out which involves organisms or biochemically
active substances derived from such organisms.
20. Glysophates?
Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum systemic herbicide and crop desiccant. It is an organophosphorus
compound, specifically a phosphonate, which acts by inhibiting the plant enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate- 3-
phosphate synthase. It is used to kill weeds, especially annual broadleaf weeds and grasses that compete
with crops.
21. List two advantage of conventional activated sludge system?
High biomass concentration in the reactor due to the recirculation of the settled bacteria from the bottom of
the secondary sedimentation tank. Biomass remains in the system longer than the liquid, resulting in high
BOD removal efficiency.
22. Environmental biotechnology?
Environmental biotechnology is biotechnology that is applied to and used to study the natural environment.
Environmental biotechnology could also imply that one try to harness biological process for commercial uses
and exploitation.
23.How can be prepared plant as recombinant?
In simpler terms, recombinant DNA is formed when the DNA from one organism is incorporated into the
DNA of another organism of the same or different species ...... Using enzymes like ligase, the cut DNA
fragment is attached to the vector. This is then introduced into the host cell, which takes it up as part of its
own DNA.
23. How plants are modified as bio indicator?
MUHAMMAD IMRAN 2
 Plant indicators The presence or absence of certain plant or other vegetative life in an ecosystem can
provide important clues about the health of the environment: environmental preservation. There are several
types of plant biomonitors, including mosses, lichens, tree bark, bark pockets, tree rings, and leaves.
24. What are thermophile? Where are they found?
A thermophile is an organism—a type of extremophile—that thrives at relatively high temperatures, between
41 and
122 °C. Many thermopiles are archaea. Thermophilic eubacteria are suggested to have been among the
earliest bacteria.Thermopiles are found in various exothermally heated regions of the Earth, such as hot
springs like those in Yellowstone National Park (see image) and deep sea hydrothermal vents, as well as
decaying plant matter, such as peat bogs and compost.
25. Animal as bio indicator and give example?
A bioindicator is a living organism that gives us an idea of the health of an ecosystem. ... The numbers of
earthworms in the soil can also be used to indicate the health of the soil. One example of a bioindicator is
lichens.

26. Genetic modification of popular plants how they remove mercury from
plants? 5
Genetic modification of plants involves adding a specific stretch of DNA into the plant's genome, giving it
new or different characteristics. This could include changing the way the plant grows, or making it resistant to a
particular disease.
There are two types of mercury removal materials: non-regenerative sorbents and regenerative adsorbents.
With non-regenerative types of mercury sorbents, the process fluid flows through the sorbent bed for a
number of years, after which the sorbent is replaced.
27. Difference between transformation, transduction and conjugation? 5
In transformation, a bacterium takes up a piece of DNA floating in its environment. In transduction, DNA is
accidentally moved from one bacterium to another by a virus. In conjugation, DNA is transferred between
bacteria through a tube between cells.
28. Function of filter medium in bio filter and of compound used in? 5
The medium offers good water holding capacity and soluble chemicals within the waste gas dissolve into the
film of moisture around the matrix. The medium itself provides physical support for microbial growth, with a
large surface area to volume ratio, high in internal void spaces and rich in nutrients to stimulate and sustain
bacterial activity
29. Recombinant microorganism particularly bacteria and yeast? 5
GE of microorganisms for use in environmental biotechnology: expansion of metabolic pathways either to
modify the existent metabolic capability, or to introduce new pathways.
Many examples… A strain of Escherichia coli into which was engineered some 15 genes originating from
Pseudomonas.
These were introduced to construct a pathway able to produce indigo for the dyeing of denim (Bialy, 1997).
The traditional method requires the use of toxic chemicals.

30. What Are The Two Main Responsibilities Of DNA Vector?2

Viruses may be used as vectors i.e., the DNA of viruses can be used to carry foreign DNA. Most such
recombinant viral DNA vectors need phage particles to perform proper gene transfer i.e. transduction.
Transfer of naked viral recombinant vector to host cells is called transfection, and tends to have lower
uptake rates as compared to transduction.

30. What Is Xenobiotics? 2

XENOBIOTICS‘ are the foreign chemical substances found within an organism, which are not normally
naturally produced by an organism or expected to be present within that organism.

31. What Are Vectors? 2

a vector is an organism that does not cause disease itself but which spreads infection by conveying
pathogens from one host to another. ... A "vector" in this sense is a vehicle for delivering genetic material
such as DNA to a cell

32. Define Ion Exchange Chromatography? 2

on chromatography is a chromatography process that separates ions and polar molecules based on their
affinity to the ion exchanger. It works on almost any kind of charged molecule—including large proteins,
small nucleotides, and amino acids.

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 3
33. What Is Biosensor? 2
A biosensor is an analytical device, used for the detection of a chemical substance, that combines a
biological component with a physicochemical detector.

34. What Is Recombinant? 2

Recombinant DNA molecules are DNA molecules formed by laboratory methods of genetic recombination
to bring together genetic material from multiple sources, creating sequences that would not otherwise be
found in the genome. (Internet)

35. Environmental Biotechnology? 2

Environmental biotechnology is the branch of biotechnology that addresses environmental problems, such
as the removal of pollution, renewable energy generation or biomass production, by exploiting biological
processes (nature.com)

36. Bioaccumulation? 2
―The collection of substances e.g. toxins and chemicals, in an organism‘s body is called
bioaccumulation‖. Sources: substances from any source e.g. air, water, soil, could be stocked through
bioaccumulation.

37. Use Of Recombinant Viruses?

A recombinant virus is a virus produced by recombining pieces of DNA using recombinant DNA
technology. This may be used to produce viral vaccines or gene therapy vectors. It is also used to refer to
naturally occurring recombination between virus genomes in a cell infected by more than one virus
strain. (Internet)

38. What Is Mobility Of DNA? 2

Movement of genes within and between organisms. Genetic transfer through physical contact between
bacteria
(conjugation). Genetic transfer through bacteriophages (Transduction). Taking up of foreign DNA by
bacteria (Transformation).

39.What Is Thermophiles And Their Application In Genetic Engineering? 2

Thermophiles are organisms that grow and thrive at temperatures (60– 80°C) that are often too high for
mesophiles—most thermophiles are Archaea.
Possible Application of Advancement of Thermophilic Bacterial Research Wastes utilization Biomass
conversion
Biofuels Food bioprocessing Detergents.

40.Define Puc8 Plasmid? 3

pUC8 Plasmid The pUC8 plasmid was designed by scientists and contains the lac z gene. To produce
the plasmid, the pBR322 plasmid was cut in half with EcoR I and the section containing the ampicillin
resistance gene was combined with a DNA fragment containing the lac z gene. (Internet)

41.What Is Toxicity? 3
Toxicity is the degree to which a chemical substance or a particular mixture of substances can damage an
organism. Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as an animal, bacterium, or plant, as
well as the effect on a substructure of the organism, such as a cell (cytotoxicity) or an organ such as the
liver (hepatotoxicity).

42.What Is PCR? 3
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a method widely used in molecular biology to make several copies of
a
specific DNA segment. Using PCR, copies of DNA sequences are exponentially amplified to generate
thousands to millions of more copies of that particular DNA segment.

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43.Endocrine Disruptor Examples? 3
E.g., synthetic oestrogens (such as 17αethinyloestradiol forming active ingredient of birth control pills) and
natural oestrogens.
E.g., feminisation of male fish in many species including minnows, trout and flounders.

44.Cosmid Vector? 3
A cosmid is a type of hybrid plasmid that contains a Lambda phage cos sequence . Cosmids (cos sites +
plasmid = cosmids) DNA sequences are originally from the lambda phage. They are often used as a
cloning vector in genetic engineering. Cosmids can be used to build genomic libraries.

45.Define Biotechnology? 3
Biotechnology: “The application of science and technology to living organisms, as well as parts, products
and models thereof, to alter living or non-living materials for the production of knowledge, goods and
services” (OECD, 2002). There was a time when the biotechnology sector was seen as largely medical or
pharmaceutical in nature, particularly amongst the general public… The agricultural, industrial and
environmental applications of biotechnology are potentially enormous.

46.Enzyme Equipment And Solution Used In Genetic Engineering? 3

Here is a list of a genetic engineer's molecular tools/enzymes most commonly used in genetic
engineering experiments:
1. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) ...
2. Restriction Enzymes (Molecular Scissor) ...
3. Gel Electrophoresis. ...
4. DNA Ligase. ...
5. Plasmids. ...
6. Transformation/Transduction. ...
7. Identifying Transgenic Organisms.

47.PLac Z Expression Vector? 3

Lac –Z promoter operator is in frame with lac-Z alpha fragment (the NH3 terminal part of Galactosidase
gene.
Multiple cloning sites are found in the border of NH3 end including ATG sequence.

48.Why Does Hydrogen Bonding Occur? 3

he reason hydrogen bonding occurs is because the electron is not shared evenly between a hydrogen
atom and a negatively charged atom. Hydrogen in a bond still only has one electron, while it takes two
electrons for a stable electron pair. ... Any compound with polar covalent bonds has the potential to form
hydrogen bonds.

49.Catabolic Pathways? 3
This is a catabolic pathway. Catabolic pathways involve the degradation (or breakdown) of complex
molecules into simpler ones. Molecular energy stored in the bonds of complex molecules is released in
catabolic pathways and harvested in such a way that it can be used to produce ATP.

50.Principle Of Plant Transformation? 3

transformation is the geneticalteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of
exogenous genetic material from its surroundings through the cell membrane.
Principle: There are number of principles which are used for the transformation of the plants which are
given: Vector method: There are two vector methods which are given below: Agrobacterium Viral
transformation Vector Free method: There are different vector free methods which are given below: Gene
gun Electroporationt.

51.Steps Of cDNA Libraries? 3

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 cDNA libraries In eukaryotes, the first product of transcription from DNA is not messenger RNA (mRNA) but
heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA). This is mRNA prior to the removal of all the non-coding sections, or
introns, which are discarded during the processing to produce the mature mRNA.
cDNA is DNA which has been artificially made using the mature mRNA as a template (through Reverse
Transcriptase enzyme).

52.Detail Note On Recombinant Microorganisms Bacteria And Yeast? 5

Recombinant bacteria is a type of bacteria which have the genetic material DNA of the another organism.
Recombinant DNA is a technology which is developed by scientists that made it possible to insert a gene
into the genetic material of a bacterium. This “recombinant” micro-organism can now produce such type of
protein that coded by the gene. The scientists made the human insulin gene in the laboratory by using
this technology.

The yeast in which introduce the characteristics according to our desire is called the recombinant yeast.
Yeasts are unicellular eukaryotic microbial host cells that offer unique advantages in producing
biopharmaceutical proteins.

53.Applications of Cloning Vectors? 5

Method of gene cloning is useful in studying the structure and function of genes in detail. Medical
Applications: In medicine, cloned bacteria plays important role for the synthesis of vitamins, hormones
and antibiotics. Agricultural Applications: cloning in Bacteria facilitates nitrogen fixation in plants.

54.Note On Zooplankton? 5
Zooplankton are heterotrophic plankton. Plankton are organisms drifting in oceans, seas, and bodies of
fresh water.
The word "zooplankton" is derived from the Greek zoon, meaning "animal", and planktos, meaning
"wanderer" or
"drifter".
Zooplankton is a categorization spanning a range of organism sizes including small protozoans and large
metazoans. It includes holoplanktonic organisms whose complete life cycle lies within the plankton, as well
as meroplanktonic organisms that spend part of their lives in the plankton before graduating to either the
nekton or a sessile, benthic existence zooplankton are primarily transported by different mechanism which
are given below: ambient water currents many have locomotion used to avoid predators
Nutritional modes in zooplankton Herbivores: feed primarily on phytoplankton Carnivores: feed primarily
on other zooplankton (animals) Detrivores: feed primarily on dead organic matter (detritus) Omnivores:
feed on mixed diet of plants and animals and detritus.

55.Steps Of Making Genomic Libraries? 5

steps for creating a genomic library from a large genome.
1. Extract and purify DNA.
2. Digest the DNA with a restriction enzyme. This creates fragments that are similar in size, each
containing one or more genes.
3. Insert the fragments of DNA into vectors that were cut with the same restriction enzyme. Use the
enzyme DNA ligase to seal the DNA fragments into the vector. This creates a large pool of
recombinant molecules.
4. These recombinant molecules are taken up by a host bacterium by transformation, creating a DNA
library. (Internet)

56.Write Down The Principal Of Gel Filtration Chromatography? 5

Gel filtration chromatography (sometimes referred to as molecular sieve chromatogra- phy) is a method
that separates molecules according to their size and shape. The sepa- ration of the components in the
sample mixture, with some exceptions, correlates with their molecular weights

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57.Applications Of Plasmid Vectors? 5
Plasmids are the most-commonly used bacterial cloning vectors. These cloning vectors contain a site
that allows DNA fragments to be inserted, for example a multiple cloning site or polylinker which has
several commonly used restriction sites to which DNA fragments may be ligated

58.Advantage Of Yeast In Recombination?

Yeasts have been used for thousands of years in food and fermentation processes to produce alcoholic
beverages and breads. In recent times, the industrial importance of yeasts has extended beyond its
traditional use in fermentation into various healthcare sectors, such as in the production of therapeutic
recombinant proteins. Yeast cells are particularly advantageous as hosts for biopharmaceutical production
in that they are generally recognized as safe (GRAS) organisms.

59.What Are Gmos Example?

E.g., when a recombinant microbe is applied in bio augmentation it comes in competition with indigenous
species which could outgrow it.

60.What Are Types Of Pollution?

Types of pollution There are different types of the pollution which are given below: Air pollution
Water pollution Land pollution Environmental pollution Light pollution Noise pollution.

61.Enlist The Contaminants Released Into The Environment?

The chemicals or any thing which contaminate the environment is called pollutants. (PPTS)

contamination can result from a variety of intended, accidental, or naturally occurring activities and events
such as manufacturing, mineral extraction, abandonment of mines, national defense activities, waste
disposal, accidental spills, illegal dumping, leaking underground storage tanks, hurricanes, floods (Internet)

62.What Is Environmental Pollution?

Environmental Pollution: The presence of contaminants in the environment which produce the serious
changes in the environment is called the environmental pollution. Pollutants: The chemicals or any thing
which contaminate the environment is called pollutants.

63.Contaminants Released From The Environment?

Inorganic pollutants. Industrial, agricultural and domestic wastes contribute to environmental pollution,
which cause adverse harm to human and animal health. From such sources, inorganic pollutants are
released. (Internet)

64.Annealing Process?
annealing process, the metal is heated to a specific temperature where recrystallization can occur. ... The
metal is held at that temperature for a fixed period, then cooled down to room temperature. The cooling
process must be done very slowly to produce a refined microstructure, thus maximizing softness (Internet)

65.What Is Rnai Technology?

RNAi Technology. RNA interference (RNAi) is the process by which the translation of a protein is
prevented by selective degradation of its encoded mRNA. In nature, this mechanism likely evolved for cells
to eliminate unwanted foreign genes as a defense against viruses (Internet)

66.What Is Abiotic Stress?

The negative impact of the non-living factors on living organisms in a specific environment is called the
abiotic stress.

67.What Is Annealing In PCR?

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) The process is repeated by a constant cycling of denaturation of double
stranded DNA at elevated temperature to approximately 95 ◦C, followed by cooling to approximately 55- 60
◦C to allow annealing of the primers, followed by extension of the 3’ end of the primer by Polymerase
usually at 72 ◦C.

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68.What Is Aerobic Degradation And Anaerobic Degradations?
Aerobic Degradation: AEROBIC BIODEGRADATION Organic contaminants are rapidly It is the
breakdown of organic contaminants by micro organism when oxygen is present
degraded under aerobic conditions by aerobic bacteria called aerobes.(Internet)
Anaerobic Degradations: The aromatic hydrocarbons generally degrade readily under aerobic conditions,
but anaerobic degradation by pure bacterial cultures has also been recognized (PPTS)

69.What Are The Two Schools Of Thought To Determine To Pursue The Biotechnologies?
Metaphysics attempts to find unity across the domains of experience and thought. At the metaphysical
level, there are four* broad philosophical schools of thought that apply to education today. They are
idealism, realism, pragmatism (sometimes called experientialism), and existentialism. Each will be
explained shortly. (Internte)

70.Write A Note On Expression Vector?

These are similar to the vectors described above but in addition have the required regulatory regions
located before and after the ‘foreign’ gene which direct the host cell to translate the product of transcription
into a protein. It is sometimes a difficult, expensive or time consuming procedure to analyse for product
from the ‘foreign’ gene and so, in addition to the selector genes described above, there are frequently
reporter genes to indicate whether or not the signals are ‘switched on’ allowing the ‘foreign’ DNA to be
expressed. In expression cloning, there are many circumstances which can be difficult to predict.

71.Difference Between Bioremediation & Environmental Biotechnology?

Bioremediation: Bioremediation. "Remediate" means to solve a problem, and "bio-remediate" means to
use biological organisms to solve an environmental problem such as contaminated soil or groundwater. In
a nonpolluted environment, bacteria, fungi, protists, and other microorganisms are constantly at work
breaking down organic matter.
Environmental Biotechnology: Environmental biotechnology is the branch of biotechnology that
addresses environmental problems, such as the removal of pollution, renewable energy generation or
biomass production, by exploiting biological processes.

72.How To Generate Recombinant Virus Vaccine?

A number of genetically stable, safe live viral vaccines have been produced, e.g. measles and yellow fever.
Live vaccines have a number of advantages but when attempting to expand the range of vaccines to
include new targets it is often not possible to achieve a suitable live vaccine derivative of the pathogenic
virus. Recombinant viral vaccines offer a path to achieving the benefits of live vaccines for such difficult
cases. The principle is to embed one or more genes from the target pathogen into the genome of an
established attenuated viral vaccine strain or other nonpathogenic viral genome Generate a Recombinant
Virus Vaccine 198 Recombinant Viruses for Gene.

73.Define Biosenser ?
Biosensor
Environmental biosensor is the analytical device composed of biological sensing elements and a physically
transducer which together relate to measure able signal
Types of biosensor based on transduction signal

• Electrochemical
• Optical
• Piezoelectric
• Thermal sensor

74.Examples of Endocrine disrupter?

Endocrine disruptor is:

An exogenous agent that interferes with synthesis, secretion, transport, binding, action, or elimination of
natural hormones in the body which are responsible for the maintenance of homeostasis, reproduction,
development and/or behavior
Examples of Endorcine Disruptors

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• Diethylstilbosterol (DES).
• Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).
• Polybrominated biphenyls (PBB).
• Chloroform.
• Dioxins and furans.
• Pesticides

75.Define endocrine disrupter?

Endocrine disruptor is:
An exogenous agent that interferes with synthesis, secretion, transport, binding, action, or elimination of
natural hormones in the body which are responsible for the maintenance of homeostasis, reproduction,
development and/or behavior.
Examples of Endorcine Disruptors

•Diethylstilbosterol (DES).
•Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).
•Polybrominated biphenyls (PBB).
•Chloroform.
•Dioxins and furans.
•Pesticides
Mechanism of action

Endocrine disruptors act on the endocrine system of humans and animals by mimicking, blocking and/or
interfering in some manner with the natural instructions of hormones to cells.
Binding of EDs to hormone receptors, with resultant alteration in the transcription of messenger RNA, followed
by altered gene expression, appears to be one mechanism by which EDs can alter endocrine function.
Other mechanisms involve alteration in hormone synthesis, metabolism, and transport as well as effects
mediated through changes in the hypothalamic– pituitary–gonadal axis.

76.Steps of making genimic labraries?

Steps of making Genomic Libraries

• Isolation of genomic DNA

• Generation of suitable size DNA fragments
• Cloning in suitable vector system (depending on size) •
Transformation in suitable host.
Isolation of genomic DNA- Isolation of genomic DNA has following steps:

1. Lysis of cells with detergent containing lysis buffer.

2. Incubation of cells with digestion buffer containing protease-K, SDS to release genomic DNA from DNA-
protein complex.

3. Isolation of genomic DNA by absolute alchol precipitation.

4. Purification of genomic DNA with phenol:chloroform mixture. Chloroform : phenol mixture has two phases,
aqueous phase and organic phase. In this step, phenol denatures the remaining proteins and keep the
protein in the organic phase.

5. Genomic DNA present in aqueous phase is again precipitated with absolute alchol.

6. Genomic DNA is analyzed on 0.8% agarose gel and a good preparation of genomic DNA give an intact band
with no visible smear.

77.Define vector?
Cloning Vectors
A vehicle DNA is required to carry foreign DNA to generate a recombinant construct so that it should allow
easy amplification of chimeric DNA in host. Vehicle DNA used for this purpose in genetic engineering is known
as ‘vector’.
Criteria of a good vector :

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• The vector DNA has a two main responsibility:
• Ability to carry foreign DNA,
• Ability to replicate in the host
78.xenobiotics,
XENOBIOTICS’ are the foreign chemical substances found within an organism, which are not normally
naturally produced by an organism or expected to be present within that organism.

• It can also cover substances which are present in much higher concentrations than are usual in any
product.

• Most of the systems in the body are affected by these xenobiotic compounds including the immune,
neurological, and the endocrine systems.

• Toxicity in these systems can lead to immune dysfunction, autoimmunity, asthma, cancer, learning
difficulties, mood changes, neurological illnesses, changes in sexual desire and functioning, reproductive
dysfunction, and upsets in blood glucose levels, etc.

79.what do u mean by mobility of DNA ,

The movement of genes within and between organisms.

• Plasmids may be transferred between bacteria by conjugation, of which there are several types, but all of
which require direct cell to cell contact. Not only are genes transferred between bacteria on plasmids, but
bacteriophages (bacterial viruses) are also vectors for intercellular transmission. Similarly, eukaryotic viruses
are able to transfer genetic material between susceptible cells. In addition, bacterial cells may pick up DNA
free in the environment under conditions where their cell wall has become ‘leaky’ to fragments of this
macromolecule, a process called transformation.

80.define genetic engineering ,

Genetic Engineering

• Definition: The technology entailing all processes of altering the genetic material of a cell to make it capable
of performing the desired functions, such as producing novel substances.

In other words:
• Genetic engineering is the deliberate, controlled manipulation of genes in an organism in order to upgrade
that organism. Molecular tools and Technological breakthroughs

• Enzymes- nucleic acid cleavage, ligation

• Vector- molecular cloning

• Polymerase chain reaction

• DNA sequencing

• Electrophoretic separation

• Detection of genes:

DNA-Southern blotting; in situ hybridization;

FISH technique;
RNA- Northern blotting
Pr-Western blotting; inmmunohistochemistry

• Purification

• Transgenetic organisms

81.difference between exteremophiles and hyperthermophiles,

Extremophiles are organisms that have evolved to survive in environments once thought to be entirely
uninhabitable. These environments are inhospitable, reaching extreme conditions of heat, acidity, pressure,

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and cold that would be fatal to most other life forms. Because extremophiles live on extreme ends of the
spectrum, they can indicate the range of conditions under which life is possible.
Read more on Brainly.in -

A hyperthermophile is an organism that thrives in extremely hot environments—from 60 °C (140

°F) upwards. An optimal temperature for the existence of hyperthermophiles is above 80 °C (176
°F).[1]Hyperthermophiles are often within the domain Archaea, although some bacteria are able to tolerate
temperatures of around 100 °C (212 °F), as well. Some bacteria can live at temperatures higher than 100 °C at
large depths in sea where water does not boil because of high pressure. Many hyperthermophiles are also
able to withstand other environmental extremes such as high acidity or high radiation levels.
Hyperthermophiles are a subset of extremophiles
contaminants releases in the environment.
Contaminants released into the environment

• Solvents
• Pesticides
• Herbicides
• Fungicides
• Insecticides
• Petrochemicals
• Explosives
• Heavy metals

Environment biotechnology deals with

• Decontamination of environmental components

• Production of chemicals biosensors

• Pollution prevention
• Waste minimization

82.what do you mean by mobilioty of DNA? annealing steps in pcr?

Annealing: This is the annealing step where at lower temperature (usually 50-650C) primers are allowed to
bind to template DNA, annealing time is 15-30 secs and it depends on the length and bases of the primers.
Generally annealing temperature is about 3-5°C below the melting temperature (Tm) of the pair of the primers
is used.

83.RNAi technology? 3 marks

RNAi technology

• In addition to the traditional strategies for vector construction and genetic modification strategies
described, RNAi (interference) technology is now becoming a new way to improve the contents and fight the
diseases of crop plants.

• Furthermore, plant virus vectors for transfer and expression of transgenes in crop plants are coming
into use.

84.pU38 plasmid? 3 marks

The pUC8 plasmid was designed by scientists and contains the lac z gene. To produce the plasmid, the
pBR322 plasmid was cut in half with EcoR I and the section containing the ampicillin resistance gene was
combined with a DNA fragment containing the lac z gene.

• As a result, the plasmid provides a transformed cell with both ampicillin resistance and the ability to
utilize lactose as a food source, since the lac z gene produces B galactosidase (degrades lactose)

85.What are cosmid vectors (3)

Cosmids vector

• Combine parts of the lambda chromosome with parts of plasmids.

• An origin of replication (ori).

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 • A cos site(a sequence yield cohesive end) .
• An ampicillin resistance gene (amp),
• Restriction sites for cloning
• Cosmids can carry up to 50 kb of inserted DNA.

86.Applications of plasmid vectors (5)

A plasmid is a small DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from a chromosomal DNA and can
replicate independently. They are most commonly found as small circular, double-stranded DNA molecules in
bacteria; however, plasmids are sometimes present in archaea and eukaryotic organisms. In nature, plasmids
often carry genes that may benefit the survival of the organism, for example antibiotic resistance. While the
chromosomes are big and contain all the essential genetic information for living under normal conditions,
plasmids usually are very small and contain only additional genes that may be useful to the organism under
certain situations or particular conditions. Artificial plasmids are widely used as vectors in molecular cloning,
serving to drive the replication of recombinant DNA sequences within host organisms. In the laboratory,
plasmids may be introduced into a cell via transformation.
Plasmids are considered replicons, units of DNA capable of replicating autonomously within a suitable host.
However, plasmids, like viruses, are not generally classified as life.[1] Plasmids are transmitted from one
bacterium to another (even of another species) mostly through conjugation.[2] This host-to-host transfer of
genetic material is one mechanism of horizontal gene transfer, and plasmids are considered part of the
mobilome. Unlike viruses (which encase their genetic material in a protective protein coat called a capsid),
plasmids are "naked" DNA and do not encode genes necessary to encase the genetic material for transfer to a
new host.
However, some classes of plasmids encode the conjugative "sex" pilus necessary for their own transfer. The
size of the plasmid varies from 1 to over 200 kbp,[3] and the number of identical plasmids in a single cell can
range anywhere from one to thousands under some circumstances.
The relationship between microbes and plasmid DNA is neither parasitic nor mutualistic, because each implies
the presence of an independent species living in a detrimental or commensal state with the host organism.
Rather, plasmids provide a mechanism for horizontal gene transfer within a population of microbes and
typically provide a selective advantage under a given environmental state. Plasmids may carry genes that
provide resistance to naturally occurring antibiotics in a competitive environmental niche, or the proteins
produced may act as toxins under similar circumstances, or allow the organism to utilize particular organic
compounds that would be advantageous when nutrients are scarce

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 MUHAMMAD IMRAN BT503 Environment Biotechnology
CURRENT QUESTIONS SOLVED and MCQs FINAL TERM SEPTEMBER 2020

QUESTIONS 90

1. Define Halophiles. 2 MARKS

Halophiles are organisms that live in extremely salty environments. The name 'halophile'
means 'salt-loving' in Greek. Halophiles are all microorganisms. Most of them are bacteria,
while some are very primitive eukaryotes. Eukaryotes are more complex organisms with a
nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Halophiles are found in salty places, such as the Great Salt Lake in Utah and the Dead Sea.
They are unique because they require high levels of salt that would be lethal to most
organisms.

A variety of organisms including a number of bacteria and photosynthetic eukaryotes can

tolerate these circumstances, often with an optimum functional temperature as low as 4 ◦ C
and stopping reproduction above 12 or 15 ◦ C. Intensely saline environments, such as exist in
natural salt lakes or within the artificial confines of constructed salt evaporation ponds are
home to a group of extremophiles, termed the halophiles.

2. Define psychrophiles. 2
MARKS
The average oceanic temperature is around 1–3 ◦ C and vast areas of the global land mass
are permanently or near-permanently frozen. In these seemingly inhospitable conditions,
extremophiles, known as psychrophiles, flourish

An organism that thrives in cold temperatures, i.e. ranging from −20 °C to +10 °C
A psychrophile is an organism that is capable of living and thriving in temperatures ranging from
−20 °C to +10 °C. The term is often used in classifying microorganisms based on their
optimal temperature

3. Define Biosensors. 2 MARKS

A biosensor is an analytical device, used for the detection of a chemical substance, that
combines a biological component with a physicochemical detector. The sensitive biological
element, e.g. tissue, microorganisms, organelles, cell receptors, enzymes, antibodies, nucleic
acids, etc., is a biologically derived material or biomimetic component that interacts with, binds
with, or recognizes the analyte under study.

4. Define co-metabolism. 2
MARKS

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 1
 Co-metabolism is defined as the simultaneous degradation of two compounds, in which the
degradation of the second compound (the secondary substrate) depends on the presence of
the first compound (the primary substrate)

The contaminant is not used as food by the microbe, being metabolized fortuitously alongside the
organism’s food into a less hazardous chemical. Typically, there is no apparent benefit to the
microorganisms involved.

5. How microbes are poly cyclic aromatic compounds.

2
Novel bacteria with capacity to degrade toxic, carcinogenic or teratogenic compounds. Bacteria
against PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g., naphthalene and phenanthrene). Bacteria
isolated from the same environments may vary in their abilities to degrade PAHs indicative of
diverse catabolic pathways Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are xenobiotics having high level of
halogenation.

6. Write two main chemicals characteristics of chlorinated pesticides that lead

to problems. 2 MARKS
Noted the growing incidences of problems to wildlife from pesticides. Concerns raised about
chlorinated pesticides.One of the major forces that led to the environmental movement. Other
problematic organic chemicals are
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs),
halogenated solvents,
chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs).

7. Write two advantages of the conventional biological sludge dewatering

process. 2
Advantages of Conventional Dispersed Plug Flow Process
1. Allows smaller volume than CSTR
2. Flexible operation, zone aeration, step feeding options, accommodates anoxic and aerobic processes
with single biomass for biological nutrient removal
3. Less aeration than CSTR

Can be used for sludge thickening and dewatering

Low land requirements
Ease of installation

8. Write the main characteristics of intensive technology.

2

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 Intensive technologies can be characterised as sophisticated, fast-acting, high intervention
strategies, with a heavy demand for resources and high initiation, running and support costs. Their
key factors are a fast response and low treatment time, which makes them excellent for heavy
contamination conditions, since they can make an immediate lessening in pollutant impact. Soil
washing and thermal treatments are good examples of ‘intensive’ approaches.

9. How plants are modified as bioindicator.

2
Plant indicators The presence or absence of certain plant or other vegetative life in an
ecosystem can provide important clues about the health of the environment: environmental
preservation. There are several types of plant biomonitors, including mosses, lichens, tree bark,
bark pockets, tree rings, and leaves.

Plants are used as very sensitive tools for prediction and recognition of environmental stresses.
The presence or absence of some specific plants or other vegetation provides ample information
about environmental health. e.g., Lichens generally found on the trunks of trees and rocks, react to
ecological changes in forests, including changes in the structure of the forest, air quality, and
climate
(e.g., increased level of SO2, N2, etc.)

10. Mention two Natural sludge dewatering processes.

2
Natural sludge dewatering processes:
• Drying beds
• Sludge lagoons

11. How quality of fruit should improve 2

Crop quality improvements such as the control of fruit ripening (Grierson and Schuch 1993), an example
of which is the oft quoted, Flavr-Savr tomato, and the production of cereals with improved nutritional value,
are not addressed here because, although of great interest to the food industry, are of more peripheral
relevance to environmental biotechnology. Many of the transgenic plants, examples of which are given later
in this chapter, have been produced using the Ti plasmid transfer system of Agrobacterium tumefaciens
and often, together with the 35S CaMV promoter

The quality of the fruit was maintained by virtue of the fact that the sodium
accumulation caused by the antiport occurred in leaves only and not in the fruit.
Improved tolerance to drought, salt and freezing in Arabidopsis has been achieved
by overexpressing a protein which induces the stress response genes
12. Write two sources of dioxins? 2
Dioxin is formed by burning chlorine-based chemical compounds with hydrocarbons. The major source of
dioxin in the environment comes from
• waste-burning incinerators of various sorts
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 • also from backyard burn-barrels

13. What are zooplankton? 2

Zooplankton (pictured below) are a type of heterotrophic plankton that range from
microscopic organisms to large species, such as jellyfish. Zooplankton are found within
large bodies of water, including oceans and freshwater systems. Zooplankton are drifting
ecologically important organisms that are an integral component of the food chain.

14. Write the applications of cloning vector.

2
Method of gene cloning is useful in studying the structure and function of genes in detail. Medical
Applications: In medicine, cloned bacteria plays important role for the synthesis of vitamins, hormones
and antibiotics. Agricultural Applications: cloning in Bacteria facilitates nitrogen fixation in plants.

The most commonly used cloning vectors are E. coli plasmids, small circular DNA molecules that
include three functional regions: (1) an origin of replication, (2) a drug-resistance gene, and (3) a
region where DNA can be inserted without interfering with plasmid replication or expression of the
drug-resistance gene.

15. What is meant by minimum substrate concentration? 2

The minimum substrate concentration required for growth, Smin, was measured for Pseudomonas sp.
strain B13 with 3-chlorobenzoate (3CB) and acetate in a recycling fermentor. The substrates were provided
alone or in a mixture. Smin values predicted with kinetic parameters from resting-cell batches and
chemostat cultures differed clearly from the values measured in the recycling fermentor

16. Write down the ways to achieve goal of environment biotechnology. 2

The goals of Environmental biotechnology can be achieved in two ways:
• enhance or optimise conditions for existing biological systems to make their activities
happen faster or more efficiently, OR
• Resort to some form of alteration to bring about the desired outcome.

The means by which this may be achieved are essentially two-fold. Environmental biotechnologists may
enhance or optimise conditions for existing biological systems to make their activities happen faster or
more efficiently, or they resort to some form of alteration to bring about the desired outcome.

17. Write the main characteristics of intensive technology. 2

Intensive technologies can be characterised as sophisticated, fast-acting, high intervention strategies, with
a heavy demand for resources and high initiation, running and support costs. Their key factors are a fast
response and low treatment time, which makes them excellent for heavy contamination conditions, since

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they can make an immediate lessening in pollutant impact. Soil washing and thermal treatments are good
examples of ‘intensive’ approaches.

18. What are xenobiotic? 2

Xenobiotic is a term used to describe chemical substances that are foreign to animal life and thus
includes such examples as plant constituents, drugs, pesticides, cosmetics, flavorings, fragrances, food
additives, industrial chemicals and environmental pollutants.

A xenobiotic is a chemical substance found within an organism that is not naturally produced or expected to be
present within the organism. It can also cover substances that are present in much higher concentrations than
are usual. Natural compounds can also become xenobiotics if they are taken up by another organism, such as
the uptake of natural human hormones by fish found downstream of sewage treatment plant outfalls, or the
chemical defenses produced by some organisms as protection against predators

19. Ex-situ technique? 2

The main characteristic of ex situ methods is that the soil is removed from where it originally lay,
for treatment.
These techniques are best suited to instances of relatively localized pollution within a site, typically
in ‘hot-spots’ of medium to relatively high concentration which are fairly near to the surface.

20. What is Glyphosate 2

Glyphosate’, one of the most widely used herbicides, is an analogue of phosphoenol pyruvate and shows
herbicidal activity because it inhibits the enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase. The gene
coding for this enzyme has been identified, isolated and inserted into a number of plants including petunias

Glyphosate (IUPAC name: N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine) is a broad-spectrum systemic

herbicide and crop desiccant. It is an organophosphorus compound, specifically a phosphonate,
which acts by inhibiting the plant enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase. It is used
to kill weeds, especially annual broadleaf weeds and grasses that compete with crops

21. What is cynophyta? 2

Cynophyta, a type of phytoplankton, is one particularly powerful bioindicator which is known to
indicate rapid eutrophication of water bodies such as reservoirs, lakes, etc. via the creation of
bloom formations.

22. Classes of sludge 2

Water in the sludge can be divided into four distinct classes.
Free water,
Adsorbed water,
Capillary water,
Cellular water.

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 5
23. What are endocrine disruptors? 2
There are chemicals which resist degradation. Partly due to lack of organisms with degradative abilities,
or worse due to microbial activities that change them to more toxic form

24. Define Bioscrubber 2

A bioscrubber consists of a gas scrubber and a biological reactor. In the gas scrubber, to-be-removed
components are absorbed from the gas stream by the wash water. In the biological reactor, the pollutants
that have been absorbed by the wash water are biologically degraded.

25. What is Sustainable bioremediation 2

Sustainable Remediation Forum (SuRF) UK framework document identified six ‘key principles of
sustainable remediation’, namely:
1. Protection of human health and the wider environment.
2. Safe working practices.
3. Consistent, clear and reproducible evidence-based decision making.
4. Record keeping and transparent reporting.
5. Good governance and stakeholder involvement.
6. Sound science.

Sustainable Remediation is a term adopted internationally and encompasses sustainable approaches, as

described by the Brundtland Report, to the investigation, assessment and management (including institutional
controls) of potentially contaminated land and groundwater

26. Why DDT was banned? 2

DDT causes weakening of egg shells of birds, which led to dramatic decreases in the populations of
many species. Leading to its ban. Moreover, the experience with DDT was one of the first examples that
target organisms develop a resistance to the toxic chemicals. Because DDT-resistant strains of the
Anopheles mosquito risen, DDT's value for malaria control greatly diminished

27. Define catabolic expansion. 2

. Reintroduction of these bacteria to the polluted site should give them an advantage over the indigenous
bacteria as they would be better suited to survive and remediate the contamination. Improving the
microbe’s ability to degrade a contaminant, sometimes referred to as catabolic expansion, may be
increased by culturing the bacteria in growth medium in which the contaminant supplies an essential part of
the nutrition, such as being the only carbon source

28. Write two methods of Detergents bioremedies. 2

Three basic types of synthetic detergents: anionic, cationic, and nonionic. The anionic
detergents still are the major detergents used in laundry soaps. Cationic detergents are toxic to
microorganisms. Used mostly when good disinfection, as well as cleaning action, is desired.

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 6
Nonionic detergents are not ionized and depend for solubility on polymers of ethylene oxide
connected to a hydrophobic end that dissolves in grease

29. Consequences of OECD 2001 about global Biotechnology?

2
The OECD (2001) concluded that the industrial use of biotechnology commonly leads to increasingly
environmentally harmonious processes and additionally results in lowered operating and/or capital costs.

30. Define phytodegradation and name its forms?

2
Biological breakdown of contaminants by plants.
Forms
Internally, having first been taken up by the plants,
Externally, using enzymes secreted by them.

Phytotransformation, also referred to as phytodegradation, is the breakdown of organic

contaminants sequestered by plants via:
(1) metabolic processes within the plant; or
(2) the effect of compounds, such as enzymes, produced by the plant. The organic contaminants
are degraded into simpler compounds that are integrated with plant tissue, which in turn, foster
plant growth . Remediation of a site by phytotransformation is dependent on direct uptake of
contaminants from the media and accumulation in the vegetation

31. What are living conditions of extremophiles? give examples

2
Three examples of extremophiles are
Picrophilus torridus (a thermoacidophile adapted to hot, acidic conditions),
Antarctic krill (a psychrophile),
Pompeii worm (a thermophile)

32. Difference between bioenhancement and bioaugmentation.

2
Bioenhancement concentrates solely on the existing micro-fauna, stimulating their activity by the
manipulation of local environmental conditions.
Bioaugmentation requires the deliberate introduction of selected microbes to bring about the
required clean-up.

bioremediation is (biochemistry) the use of biological organisms, usually microorganisms, to

remove contaminants, especially from polluted water while bioaugmentation is the use of
microorganisms to help decompose pollutants.

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33. Fermentation produce a solution of ethanol in water list two method by which
ethanol can be treated to produce fixed grade ethanol 2
Fermentation produces a solution of ethanol in water. Can be further treated to produce fuel-
grade ethanol by subsequent simple distillation, to 95% ethanol, or to the anhydrous form by
azeotropic co-distillation using a solvent

34. Difference between natural and conventional sludge dewatering process.

3
Natural sludge dewatering processes:
• Drying beds
• Sludge lagoons
Mechanised sludge dewatering processes:
• Centrifuges
• Vacuum filters
• Belt presses
• Filter presses

35. Enlist three attributes of aqouse invertebrate that make them ideal for
use as bioindicator.3
Invertebrates can also be Bioindicator;
aquatic invertebrates tend to be bottom-feeders (also known as Benthos or macro
invertebrates).
Powerful indicators of watershed health as they are not difficult to distinguish in a
lab,
frequently live for more than one year,
have restricted mobility,
and are integrators of ecological condition

36. Difference between physical and mechanical sludge dewatering process.

3
Sludge is separated in a solid and a liquid part with the help of a physical process such as filtration,
squeezing, centrifugal separation or compaction.

Mechanical dewatering is mostly applied for the treatment of residual sludge in large-scale
centralised wastewater treatment plants.

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 8
37. Name enzyme, solution and equipment’s used in the genetic
engineering. 3
Restriction endonuclease or restriction enzymes, DNA ligase, DNA polymerases and reverse
transcriptase
Equipment’s:
Gel Electrophoresis, plasmids, transformation or transduction, PCR, Identifying transgenic organisms

38. There classes of biosensor and two advantages and disadvantages of

immunsensor. 3
According to the biorecognition principle, biosensors classified into immunochemical, enzymatic,
nonenzymatic receptor, whole-cell, and DNA biosensors.
Immunosensors present the advantages of sensitivity and selectivity.
Limitations are the regeneration of the immunosurface, and cross-reactivity. Enzymes act as
recognition elements because of their specificity

39. Enlist the types of solid waste. 3

Different categories of solid waste include:
• Organic waste: Waste from preparation of food, market places, etc.
• Combustibles: Paper, wood, dried leaves, packaging, etc. (high organic and low moisture
content)

• Non-combustibles: Metal, tin cans, bottles, stones, etc.

• Ashes/dust: Residue from fires used for cooking.
• Bulky waste: Tree branches, tyres, etc.
• Dead animals: Carcasses of domestic animals and livestock.
• Hazardous waste: Oil, battery acid, medical waste.
• Construction waste: Roofing, rubble, broken concrete, etc.

40. What are three phases present in aerated biofilter

3
Solid phase: consists of a support medium and biofilms,
Liquid phase: consists of the liquid in permanent flow through the porous medium,

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 9
Gas phase: formed by artificial aeration and by the gaseous by-products of the biological activity.

41. Phytoplankton? 3
Phytoplankton is the base of several aquatic food webs. In a balanced
ecosystem, they provide food for a wide range of sea creatures including whales,
shrimp, snails, and jellyfish.

Phytoplankton, also known as microalgae, are similar to terrestrial plants in that

they contain chlorophyll and require sunlight in order to live and grow. Most
phytoplankton are buoyant and float in the upper part of the ocean, where
sunlight penetrates the water. Phytoplankton also require inorganic nutrients such
as nitrates, phosphates, and sulfur which they convert into proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates.

Phytoplankton are the autotrophic (self-feeding) components of the plankton community and a
key part of oceans, seas and freshwater basin ecosystems
Phytoplanktons, also known as microalgae, are similar to terrestrial plants in that they contain
chlorophyll and require daylight to live and develop. Most are light and swim in the upper portion of
the sea, where light infiltrates the water. Algae are quite sensitive to contamination, and this may
be reflected in their population levels and/or rates or photosynthesis

42. How quality of crops should enhance?

3
Control of fruit ripening, production of cereals with improved nutritional value. These although are
of great interest to the food industry, they are of more peripheral relevance to environmental
biotechnology. Many of the transgenic plants have been produced using the Ti plasmid transfer
system of Agrobacterium tumefaciens and are often used together with the 35S CaMV promoter.

43. Write 3 oxidation products of TNT. 3

Oxidation products:
nitrobenzene,
benzaldehydes,
nitrophenol
azodicarboxylic acids

44. Process of thickening of sludge. 3

The main processes used for sludge thickening are:

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 10
 • gravity thickeners
• dissolved air flotation
• centrifuges
• belt presses

45. Write features of phenols that make it pollutant?

3
Highly toxic
Possible accumulation in environment
Mimic the activity of estrogen

46. What is T-DNA? 3

The transfer DNA is the transferred DNA of the tumor-inducing plasmid of some species of
bacteria such as Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Agrobacterium rhizogenes. The T-DNA is
transferred from bacterium into the
host plant's nuclear DNA genome.

47. What is Environmental biotechnology 3

Environmental biotechnology is the branch of biotechnology that addresses environmental
problems,such as the removal of pollution, renewable energy generation or biomass production,
by exploiting
biological processes

48. methods to get a good quality crop 3

Plant Early, Plant Effectively. ...
Practice Seasonal Soil Rotation. ...
Know The Yield Potential. ...
Always Scout Your Fields. ...
Ensure Proper Water Drainage. ...
Utilize Fertilizers. ...
Test Your Soil. ...
Weed Early and Often.

49. biological remediation. 3

Biological remediation, a process defined as the use of microorganisms or plants to detoxify or remove
organic and inorganic xenobiotic compounds from the environment is a remediation option that offers
green technology solution to the problem of environmental degradation.
Biological:

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 11
This involve the transformation or mineralisation of contaminants to less toxic and more mobile,
forms. This can include fixation or accumulation in harvestable biomass crops.
Advantages:
can destroy a wide range of organic compounds,can cause benefit to soil structure and fertility, are
non-toxic.
Disadvantages: the process end-point can be uncertain and difficult to gauge, treatment can be
slow not all contaminants are conducive to treatment by biological means.

50. Write the fundamental requirements for all cloning processes.

3
Fundamental requirements of all cloning procedures:
the enzymes, solutions and equipment necessary to perform the procedures; the desired
piece of DNA to be transferred;a cloning vector; and the recipient cell. It is also essential to have
some means of determining whether or not the transfer has been successful. This is achieved by
the use of marker genes.

51. Advantages of association of fungi with plants 3

Mycorrhizae: Associations of fungi with roots of vascular plants Quite common and in some
cases be very beneficial to the plant. They may be external, ectomycorrhizal, orinternal,
endomycorrhizal.
Aid the growth of the plants as a result of their mycelia reaching far out into the surrounding soil,
thus assisting the plant in nutrient uptake.This quality has received commercial attention…

52. Enlist any three main focus areas in the global environmental market
3
• energy production,
• waste management,
• land remediation,
• water treatment.

53. With help of named example discuss how whole organisms can be used
the measure potential biological Toxicity of water soil sample? 3
Much efforts to develop and use different bioassays and biosensors for toxicity evaluation of
water samples. Whole organisms to measure the potential biological toxicity of a water or soil
sample. Toxicity assays Microtox® (Azure, Bucks, UK), or ToxAlert® (Merck, Darmstadt,
Germany). Based on the use of luminescent bacteria, Vibrio fischeri, to measure toxicity from

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 12
samples. Cellsense®, an amperometric sensor that incorporates Escherichia coli cells, for rapid
ecotoxicity analysis.

54. Describe importance of anaerobic zone in biological process of

phosphorus removal in activated sludge treatment? 3
It is essential to have anaerobic and aerobic zones in the treatment line for the biological
removal of phosphorus. The anaerobic zone gives good conditions for the development or
selection of a large population of phosphorus accumulating organisms. When the biological
excess sludge is wasted from the system, phosphorus is removed.

55. Describe natural process to remove pathogenic environment.

5
Natural:
Maturation Ponds, Land treatment.
Maturation ponds:
Shallow ponds, where the penetration of solar UV radiation and unfavourable environmental
conditions causes a high mortality of the pathogens. The maturation ponds do not need
chemical products or energy, but require large areas. They are highly recommended
systems...
Land treatment (infiltration in soil): The unfavourable environmental conditions in the soil favour
the mortality of the pathogens. Chemical products are not needed. Requires large areas.

56. How xenobiotic can be degraded by microorganisms

5
Ans: Gratuitous degradation: a xenobiotic resembles a natural compound so that it is
recognized by the organism’s enzymes and may be used as food, OR Cometabolism: a
xenobiotic is degraded by the organism’s enzymes but in this case its catabolism does not
provide energy and so cannot be the sole carbon source. The ability of a single compound to
be degraded can be affected by the presence of other contaminants. This being the case,
model studies predicting the rate of contaminant degradation may be skewed in the field. Soil
microorganisms are very versatile and can adapt to a food source due to exchange of
plasmids.
In bacteria, the genes coding for degradative enzymes are often arranged in operons, which
usually are carried on a plasmid.
Fast transfer from one bacterium to another.

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 13
Latent pathways in many Archaea.
Genetic modifications in laboratories.

gratuitous degradation, a process whereby the xenobiot resembles a natural compound

sufficiently closely that it is recognised by the organism’s enzymes and may be used as a
food source, or cometabolism where the xenobiot is degraded again by virtue of being
recognised by the organism’s enzymes but in this case its catabolism does not provide
energy and so cannot be the sole carbon source. Consequently, cometabolism may be
sustained only if a carbon source is supplied to the organism. The ability of a single
compound to be degraded can be affected by the presence of other contaminants. For
example, heavy metals can affect the ability of organisms to grow, the most susceptible
being Gram positive bacteria, then Gram negative. Fungi are the most resistant and
actinomycetes are somewhere in the middle. This being the case, model studies predicting
the rate of contaminant degradation may be skewed in the field where the composition of the
contamination may invalidate the study in that application. Soil micro-organisms in particular
are very versatile and may quickly adapt to a new food source by virtue of the transmission
of catabolic plasmids
53.Environmental concern to the release of the hormone into
environment. 5
Ans: Endogenous hormones, of human or animal origin, have been reaching the environment
for thousands of years… Exogenous steroids, used as growth promoters in several countries,
have also become a matter of concern. Endocrine-disrupting activity in aquatic fauna or even
terrestrial. Their widespread use and their capability to induce responses in fish at
concentrations as low as ng/l or even pg/l level, have alerted scientists to the potential
dangerous consequences. An optical immunosensor to determine estrone, along with other
organic pollutants (atrazine and isoproturon). New biosensing strategies for the control of
hormone residues in an effort to improve food quality controls and to protect public health.
54.Define Vitrification and describe the biological process of soil
remediation 5
Solidification / vitrification:
• It is the encapsulation of contaminants within a monolithic solid of high structural integrity,
with or without associated chemical fixation.

Biological process of soil remediation :

This involve the transformation or mineralisation of contaminants to less toxic and more
mobile,forms.
This can include fixation or accumulation in harvestable biomass crops.
Advantages:

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 14
can destroy a wide range of organic compounds,can cause benefit to soil structure and fertility,are
non-toxic.
Disadvantages:
the process end-point can be uncertain and difficult to gauge, treatment can be slow not all
contaminants are conducive to treatment by biological means.

55. Role of filter medium in biofilter also name the compound of

the filter medium. 5
Ans: The medium offers good water holding capacity and soluble chemicals within the waste gas
dissolve into the film of moisture around the matrix. Bacteria, and other micro-organisms present,
degrade components of the resultant solution, thereby bringing about the desired effect. The
medium itself provides physical support for microbial growth, with a large surface area to volume
ratio, high in internal void spaces and rich in nutrients to stimulate and sustain bacterial activity.
Biofilters need to be watered sufficiently to maintain optimum internal conditions, but waterlogging
is to be avoided as this leads to compaction, and hence, reduced efficiency. Properly maintained,
biofilters can reduce odour release by 95% or more.

56. Five impact of chlorobenzene & dioxin on human

health. 5
Ans: Dioxin impact
chloracne, weight loss, insomnia, liver, dysfunction, spontaneous abortion, and possibly cancer
chlorobenzene Impact
Unconsciousness, tremors and restlessness

57. write a note on cDNA libraries 5

Ans: cDNA libraries
In eukaryotes, the first product of transcription from DNA is not messenger RNA (mRNA) but
heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA). This is mRNA prior to the removal of all the non-coding
sections, or introns, which are discarded during the processing to produce the mature mRNA.
cDNA is DNA which has been artificially made using the mature mRNA as a template (through
Reverse Transcriptase enzyme). It is then used as the template for the second strand. Thus
the synthetic DNA product is simply a DNA version of the mRNA and so should overcome the
problems of expression mentioned ago.

58. write the advantages and disadvantages of incineration.

5
Ans: Advantages:

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 15
• Drastic volume reduction,
• Sterilization.
Disadvantages:
• High costs,
• Ash disposal,
• Atmospheric pollution.
59. Write the five properties of soil. 5
Ans: In case of soil particularly, properties such as
depth of soil, texture, type, porosity, humus content, moisture, microbial complement, and
biological activity can all have a effect on outcome of a pollutant.
60. Write five advantages of Biofilter 5
Ans:
• holds a filter medium of organic material such as peat, heather, bark chips and the like
• biofilter can reduce odour release by 95% or more.
• maintain optimum internal conditions
• The gas to be treated is forced, or drawn, through the filter
• offers good water holding capacity and soluble chemicals within the waste gas
61. Write the main objective of sludge dewatering. 5
Ans: The main objectives:
• reduction of the transportation costs;
• improvement of the handling conditions;
• increase of the calorific value of the sludge (for incineration);
• reduction in the volume for disposal;
• reduction in the production of leachate when the sludge is disposed of in landfills
62. Write five advantages of Biofuels. 5
Enormous energy demand particularly in industrialized countries…
The production of biofuels has accordingly burgeoned in recent years.Driven by the
twin pressures of environmental and economic necessity.The rush towards biofuels
could have larger social and environmental consequences. UN reported growing
evidence that food prices were being driven up in poorer nations of the world as oil-
rich crops were grown for fuel.

Blending petrol or diesel with biofuels can have noticeable advantages. Although
biofuels aren’t as efficient or powerful on their own, when they’re blended with
conventional fuels they can improve performance and fuel economy. Some biofuels
are derived from plants, which will have reduced the amount of carbon dioxide in the
MUHAMMAD IMRAN 16
air. However, the benefit might not be as high as you might think, considering the
fertilisation, transportation and manufacturing costs that have gone into the process.
Another advantage of biofuel is, in many cases, a lower cost. Ethanol tends to be
cheaper than petrol, so blending the two successfully could be cheaper. Biofuel is
renewable, too, as creating more simply requires more plants grown or more natural
waste. Oil supplies - and therefore petrol and diesel - will eventually run out, pushing
up prices in the future. Biofuel should remain cheap as it’s easier to produce and
plentiful.
Biofuels can also be produced locally, leading to an increase in jobs and a reduction
in transportation emissions.

63. Explain Vitrification methods

Solidification / vitrification:
• It is the encapsulation of contaminants within a monolithic solid of high structural integrity,
with or without associated chemical fixation.
• Vitrification uses high temperatures to fuse contaminated materials.
Advantage:
Toxic elements and/or compounds which cannot be destroyed, are rendered unavailable to the
environment.
Disadvantages:
Contaminants are not actually destroyed.Significant amounts of reagents are required and not
suitable for organic contaminants.

64. Why DDt banned reason of its banned although it is useful

method for removal of insects?5

DDT causes weakening of egg shells of birds, which led to dramatic decreases in the populations
of many species. Leading to its ban. Moreover, the experience with DDT was one of the first
examples that target organisms develop a resistance to the toxic chemicals. Because DDT-
resistant strains of the Anopheles mosquito risen, DDT's value for malaria control greatly
diminished
65. Genetic modification a popular plant is used for removal of
mercury. describe how? 5
Ans: Genetic modification of a poplar to enable mercury to be removed from the soil and
converted to a form able to be released to the atmosphere. mer A gene gene is one of a cluster
of genes involved in bacterial detoxification of mercury, and is the one coding for the enzyme,
mercuric ion reductase, which converts mercury from an ionic to a volatile form.5

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 17
Initially the gene was transferred to Arabidopsis thaliana. The gene was transferred by gene guns
to poplar tree (Liriodendron tulipifera) embryogenic material. The resulting poplar plantlets were
found to exhibit tolerance to mercury and to volatalise it at 10 times the rate observed in
untransformed yellow poplar plantlets.
66. Factors affecting the techniques of Insitu and exsitu. 5
Ans:

67. What are applications of biosensors in detection of biocides? 5

Enzymatic sensors, based on the inhibition of a selected enzyme, are the most
extended biosensors used for the determination of these compounds. Various
biosensors, based on the inhibition of acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and colin oxidase,
for the detection of organo phosphorous and carbamate pesticides. Although
sensitive, biosensors based on AchE inhibition are not selective. One approach to
solve the lack of specificity of AchE involves the genetic engineering of cholinesterase
enzyme.

68. Explain role of enzyme, solution & equipment in genetic

engineering? 5
Ans: the enzymes, solutions and equipment necessary to perform the procedures; the desired
piece of DNA to be transferred;a cloning vector; and the recipient cell.
It is also essential to have some means of determining whether or not the transfer has been
successful. This is achieved by the use of marker genes.

69. Explain genomic libraries? 5

Ans: Genomic libraries

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 18
Collection of total Genomic DNA from an organisms. The genomic DNA is isolated, purified
and cut up into pieces of a size suitable to be inserted into a cloning vector, following by
ligation and transformation into a host cell.
These DNA pieces may either be ligated as a total mixture, into a suitable vector to produce a
genomic library, or a specific piece may be isolated and prepared as described ago. Genomic
libraries are very useful, as they may be amplified, and accessed almost limitlessly, to look for
a specific DNA Sequence. If the genomic library is of a eukaryotic origin the genes will contain
noncoding regions, called introns. (Prokaryotes do not contain introns).This is a problem if the
gene is to be expressed. This problem can be avoided by using cDNA.

Genomic DNA, in this context, is material which has been isolated directly from an organism, purified
and cut up into pieces of a size suitable to be inserted into a cloning vector. These pieces may either be
ligated in total mixture, into a suitable vector to produce a genomic library, or a specific piece may be
isolated and prepared as described above. Genomic libraries are very useful, as they may be amplified,
and accessed almost limitlessly, to look for a specific DNA sequence thus reducing the amount of work
involved in any one experiment. The disadvantage is that if the genomic library is of a eukaryotic origin,
which is almost exclusively the case, the genes will contain regions, or introns, which are quite normally
inserted along its length and are processed out of the RNA copy during maturation prior to protein
synthesis. This is a problem if the gene is to be expressed, in other words, if the protein is to be made
from the DNA blueprint. Prokaryotes do not contain introns in their genes and so do not possess the
mechanisms for their removal. Furthermore, introns are not necessarily processed correctly even if the
expression system is eukaryotic. This problem can be avoided by using a cDNA instead of a genomic
library

70. What are environment factor that effect bioremediation briefly

describes? 5

Environmental Factors:
Most significant are:
Temperature
• 0 and 50 ◦C. Most efficient: 20–30 ◦C pH…
• pH range of 5.0-9.0, however, 6.0-8.0 being most efficient.
Soil type…
• sands and gravels are the most suitable soil types for bioremediation…
Other factors:
Nutrient availability, oxygenation, presence of other inhibitory contaminants whether the site
is contained or if the groundwater runs off, what contaminants are present, what is their

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 19
concentration and whether they are biodegradable, etc. The whole issue may be viewed as
hierarchical. The primary influence consists of the contaminants themselves and actual origin

The principal environmental factors of significance are temperature, pH and soil type
. As was stated previously, bioremediation tends to rely on the natural abilities of indigenous soil organisms
and so treatment can occur between 0–50 ◦ C, since these temperatures will be tolerated. However, for
greatest efficiency, the ideal range is around 20–30 ◦ C, as this tends to optimise enzyme activity. In much
the same way, a pH of 6.5–7.5 would be seen as optimum, though ranges of 5.0–9.0 may be acceptable,
dependent on the individual species involved. Generally speaking, sands and gravels are the most suitable
soil types for bioremediation, while heavy clays and those with a high organic content, like peaty soils, are
less well indicated. However, this is not an absolute restriction, particularly since developments in
bioremediation techniques have removed the one-time industry maxim that clay soils were impossible to
treat biologically

71. List any five source of solid waste? 5

Ans: Sources of solid waste:
Medical centers
Food stores
Feeding centers
Food distribution points
Slaughter areas
Warehouses
Markets
Domestic areas

72. Mention some metallic coagulant for sludge

dewatering? 5
Ans: The most common metallic coagulants are:
aluminium sulphate
ferric chloride
ferrous sulphate
ferric sulphate
quicklime/ hydrated lime

73. Transforming problems in plant 5

Transformation by the Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens suffers from few disadvantages
other than the limitation that it does not readily infect some cereal crops: A problem been
addressed by attempting to increase its host range. Wild type plasmid contains genes which
causes the transfer of a piece of DNA, ‘T-DNA’, into a plant cell, causing crown gall disease.This
piece is flanked by 24 bp direct repeats. These genes may be cut out and replaced by DNA
containing the gene of choice to be introduced into the plant. In case of plants, recombination is
not 100% efficient, and so a method of selection is required such that only plants containing the
novel DNA grow.

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 20
74. Write a brief note on PCBs and the use of biosensors / What are PCBS?

Which biosensors detect them? 5

Ans: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants. Widely used as
industrial chemicals, particularly as dielectric fluids in electrical transformers and capacitors.
Though the production of PCBs has been banned, these are still present in the environment. The
high toxicity represents a risk for public health. Different biosensor configurations to determine
PCBs in the environment. DNA biosensor with chronopotentiometric detection, and various
immunosensors with fluorescence, SPR, and electrochemical detection principles. Dioxins
released as by-products in a number of chemical processes. Production of some pesticides, the
manufacture of PVC plastics, the chlorine bleaching of pulp and paper, and waste incineration.
Carcinogenic. A significant number of immunoassays for dioxins. Biosensors developed for PCBs
have been used for Dioxins too. Biosensor for detection of dioxin-like chemicals (polyhalogenated
dioxins, furans, and biphenyls) based on a recombinant mouse hepatoma cell line.

75. Phytovolatilisation 10 MARKS

Phytovolatilization refers to the uptake and transpiration of contaminants,
primarily organic compounds, by plants. The contaminant, present in the
water taken up by the plant, passes through the plant or is modified by the
plant, and is released to the atmosphere (evaporates or vaporizes).

Phytovolatilisation involves the uptake of the contaminants by plants and their

release into the atmosphere, typically in a modified form. This phytoremediation
biotechnology generally relies on the transpiration pull of fast-growing trees, which
accelerates the uptake of the pollutants in groundwater solution, which are then
released through the leaves. Thus the contaminants are removed from the soil, often
being transformed within the plant before being voided to the atmosphere. One
attempt which has been explored experimentally uses a genetically modified variety
of the Yellow Poplar, Liriodendron tulipifera, which has been engineered by the
introduction of mercuric reductase gene (mer A) as discussed in Chapter 9. This
confers the ability to tolerate higher mercury concentrations and to convert the
metal’s ionic form to the elemental and allows the plant to withstand contaminated
conditions, remove the pollutant from the soil and 150 Environmental Biotechnology
volatilise it. The advantages of this approach are clear, given that the current best
available technologies demand extensive dredging or excavation and are heavily
disruptive to the site. The choice of a poplar species for this application is interesting,
since they have been found useful in similar roles elsewhere. Trichloroethylene
(TCE), an organic compound used in engineering and other industries for
degreasing, is a particularly mobile pollutant, typically forming plumes which move
beneath the soil’s surface. In a number of studies, poplars have been shown to be
able to volatilise around 90% of the TCE they take up. In part this relates to their
enormous hydraulic pull, a property which will be discussed again later in this
chapter. Acting as large, solar-powered pumps, they draw water out of the soil,

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 21
 taking up contaminants with it, which then pass through the plant and out to the air.
The question remains, however, as to whether there is any danger from this kind of
pollutant release into the atmosphere and the essential factor in answering that must
take into account the element of dilution. If the trees are pumping out mercury, for
instance, then the daily output and its dispersion rate must be such that the
atmospheric dilution effect makes the prospect of secondary effects, either to the
environment or to human health, impossible. Careful investigation and risk analysis
is every bit as important for phytoremediation as it is for other forms of
bioremediation. Using tree species to clean up contamination has begun to receive
increasing interest. Phytoremediation in general tends to be limited to sites where
the pollutants are located fairly close to the surface, often in conjunction with a
relatively high water table. Research in Europe and the USA has shown that the
deeply penetrating roots of trees allows deeper contamination to be treated. Once
again, part of the reason for this is the profound effect these plants can have on the
local water relations.

76. Three classes of biosensors signal transduction and

biorecognition principle. 10
Ans: Classified according to the signal transduction and the biorecognition principles. On the
basis of the transducing element, categorized as electrochemical, optical, piezoelectric, and
thermal sensors.
Electrochemical biosensors, and among them the amperometric and the potentiometric ones, are
the best described in the literature. Those based on optical principles are the next most
commonly used transducers. Various types of optical transducers exploit properties such as
Simple light absorption, Fluorescence / phosphorescence, Bio/ chemiluminescence, Reflectance,
Raman scattering, and Refractive index. Surface Plasmon resonance (SPR) with main advantage
that the analyte presence can be determined directly, without the use of labeled molecules.
Cantilever biosensors are based on the bending of silicon cantilevers caused by the adsorption of
target molecules onto the cantilever surface, where receptor molecules are immobilized.
According to the biorecognition principle, biosensors classified into immunochemical, enzymatic,
nonenzymatic receptor, whole-cell, and DNA biosensors. Immunosensors present the
advantages of sensitivity and selectivity. Limitations are the regeneration of the immunosurface,
and cross-reactivity. Enzymes act as recognition elements because of their specificity. In general,
enzymatic biosensors are based on the selective inhibition of specific enzymes by different
classes of compounds. Biosensors based on natural receptors can be built by integrating the
specific receptor within a membrane, and by coupling it to a transducing device. The binding
signal is detected as a structural change or an associated enzyme activity.Whole cells of living
organisms bacteria, yeast, fungi, plant and animal cells, or even tissue slices Used as the
recognition component by interrogating their general metabolic status. Useful to determine

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 22
whether a substance is toxic to certain cells. In the case of DNA biosensors, two strategies:
hybridization detection of nucleic acid sequences from infectious microorganisms, and monitoring
of small pollutants interacting with the immobilized DNA layer (drugs, mutagenic pollutants, etc.)
A step in the development of biosensors is the immobilization of the biological component at the
transducer surface. Procures both the stabilization and the proximity between the biomaterial and
the transducer. Immobilization methods mostly employed :
physical adsorption at a solid surface, cross-linking between molecules, covalent binding to a
surface, entrapment within a membrane, surfactant matrix, polymer or microcapsule…
78.Write the procedure of Sludge treatment 10
Ans: Sewage sludge treatment describes the processes used to manage and dispose of
sewage sludge produced during sewage treatment. Sludge is mostly water with lesser
amounts of solid material removed from liquid sewage. Reducing sludge volume may
increase the concentration of some of these toxic chemicals in the sludge.

79.Explain western and Northern blotting. 10

Ans: In Southern blotting, DNA fragments are resolved by electrophoresis on a gel. These
resolved fragments are then shifted to a membrane (nylon or nitrocellulose).
Western blotting: Proteins (e.g., antibodies antigens interaction)

Northern Blotting
Northern blotting is a technique for detection of specific RNA sequences.
Developed by James Alwine & George stark.
RNA molecules have defined length & much shorter than genomic DNA it is not necessary
to cleave RNA before electrophoresis.
RNA is more susceptible to degradation than DNA.
RNA sample are separated based on size by gel electrophoresis.
Northern blots are used to determine the identity, size, and abundance of specific RNA
sequences. Northern blot protocols begin with RNA isolation, and separation techniques vary
depending on RNA size. Large RNAs are separated by electrophoresis on a formaldehyde
agarose gel or glyoxal agarose gel, which prevents normal base paring and maintains RNA in a
denatured state. Small RNAs are separated on a denaturing (urea) polyacrylamide gel. The RNA
is then transferred from the gel to a nylon membrane which is then incubated with a radioactively
or nonisotopically labeled RNA, DNA, or oligodeoxynucleotide probe. The unhybridized probe is
removed by washing with buffer. Radiolabeled probes are visualized with X-ray film, and
enzymatically labeled probes are visualized with chemiluminescence.

Western Blotting
A technique for detecting specific proteins separated by electrophoresis by use of
labeled antibodies.
It is developed by George starks group in 1979
MUHAMMAD IMRAN 23
 Western blotting is based on the principles of immunothromatography where proteins
were separated into polyacrylamide gel according to the isoelectric point and molecular
weight.
Involve SDS PAGE
Use primary and secondary antibodies.
Western blots are used to determine the identity, size, and abundance of specific proteins within
a sample. The western blot protocol begins with sample lysate preparation from tissue or cell
culture and separation on a polyacrylamide gel via electrophoresis. The separated proteins are
then transferred to a nitrocellulose or polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane. The membrane
is incubated with a blocking agent to prevent nonspecific binding, followed by incubation with a
primary antibody to bind the protein of interest. There are two detection methods, direct and
indirect. Direct detection (Figure 2) relies on a labeled primary antibody, whereas indirect
detection requires a primary antibody directed against the target protein, and a secondary
antibody directed against the immunoglobin class or subclass of the primary antibody’s species
(Figure 3). Visualization methods include colorimetric assays in which a colored precipitate is
produced, chemiluminescence, and fluorescence.
Southren Blotting
It is a technique used for identifying specific sequences of DNA
Developed by Edward M.Southren in 1975
Involves agarose gel electrophoresis
The key to this method is hybridization
Used in gene mapping, gene discovery, diagnostic and forensic
Southern blots are used to determine the identity, size, and abundance of specific DNA
sequences. The southern blot protocol begins with DNA extraction from the cells or tissues, which
is then enzymatically digested to produce DNA fragments. The fragments are separated by size
on an agarose or polyacrylamide gel via electrophoresis. Smaller fragments will migrate farther
on the gel than larger ones. Following electrophoresis, the DNA on the gel is transferred to a
nylon membrane. The membrane is incubated with a nucleic acid probe that has a sequence
homologous to the target sequence and is labeled with radioactivity, fluorescent dye, or an
enzyme capable of generating a chemiluminescent signal. Hybridization of complementary
sequences occurs during incubation, and the unhybridized probe is removed by washing with
buffer. The fully hybridized labeled probe molecules will remain bound to the blot. Detection
methods differ based on the probe label; radiolabeled probes are visualized with X-ray film or
phosphorimaging, and enzymatically labeled probes are visualized with chemiluminescent
substrate.
80.Explain Cloning Vector. 10
Ans: A cloning vector is frequently a plasmid or a bacteriophage (bacterial virus) Must be fairly
small and fully sequenced, able to replicate itself when reintroduced into a host cell, thus
producing large amounts of the recombinant DNA for further manipulation. Also it must carry on it
‘selector marker’ genes, which are indicators of genomic integrity and activity. A common design
of a cloning vector is one which carries two genes coding for antibiotic resistance. The ‘foreign’
gene is inserted within one of the genes so that it is no longer functional therefore it is possible to
discriminate by standard microbiology techniques, which bacteria are carrying plasmids

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 24
containing recombinant DNA and which are not.To make the manipulations easier, selector
marker genes normally contain a multi cloning site (MCS) which is a cluster of sites for restriction
enzymes. Insertion of foreign DNA in vector at MSC site causes disruption of these marker genes
resulting in loss of the function of that gene. For example, if that gene codes for antibiotic
resistance, it will no longer be functional and will not protect the bacterium from that antibiotic.
Viruses may be used as vectors i.e., the DNA of viruses can be used to carry foreign DNA. Most
such recombinant viral DNA vectors need phage particles to perform proper gene transfer i.e.
transduction. Transfer of naked viral recombinant vector to host cells is called transfection, and
tends to have lower uptake rates as compared to transduction.

81. Briefly describe different categories of Solid waste 10

Ans: Different categories of solid waste include:
Organic waste: Waste from preparation of food, market places, etc.
Combustibles: Paper, wood, dried leaves, packaging, etc. (high organic and low
moisture content)
Non-combustibles: Metal, tin cans, bottles, stones, etc.
Ashes/dust: Residue from fires used for cooking.
Bulky waste: Tree branches, tyres, etc.
Dead animals: Carcasses of domestic animals and livestock.
Hazardous waste: Oil, battery acid, medical waste.
Construction waste: Roofing, rubble, broken concrete, etc.

82. What are risks of Solid Wastes regarding transfer of disease?

10
Associated risks: Disease transmission
Decomposing organic waste attracts animals, vermin and flies. Flies may play a major role in
the transmission of faecal-oral diseases. Rodents may increase the transmission of diseases
such as Leptospirosis. Solid waste may also provide breeding sites for mosquitoes…
Aedes genus… Dengue fever
Anopheles genus… Malaria
In times of food scarcity, members of the affected population may be attracted to waste
heaps to scavenge for food. Likely to increase the risk of gastro-enteritis, dysentery and
other illnesses.

83. Explain the transformation method in plants (PPT25-

26) 10
There are two practical problems associated with genetic engineering of plants which make
them more difficult to manipulate than bacteria. Firstly they have rigid cell walls and secondly
they lack the plasmids which simplify so much of genetic engineering in prokaryotes. The first

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 25
problem is overcome by the use of specialised techniques for transformation, and the second
by performing all the manipulations in bacteria and then transferring the final product into the
plant.
The DNA construct contains regions of DNA which are complementary to the plant DNA to
enable the inserted piece to recombine into the plant genome. The most popular method of
transforming plants is by the Ti plasmid but there are at least two other methods also in use.
The first is a direct method where DNA is affixed to microscopic bullets which are fired directly
into plant tissue. An example of this technology is the introduction into sugarcane, of genes
able to inactivate toxins produced by the bacterium, Xanthomonas albilineans, causing leaf
scald disease (Zhang, Xu and Birch 1999). This method of biolistic bombardment, may
increase in popularity in line with improvements to plastid transformation. It is now possible to
produce fertile transgenics expressing foreign proteins in their edible fruit
The second is by protoplast fusion which is a process whereby the plant cell wall is removed
leaving the cell surrounded only by the much more fragile membrane. This is made
permeable to small fragments of DNA and then the cells allowed to recover and grow into
plants. These methods can be unsuccessful due to difficulties in recovery of the cells from the
rather traumatic treatments and also because the DNA introduced, has a tendency to be
inserted randomly
into the genome, rather than at a defined site. However, both methods enjoy the advantage
that DNA enters the cell exactly as constructed and has not passed through an intermediate
vector giving the opportunity for gene rearrangement.

84. Explain the initial steps of solid waste. 10

Ans:
1. Identify the types of waste.
2. Identify the sources of waste.
3. Determine the potential health hazards from waste.
4. Determine the volume of waste generated
5. Identify safe collection method/s.
6. Identify safe transportation method/s.
7. Identify safe disposal method/s.

85. Difference between expression and gene reporter 10

Expression vectors
These are similar to the vectors described above but in addition have the required signals located
before and after the ‘foreign’ gene which direct the host cell to translate the product of transcription
into a protein. It is sometimes a difficult, expensive or time-consuming procedure to analyse for
product from the ‘foreign’ gene and so, in addition to the selector genes described above, there
are frequently reporter genes to indicate whether or not the signals are ‘switched on’ allowing the
‘foreign’ DNA to be expressed. There are many reasons which are difficult to predict, why even a
perfectly constructed gene may not be functional, such as the consequence of the exact site of
insertion in the genome; hence the need for inbuilt controls.

Reporter Genes
There are many such genes in common use and these usually code for a trait or an enzyme.
e.g., antibiotic resistance gene, or β-galactosidase, etc.

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 26
Blue/White screening.
Other reporter genes produce enzymes which can cause the emission of light such as the
luciferase isolated from fireflies, or whose activity is easy and quick to assay like the bacterial
β-glucuronidase (GUS) which is probably the most frequently used reporter genes in
transgenic plants.
Reporter genes can only be a guide to the process of transcription and translation process.
As with selector genes, the reporter genes serve no useful purpose once the cloning
procedure has been successfully accomplished to produce the finished product.

86. How plant clean our environment and water body. 10

Plants improve air quality through several mechanisms: they absorb carbon dioxide and release
oxygen through photosynthesis, they increase humidity by transpiring water vapor through
microscopic leaf pores, and they can passively absorb pollutants on the external surfaces of
leaves and on the plant root-soil system.

Planktons are profoundly sensitive to natural change and thus are best markers of water quality,
especially lakes. Many planktons reproducing at an increased rate in lakes when there are high
centralizations of phosphorus and nitrogen.
In addition to being a health indicator, planktons are also the fundamental sustenance for many
larger organisms in the lake. Plankton also plays an important role in biological deterioration
organic matter. However, if plankton populations are too large this creates other problems in
managing the water body. Here, fish play an important role by grazing the planktons. Additionally,
certain planktons such as cyanobacteria produce toxins which are harmful for fish growth. Thus
planktons can be termed as useful or harmful, with respect to wastewater fed production of fishes.

87. What are PCR? How it works? 10

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a powerful technique which amplifies a
piece of DNA of which only a very few copies are available. The piece must be
Genetic Manipulation 219 flanked by DNA whose sequence is known or at least a
close approximation can be guessed. This knowledge allows a short sequence of
DNA to be synthesised of only a few nucleotides long, to bind specifically to the end of
the sequence and act as a primer for the DNA polymerase to make one copy of the
whole piece of DNA. A second probe is used for the other end to allow the second
strand to be synthesised. The process is repeated by a constant cycling of
denaturation of double-stranded DNA at elevated temperature to approximately 95 ◦
C, followed by cooling to approximately 60 ◦ C to allow annealing of the probe and
complementary strand synthesis. This technique requires the use of DNA
polymerases able to withstand such treatment and two bacteria from which
polymerases have been isolated for this purpose are Thermococcus litoralis and
Thermus aquaticus

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 27
A powerful technique which amplifies a piece of DNA of which only a very few copies are
available.
The piece must be flanked by DNA of somewhat known sequence. This allows a short
sequence of
DNA to be synthesized to bind specifically to the end of the sequence and act as a primer for the
DNA Polymerase. A second primer is used for the other end to allow the second strand to be
synthesized. The process is repeated by a constant cycling of denaturation of double stranded
DNA at elevated temperature to approximately 95 ◦C, followed by cooling to approximately 55-60
◦C to allow annealing of the primers, followed by extension of the 3’ end of the primer by
Polymerase usually at 72 ◦C.

PCR requires the use of DNA polymerases able to withstand such treatment. Thermus
aquaticus is a thermophilic microorganism from which polymerase has been isolated and
used for this purpose (Taq-polymerase). DNA polymerases from other thermophiles are also
being used.

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 28
 MUHAMMAD IMRAN FINAL TERM
BT503 Environment Biotechnology

PAST PAPERS SOLVED QUESTIONS

1. Feature of phenol that make it pollutant?

Phenols and some detergents may also mimic the activity of oestrogen.

2. Name enzyme equipment and solution used in genetic engineering?

the enzymes, solutions and equipment necessary to perform the procedures; the desired piece of DNA to be
transferred; a cloning vector; and the recipient cell. It is also essential to have some means of determining
whether or not the transfer has been successful. This is achieved by the use of marker genes.

3. Importance of anaerobic zone?

The anaerobic zone gives good conditions for the development or selection of a large population of
phosphorus accumulating organisms.

4. Biological process of phospherial removal activated sludge treatment?

The process of removing phosphorus by accumulating it with biomass is referred to as enhanced biological
phosphorous removal (EBPR) process. The phosphorous removal efficiency for biological systems depends
on the phosphorus content of the sludge removed and the efficiency of the solids separation process.
(Internet)

When the biological excess sludge is wasted from the system, phosphorus is removed… For higher
efficiencies of phosphorus removal, effluent polishing methods can adopted: • addition of coagulants (metallic
ions): phosphorus precipitation • effluent filtration: removal of the phosphorus present in the suspended
solids in the effluent • combination of the addition of coagulants and filtration. (PPTS)

5. Photodegradation and name its forms?

Photodegradation involves the process of oxidation (loss of electrons, increase in oxidation state) and
hydrolysis (split of chemical bonds by adding water) ....... Photodegradation does not talk about the ageing or
degradation of materials with the use of heat or infrared light.

6. What are living conditions extremophile give example?

Three examples of extremophiles are Picrophilus torridus (a thermoacidophile adapted to hot, acidic
conditions), Antarctic krill (a psychrophile), and the Pompeii worm (a thermophile).

7. What are application of biosensor in detection of biocides?

Biosensors have been extensively applied in clinical, food and environmental areas due to the advantages of
fast detection speed, high selectivity and sensitivity (Malhotra and Chaubey, 2003). In this study, the
contribution of bioluminescence and luminometer makes a biosensor for detection of water pollution.

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 1
8. Explain genomic libraries?
A genomic library is a collection of the total genomic DNA from a single organism. The DNA is stored in a
population of identical vectors, each containing a different insert of DNA. ..... The fragments are then
inserted into the vector using DNA ligase.

9. Biofilter?
Biofiltration is a pollution control technique using a bioreactor containing living material to capture and
biologically degrade pollutants. Common uses include processing waste water, capturing harmful chemicals
or silt from surface runoff, and microbiotic oxidation of contaminants in air.

10. Biodiesel?
Biodiesel is a form of diesel fuel derived from plants or animals and consisting of long -chain fatty acid
esters. It is typically made by chemically reacting lipids such as animal fat, soybean oil, or some other
vegetable oil with an alcohol, producing a methyl, ethyl or propyl ester.

11. Plant associated with fungi?

Mycorrhizae: Associations of fungi with roots of vascular plants

mycorrhizae, mycorrhiza or mycorrhizas) is a symbiotic association between a fungus and a plant. The term
mycorrhiza refers to the role of the fungus in the plant's rhizosphere, its root system. Mycorrhizae play
important roles in plant nutrition, soil biology and soil chemistry.

12. Water system?

water system . a river with all its tributaries. a system, including reservoirs and mains, for storing and
supplying water for use by a community.

13. How plant can use be reduced pollution?

Plants improve air quality through several mechanisms: they absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen
through photosynthesis, they increase humidity by transpiring water vapor through microscopic leaf
pores, and they can passively absorb pollutants on the external surfaces of leaves and on the plant root-
soil system.

14. How animal work as bioindicator two example?

Bioindicators are living organisms such as plants, planktons, animals, and microbes, which are utilized to
screen the health of the natural ecosystem in the environment.

Example of a bioindicator is lichens. These plants, which live on surfaces such as trees or rocks or soil, are
very sensitive to toxins in the air. Greasewood indicates saline soil

15. Define phytoremediation?

Phytoremediation /ˌfaɪtəʊrɪˌmiːdɪˈeɪʃən/ refers to the technologies that use living plants to clean up soil, air,
and water contaminated with hazardous contaminants.

16. What are biodegradation?

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 2
 Biodegradation is the breakdown of organic matter by microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi.

17. Bacteriophage?
In bacteria, the most likely candidates for genetic transfer are plasmids and bacteriophages.

18. Biosensor advantage?

Advantages of tissues as biosensors include the following: easier to immobilize compared to cells and
organelles. the higher activity and stability from maintain enzymes in natural environment.

19. Sources dioxin?

Combustion sources, e.g. municipal waste or medical waste incinerators and private backyard barrel burning.
Metal smelting.

• Refining and process sources.

• Chemical manufacturing sources.

• Natural sources

20. Method to get quality crop?

The average quality can be increased by planting seeds into fertilized soil. Increasing Farming Skill also
increases the chance to harvest a quality crop. If a Seed Maker turns a higher-quality crop into seeds, the
seeds are no more likely to produce higher -quality crops when grown and harvested.

21. PCB TNT and subtreated biofilter?

22.Phase sludge water in sec wastewater treatment?

Sludge is a semi-solid slurry that can be produced from a range of industrial processes, from water
treatment , wastewater treatment or on-site sanitation systems. ... Industrial wastewater treatment plants
produce solids that are also referred to as sludge.

23.In which filed biotechnology used?

• manufacturing process, • waste management, • pollution control

24. Thermophile and its used in PCR? Thermophile and application taq polymerase
in PCR?
In PCR: DNA Polymerase of Thermus aquaticus (Taq Polymerase), Pyrococcusfuriosus (Pfu Polymerase).
Clean energy: bioethanol production, hydrogen production fuel cells, etc.

25. Define Extremophiles and name three categories?

Extremophiles are animals that live and thrive under extreme environmental conditions

Psychrophiles can tolerate these circumstances.

Halophiles… survive intensely saline environments, such as exist in natural salt lakes or salt evaporation
ponds. Acidophiles thrive in the conditions of low pH, typically below 5

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 3
26.Extremophile in mature?

27. Trickling filter?

A trickling filter is a type of wastewater treatment system. It consists of a fixed bed of rocks, coke, gravel,
slag, polyurethane foam, sphagnum peat moss, ceramic, or plastic media over which sewage or other
wastewater flows downward and causes a layer of microbial slime (biofilm) to grow, covering the bed of
media.

28. Advantage and disadvantage of incineration?

Advantages: • Drastic volume reduction, • Sterilisation

Disadvantages: • High costs, • Ash disposal, • Atmospheric pollution.

29.Effect of dioxin on human?

dioxins may result in skin lesions, such as chloracne and patchy darkening of the skin, and altered liver
function. Longterm exposure is linked to impairment of the immune system, the developing nervous system,
the endocrine system and reproductive functions

Long 5 Marks

30. Explain environmental factor bioremediation?

bioremediation is the use of living organisms, primarily microorganisms, to degrade

the environmental contaminants into less toxic forms. It uses naturally occurring bacteria and fungi or plants
to degrade or detoxify substances hazardous to human health and/or the environment.

31. Detail note on BCD and use of biosensor to detect these? ??

32.Biodiesel advantage?
Biodiesel is a domestically produced, clean-burning, renewable substitute for petroleum diesel. Using
biodiesel as a vehicle fuel increases energy security, improves air quality and the environment, and provides
safety benefits.

33.Solid waste step?

1. Identify the types of waste.

2. Identify the sources of waste.

3. Determine the potential health hazards from waste.

4. Determine the volume of waste generated 5. Identify safe collection method/s.

6. Identify safe transportation method/s.

7. Identify safe disposal method/s.

34. Genetic modification in popular plant used to removal mercury? Describe how?
Genetic modification of a poplar to enable mercury to be removed from the soil and converted to a form able
to be released to the atmosphere.

mer A gene gene is one of a cluster of genes involved in bacterial detoxification of mercury, and is the one

coding for the enzyme, mercuric ion reductase, which converts mercury from an ionic to a volatile form.

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 4
Initially the gene was transferred to Arabidopsis thaliana. The gene was transferred by gene guns to poplar
tree (Liriodendron tulipifera) embryogenic material. The resulting poplar plantlets were found to exhibit
tolerance to mercury and to volatalise it at 10 times the rate observed in untransformed yellow poplar
plantlets.

35. Factor affect bioremediation?

The factors that directly impact on bioremediation are energy sources (electron donors), electron acceptors,
nutrients, pH, temperature, and inhibitory substrates or metabolites. One of the primary distinctions between
surface soils, vadose zone soils and groundwater sediments is the content of organic material.

36.Properties of soil which has effect on pollution?

The application of waste or polluted water into the soil alters its physical and chemical, thereby affecting the
growth of agricultural crops and other living organisms. Even the extensive agricultural practices such as
fertilizer and pesticide application deteriorate the soil quality.

37.Detail note on environmental biotechnology?

Environmental biotechnology. Environmental biotechnology is the branch of biotechnology that addresses
environmental problems, such as the removal of pollution, renewable energy generation or biomass
production, by exploiting biological processes.

38. Explain recombinant microorganism especially yeast and microorganisms?

GE of microorganisms for use in environmental biotechnology: expansion of metabolic pathways either to
modify the existent metabolic capability, or to introduce new pathways.

Many examples… A strain of Escherichia coli into which was engineered some 15 genes originating from
Pseudomonas. These were introduced to construct a pathway able to produce indigo for the dyeing of denim
(Bialy, 1997). The traditional method requires the use of toxic chemicals.

Long 10 Marks

39.Briefly describe category of solid waste?

Different categories of solid waste include:

• Non-combustibles: Metal, tin cans, bottles, stones, etc.

• Ashes/dust: Residue from fires used for cooking.

• Bulky waste: Tree branches, tyres, etc.

• Dead animals: Carcasses of domestic animals and livestock

• Hazardous waste: Oil, battery acid, medical waste.

• Construction waste: Roofing, rubble, broken concrete, etc.

40. Genomic Library?

Genomic libraries Collection of total Genomic DNA from an organisms. The genomic DNA is isolated, purified
and cut up into pieces of a size suitable to be inserted into a cloning vector, following by ligation and
transformation into a host cell. These DNA pieces may either be ligated as a total mixture, into a suitable
vector to produce a genomic library, or a specific piece may be isolated and prepared as described ago.
Genomic libraries are very useful, as they may be amplified, and accessed almost limitlessly, to look for a
specific DNA Sequence. If the genomic library is of a eukaryotic origin the genes will contain non-coding
regions, called introns. (Prokaryotes do not contain introns). This is a problem if the gene is to be expressed.
This problem can be avoided by using cDNA.

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 5
41. Sludge treatment procedure?
Sewage sludge treatment describes the processes used to manage and dispose of sewage sludge produced
during sewage treatment. Sludge is mostly water with lesser amounts of solid material removed from liquid
sewage. ...

Reducing sludge volume may increase the concentration of some of these toxic chemicals in the sludge.

42. Phytovolatilization?
Phytovolatilization is a process, in which plants take up contaminants from soil and release them as volatile
form into the atmosphere through transpiration. The process occurs as growing plants absorb water and
organic contaminants.

43. What is cloning factor? Why important in genetic engineering?

Cloning allows for the creation of multiple copies of genes, expression of genes, and study of specific genes.

...

Plasmids have been highly engineered as vectors for molecular cloning and for the subsequent large-scale
production of important molecules, such as insulin.

44. Southern blotting and western blotting?

In Southern blotting, DNA fragments are resolved by electrophoresis on a gel. These resolved fragments are
then shifted to a membrane (nylon or nitrocellulose).

Western blotting: Proteins (e.g., antibodies antigens interaction)

45. Advantages and disadvantages of incineration (2) Incineration:

Advantages:

•Drastic volume reduction, •Sterilization.

Disadvantages:

•High costs,

•Ash disposal,

•Atmospheric pollution.

46. Manipulation of bacteria without genetic engineering (3)

A general procedure is to take a sample of bacteria from, at, or near, the site of contamination from which a
pure culture is obtained in the laboratory and identified, using standard microbiology techniques. The
‘training’ may be required either to improve the bacterium’s tolerance to the pollutant or to increase the
capabilities of pathways already existing in the bacterium to include the ability to degrade the pollutant, or a
combination of both.

47. 3 phases present in submerged bio filter (3)

Typically, a biofilter has two or three phases, depending on the feeding strategy (percolating or submerged
biofilter): a solid phase (media); a liquid phase (water); a gaseous phase (air).

48. Co-metabolism
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Co-metabolism is defined as the simultaneous degradation of two compounds, in which the degradation of
the second compound (the secondary substrate) depends on the presence of the first compound (the primary
substrate).

49. Three forces are in the global environment market

A number of forces over which it has little or no control affect a company's marketing activities. Taken
together, they make up its external marketing environment, which includes regulatory and political activity,
economic conditions, competitive forces, changes in technology, and social and cultural influences.

50. Phytodegradation
Phytodegradation which is also known as phyto-transformation is the breakdown of contaminants taken up
by plants through metabolic processes within the plant, or the breakdown of contaminants surrounding the
plant through the effect of enzymes produced by the plants.

51. Phytoremediation
The treatments of pollutants or waste (as in contaminated soil or groundwater) by the use of green plants
that remove, degrade, or stabilize the undesirable substances (such as toxic metals).

52. Three sources of dioxin production

According to the most recent US EPA data, the major sources of dioxins are broadly in the following types:
Combustion sources, e.g. municipal waste or medical waste incinerators and private backyard barrel burning.
Metal smelting. Refining and process sources.

53. Conjugation transduction plasmid difference

Conjugation is the transfer of circular DNA called plasmids through cell to cell contact. Transformation is the
uptake of 'free' DNA from the environment. Transduction is the transfer of DNA by bacteria-specific viruses
called bacteriophage.

54. Biodiesel
Biodiesel is a form of diesel fuel derived from plants or animals and consisting of long-chain fatty acid
esters. It is typically made by chemically reacting lipids such as animal fat (tallow), soybean oil, or some
other vegetable oil with an alcohol, producing a methyl, ethyl or propyl ester.

2 Marks Questions

55. What is activated sludge? (2)

The activated sludge process is a type of wastewater treatment process for treating sewage or industrial
wastewaters using aeration and a biological folk composed of bacteria and protozoa.

56.Mechanism of wastewater? (2)

Wastewater treatment is the process of converting wastewater – water that is no longer needed or is no
longer suitable for use – into bilge water that can be discharged back into the environment. It's formed by a
number of activities including bathing, washing, using the toilet, and rainwater runoff.

57.Diagnosis of mercury intoxication? (2)

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A diagnosis we put when we have special clinical picture and information of anamnesis, which specify on a
contact with mercury organic connections. The important diagnostic sign of intoxication is a presence of
mercury in blood, urine, and at heavy intoxications – in a cerebrospinal liquid.

58. Thermophiles and its uses in PCR? (2)

Thermophiles are organisms that grow and thrive at temperatures (60–80°C) that are often too high for
mesophiles— most thermophiles are Archaea. Thermus aquaticus is athermophilic microorganism from
which polymerase has been isolated and used for PCR (Taq-polymerase). DNA polymerases from other
thermophiles are also being used in PCR.

59.Taq polymerase use in PCR?

Taq polymerase is a thermostable DNA polymerase I named after the thermophilic bacterium Thermus
aquaticus from which it was originally isolated by Chien et al. in 1976. ... It is frequently used in the
polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a method for greatly amplifying the quantity of short segments of DNA.

60. Extremophiles and their categories in nature?

A variety of microbes inhabit extreme environments.

Categories:

1. Psychrophiles

2. Thermophiles

3. Hyperthermophiles

4. Halophiles

5. Xerophiles

6. Alkaliphiles

7. Acidophiles

61. Name enzymes, solution and equipment’s used in genetic engineering (2) Enzymes:
Restriction endonuclease or restriction enzymes, DNA ligase, DNA polymerases and reverse transcriptase
Equipment’s:

Gel Electrophoresis, plasmids, transformation or transduction, PCR, Identifying transgenic organisms

3 Marks Questions

62.What is wastewater and enlist its level?

Wastewater is "used water from any combination of domestic, industrial, commercial or agricultural
activities, surface runoff or storm water, and any sewer inflow or sewer infiltration”. Wastewater treatment
levels

Primary treatment

Primary treatment includes screens, sedimentation and grit removal.

Secondary treatment

Secondary treatment process removes carbonaceous organic matter and nutrients (nitrogen
and phosphorus) from wastewater

Tertiary treatment

tertiary treatment includes filtering, disinfecting and preparing wastewater for recycling.

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63.What is antibiotic and what is antibiotic resistance? 3
An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria and is the most important type of
antibacterial agent for fighting bacterial infections.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR or AR) is the ability of a microbe to resist the effects of medication that once
could successfully treat the microbe. The term antibiotic resistance (AR or ABR) is a subset of AMR, as it
applies only to bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics . (Internet)

64. What is microbial pesticides name microbial biopesticides?

Pesticides based on microorganisms and their products have proven to be highly effective, species specific
and ecofriendly in nature, leading to their adoption in pest management strategies around the world.

Name: Biofungicides, bioherbicides, bioinsecticides (Internet)

65.What is the role of hormones in body and young children?

Hormones are the body's little messengers, which get produced in one part of the body, such as the thyroid,
adrenal or pituitary gland, pass into the bloodstream or other body fluid and go to distant organs and tissues
where they act to modify structures and functions.

66.Thermophiles and application of TAQ polymerase in PCR?

Thermophiles:

Thermophiles are organisms that grow and thrive at temperatures (60–80°C) that are often too high for
mesophiles— most thermophiles are Archaea.

Taq polymerase is a thermostable DNA polymerase I named after the thermophilic bacterium Thermus
aquaticus from which it was originally isolated by Chien et al. in 1976. ... It is frequently used in the
polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a method for greatly amplifying the quantity of short segments of DNA.

67. Wastewater treatment definition?

Wastewater treatment is the process of converting wastewater – water that is no longer needed or is no
longer suitable for use – into bilge water that can be discharged back into the environment. It's formed by a
number of activities including bathing, washing, using the toilet, and rainwater runoff.

68. How microbes degrade polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons?

Various bacteria have been found to degrade PAHs, in which degradation of naphthalene and phenanthrene
has been most widely studied. ... Principally, bacteria favor aerobic conditions for degradation of PAHs via
oxygenasemediated metabolism

69.Bacteria manipulation without genetic engineering in biotechnology?

A general procedure is to take a sample of bacteria from, at, or near, the site of contamination from which a
pure culture is obtained in the laboratory and identified, using standard microbiology techniques. Improve the
bacterium’s tolerance to the pollutant or to increase the capabilities of its pathways. Tolerance may be
increased by culturing in growth medium containing increasing concentrations of the pollutant.

5 Marks Questions

70.Recombinant microorganisms, yeast and bacteria 5 marks

Recombinant bacteria is a type of bacteria which have the genetic material DNA of the another organism.
Recombinant DNA is a technology which is developed by scientists that made it possible to insert a gene into

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the genetic material of a bacterium. This “recombinant” micro-organism can now produce such type of
protein that coded by the gene. The scientists made the human insulin gene in the laboratory by using this
technology.

Uses

The Recombinant bacteria is used in different ways to produce different products which are given below:

• Recombinant chymosin

• Recombinant human insulin

• Recombinant human growth hormone

Recombinant yeast:

The yeast in which introduce the characteristics according to our desire is called the recombinant yeast.
Yeasts are unicellular eukaryotic microbial host cells that offer unique advantages in producing
biopharmaceutical proteins.

71. Detail note on environmental biotechnology?

Environmental biotechnology is the branch of biotechnology that addresses environmental problems, such as
the removal of pollution, renewable energy generation or biomass production, by exploiting biological
processes.

Environmental Biotechnology deals with apparently less dramatic topics, though their importance may be
every bit as great, and thus their direct relevance is far less appreciated by bulk of the population.

The goals of Environmental Biotechnology are in everybody’s interest… But for most it is simply addressing a
problem that could have avoided already.

72. What are dioxins and write their sources?

Dioxins are a group of chemically-related compounds that are persistent environmental pollutants (POPs).
Dioxins are found throughout the world in the environment and they accumulate in the food chain, mainly in
the fatty tissue of animals.

Sources:

Dioxins are mainly by-products of industrial processes but can also result from natural processes, such as
volcanic eruptions and forest fires. Dioxins are unwanted by-products of a wide range of manufacturing
processes including smelting, chlorine bleaching of paper pulp and the manufacturing of some herbicides and
pesticides.

73.What is surfactants and what is its purpose?

Surface-active agents /surfactants molecules which are active at interfaces and possess both
polar(hydrophilic) and nonpolar(hydrophobic)characteristics in the same molecule. Surfactants lower the
surface tension (or interfacial tension) between two liquids or between a liquid and a solid.

When surfactants are dissolved in water they orientate at the surface so that the hydrophobic regions are
removed from the aqueous environment.

Purpose:

Surfactant reduces the surface tension of fluid in the lungs and helps make the small air sacs in the lungs
(alveoli) more stable. This keeps them from collapsing when an individual exhales. In preparation for
breathing air, fetuses begin making surfactant while still in the womb.

74. Write a note on zooplankton? 5

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 Zooplankton are heterotrophic plankton. Plankton are organisms drifting in oceans, seas, and bodies of fresh
water. The word "zooplankton" is derived from the Greek zoon, meaning "animal", and planktos, meaning
"wanderer" or"drifter”.

Ecology:

Zooplankton is a categorization spanning a range of organism sizes including small protozoans and large
metazoans. It includes holoplanktonic organisms whose complete life cycle lies within the plankton, as well
as meroplanktonic organisms that spend part of their lives in the plankton before graduating to either the
nekton or a sessile, benthic existence.

Nutritional modes in zooplankton

Herbivores: feed primarily on phytoplankton

Carnivores: feed primarily on other zooplankton (animals)

Detrivores: feed primarily on dead organic matter (detritus)

Omnivores: feed on mixed diet of plants and animals and detritus

10 Marks Questions

75.What is symbiosis and symbiotic nitrogen fixation? 10 Symbiosis:

interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of
both. Nitrogen fixation is a process by which nitrogen in the air is converted into ammonia (NH3) or related
nitrogenous compounds Atmospheric nitrogen, which is molecular dinitrogen (N2), is relatively nonreactive
and is metabolically useless to all but a few microorganisms The fixation process converts N2 into ammonia,
which is metabolized by most organisms Nitrogen fixation is essential to life because fixed inorganic
nitrogen compounds are required for the biosynthesis of all nitrogen-containing compounds As part of the
nitrogen cycle, it is essential for agriculture and the manufacture of fertilizer. It is also, indirectly, relevant to
the manufacture of all chemical compounds that contain nitrogen, which includes explosives, most
pharmaceuticals, and dyes Symbiotic nitrogen fixation occurs in plants that harbornitrogenfixing bacteria
within their tissues. The best-studied example is the association between legumes and bacteria in the genus
Rhizobium Each of these is able to survive independently (soil nitrates must then be available to the legume),
but life together is clearly beneficial to both. Only together can nitrogen fixation take place.A symbiotic
relationship in which both partners benefits is called mutualism.

76. What is cloning vector? Why it is important in genetic engineering? (10)

A cloning vector is frequently a plasmid or a bacteriophage (bacterial virus) Must be fairly small and fully
sequenced, able to replicate itself when reintroduced into a host cell, thus producing large amounts of the
recombinant DNA for further manipulation. Also it must carry on it ‘selector marker’ genes, which are
indicators of genomic integrity and activity. A common design of a cloning vector is one which carries two
genes coding for antibiotic resistance. The ‘foreign’ gene is inserted within one of the genes so that it is no
longer functional therefore it is possible to discriminate by standard microbiology techniques, which bacteria
are carrying plasmids containing recombinant DNA and which are not. To make the manipulations easier,
selector marker genes normally contain a multi cloning site (MCS) which is a cluster of sites for restriction
enzymes. Insertion of foreign DNA in vector at MSC site causes disruption of these marker genes resulting in
loss of the function of that gene. For example, if that gene codes for antibiotic resistance, it will no longer be
functional and will not protect the bacterium from that antibiotic.

Viruses may be used as vectors i.e., the DNA of viruses can be used to carry foreign DNA. Most such
recombinant viral DNA vectors need phage particles to perform proper gene transfer i.e. transduction.
Transfer of naked viral recombinant vector to host cells is called transfection, and tends to have lower
uptake rates as compared to transduction.

77. Explain in detail the principles of transformation of the plants? 10

transformation is the geneticalteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of
exogenous genetic material from its surroundings through the cell membrane.

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Principle:

There are number of principles which are used for the transformation of the plants which are given below:

Vector method:

There are two vector methods which are given below:

Agrobacterium

Viral transformation

Vector Free method:

There are different vector free methods which are given below:

Gene gun

Electroporation

Vector method
There are two vector methods which are given below:

Agrobacterium

Viral transformation Agrobacterium:

Agrobacterium mediated transformation is the easiest and most simple plant transformation. Plant tissue
(often leaves) are cut into small pieces, e.g. 10x10mm, and soaked for 10 minutes in a fluid containing
suspended Agrobacterium. The bacteria will attach to many of the plant cells exposed by the cut. The plant
cells secrete wound-related phenolic compounds which in turn act to up regulate the virulence operon of the
Agrobacterium.

Vector method

Viral Transformation:

Package the desired genetic material into a suitable plant virus and allow this modified virus to infect the
plant. If the genetic. material is DNA, it can recombine with the chromosomes to produce transforman cells.
However, genomes of most plant. viruses consist of single stranded RNA which replicates in the cytoplasm of
infected cell. For such genomes this method is a form of transfection and not a real transformation, since the
inserted genes never reach the nucleus of the cell and do not integrate into the host genome. The progeny of
the infected plants is virus-free and also free of the inserted gene.

Vector less method

There are two vector less method which are given below:

Gene gun Electroporation

Gene Gun:

It is referred as particle bombardment or biolistics. Particles of gold or tungsten are coated with the DNA and
then shot into young plant cells.

Electroporation:

Formation of transient holes in cell membranes using electric pulses of high field strength this allows DNA to
enter as described above for bacteria.

78. What is Recombinant?

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 Recombinant is the anything which have the mixture of two hereditary materials one is of the organism and
the second is of the another which hereditary material is introduced into the body of first.

79. Advantages of Yeast in Recombinant?

Yeasts have been used for thousands of years in food and fermentation processes to produce alcoholic
beverages and breads. In recent times, the industrial importance of yeasts has extended beyond its
traditional use in fermentation into various healthcare sectors, such as in the production of therapeutic
recombinant proteins. Yeast cells are particularly advantageous as hosts for biopharmaceutical production in
that they are generally recognized as safe (GRAS) organisms.

80. Types of pollution?

There are different types of the pollution which are given below: Air pollution

Water pollution

Land pollution

Environmental pollution

Light pollution

Noise pollution

81. Mitochondrial disease & diabetes mellitus

Mitochondrial diseases are long-term, genetic, often inherited disorders that occur when mitochondria fail to
produce enough energy for the body to function properly.

Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly known as diabetes, is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by
high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period. Symptoms of high blood sugar include frequent urination,
increased thirst, and increased hunger. (Internet)

82. Transformation Plant?

Plant transformation is a scientific approach whereby DNA from any organism is inserted into the genome of
a species of interest. The inserted DNA is called a “transgene”, and the resulting plant is said to be
“transgenic”. Transgenic plants are vital for both research and agriculture.

83. Bioaccumulation ?
The collection of substances e.g. toxins and chemicals, in an organism‘s body is called bioaccumulation‖.

Sources: substances from any source e.g. air, water, soil, could be stocked through bioaccumulation.

Substances to be gathered through bioaccumulation have following properties;

They are preferably relentless, lipophilic and stable

Unable to translocate throughout the body

Have low catabolic rate

High affinity for proteins

Pollutants take entry to the organism‘s body or tissue through inhalation, ingestion, epithelial contact or by
additional means.

84. What is toxicity?

Toxicity is the degree to which a chemical substance or a particular mixture of substances can damage an
organism. Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as an animal, bacterium, or plant, as well
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as the effect on a substructure of the organism, such as a cell (cytotoxicity) or an organ such as the liver
(hepatotoxicity).

85. Use of recombinant yeast?

Yeast in medicine Industries

Pharmaceutical proteins comprise one of the fastest growing groups of molecular medicines and currently
play important roles in the treatment of many diseases. The estimated market value of biopharmaceuticals,
including recombinant therapeutic proteins, nucleic acid-based products, and engineered cell-based
products.

86. What is plac z expression vector?

Lac –Z promoter operator is in frame with lac-Z alpha fragment (the NH3 terminal part of Galactosidase
gene.

Multiple cloning sites are found in the border of NH3 end including ATG sequence.

The presence of such restriction site sequences should not disturb the functional activity of the protein,
which complements with the omega fragment of the Lac-Z produced by the bacterial cell as the complement.

If any gene is placed in proper frame in the MCS the protein expressed will be is fused form. The expression
of the gene can be regulated by IPTG (Isopropyl thio b-Galactoside).

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