IT

Q1.DATA:-
In computing, data is information that has been translated into a form that is efficient for
movement or processing. Relative to today's computers and transmission media, data is
information converted into binary digital form. It is acceptable for data to be used as a
singular subject or a plural subject.
Q2.Characteristics of Computer :-
Speed
A computer works with much higher speed and accuracy compared to humans while
performing mathematical calculations. Computers can process millions (1,000,000) of
instructions per second. The time taken by computers for their operations is microseconds
and nanoseconds.
Accuracy
Computers perform calculations with 100% accuracy. Errors may occur due to data
inconsistency or inaccuracy.
Diligence
A computer can perform millions of tasks or calculations with the same consistency and
accuracy. It doesn’t feel any fatigue or lack of concentration. Its memory also makes it
superior to that of human beings.
Versatility
Versatility refers to the capability of a computer to perform different kinds of works with
same accuracy and efficiency.
Reliability
A computer is reliable as it gives consistent result for similar set of data i.e., if we give same
set of input any number of times, we will get the same result.
Automation
Computer performs all the tasks automatically i.e. it performs tasks without manual
intervention.
Memory
A computer has built-in memory called primary memory where it stores data. Secondary
storage are removable devices such as CDs, pen drives, etc., which are also used to store
data.
Q3. Input and Output Devices of Computer:-
Input Devices:- An input device is a computer device that allows computer users to enter
data into a system and send instructions to the system to execute tasks accordingly.
Keyboard
The keyboard is the most fundamental input device of the computer. It is commonly used to
insert data on the computer by using keys mounted on a keyboard.
Mouse
A Mouse is a hand-supported device that enables computer users to move the cursor point
on the computer screen. A mouse consists of two buttons namely left and right on its top
portion and one trackball at its bottom. It works on a flat surface to select and move the
mouse around. The mouse as an input device was invented by Douglas C. Engelbart in 1063.
Joy Stick
Joystick comprises a stick connected to the base at an angle so that it can be easily moved
and controlled. It is mainly applied in controlling the movement of characters in video
games.
Scanner
A scanner is an input device that can scan different types of files of different formats like
images or text and then convert them into digital signals.
Output Devices :- An output device is a computer device that displays the result of the
inserted input data after getting processed from the CPU.
Monitor
The monitor is the main output device that displays all the data related to icons, text,
images, etc. on its screen.
Printer
A Printer is an output device that produces a copy of the pictorial or textual files generally
over a page.
Projector
A Projector is the output and optical device that presents visual contents like moving or
stationary images on the screen.
Q4.Hardware, Software, Human ware and firm ware :-
What is computer hardware?
Computer hardware is a collective term used to describe any of the physical components of
an analog or digital computer. The term hardware distinguishes the tangible aspects of a
computing device from software, which consists of written, machine-readable instructions
or programs that tell physical components what to do and when to execute the instructions.
Computer hardware components?
Motherboard. This is a printed circuit board that holds the central processing unit (CPU) and
other essential internal hardware and functions as the central hub that all other hardware
components run through.
CPU. The CPU is the brain of the computer that processes and executes digital instructions
from various programs; its clock speed determines the computer's performance and
efficiency in processing data.
RAM. RAM -- or dynamic RAM -- is temporary memory storage that makes information
immediately accessible to programs; RAM is volatile memory, so stored data is cleared
when the computer powers off.
Hard drive. Hard disk drives are physical storage devices that store both permanent and
temporary data in different formats, including programs, OSes, device files, photos, etc.

Software Definition :- Software is a set of instructions, data or programs used to operate

System software sits between the computer hardware and the application software. Users
do not interact directly with system software as it runs in the background, handling the
basic functions of the computer. This software coordinates a system's hardware and
software so users can run high-level application software to perform specific actions.
System software executes when a computer system boots up and continues running as
long as the system is on.
What is firmware?
Firmware is programming that's written to a hardware device's non-volatile memory. Non-
volatile memory is a form of static random access memory where the content is saved
when a hardware device is turned off or loses its external power source.

Types:-
Low-level firmware.
Low-level firmware is considered an intrinsic part of a device's hardware. It is often stored
on non-volatile, read-only chips like ROM and therefore cannot be rewritten or updated.
Devices containing low-level firmware have one-time programmable memory.
High-level firmware.
High level firmware does allow updates and is generally more complex than low-level
firmware. In a computer, high-level firmware resides on flash memory chips.
Subsystem firmware.
Subsystem firmware often comes as part of an embedded system. It is comparable to high-
level firmware in that it can be updated and is more complex than low-level firmware. One
example is a server's power subsystem, which is a piece of server hardware that functions
semi-independently from the server.
Humanware:-
Humanware is defined in IT as hardware or software that is built around user capabilities
and user needs. This often involves creating a particular visual or physical interface for a
given set of users. The design and engineering of humanware starts with the user's
interests and needs first, and designs the infrastructure accordingly.
Q5. Classification Of Computer :-
The computer systems can be classified as:-
1.Super computers : The super computers are the most high performing system. A
supercomputer is a computer with a high level of performance compared to a general-
purpose computer. The actual Performance of a supercomputer is measured in FLOPS
instead of MIPS.
2.Mainframe computers : These are commonly called as big iron, they are usually used by
big organisations for bulk data processing such as statics, census data processing,
transaction processing and are widely used as the servers as these systems has a higher
processing capability as compared to the other classes of computers.
3.Mini computers : These computers came into the market in mid 1960s and were sold at a
much cheaper price than the main frames, they were actually designed for control,
instrumentation, human interaction, and communication switching as distinct from
calculation and record keeping, later they became very popular for personal uses with
evolution. 
4.Analog : An analog computer is a form of computer that uses the continuously-
changeable aspects of physical fact such as electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic quantities
to model the problem being solved. 
5.Hybrid : A computer that processes both analog and digital data, Hybrid computer is a
digital computer that accepts analog signals, converts them to digital and processes them
in digital form
Q6. Different Number system:-. Different Number system:-
The number system is something we use every day to complete our tasks and routine
activities. For this, we have a system in place with unique symbols and specific values. This
system becomes what we call a number system helping us calculate everything.
There are four number systems that a computer supports. They are – 
Binary
Octal
Decimal
Hexadecimal
1. Decimal Number System
The decimal number system is the most common number system we use in our daily lives.
This number system has only 10 digits as it uses numbers from 0 and ends at 9. All digits
have their own place value according to their position.With each movement from right to left,
the number value increases by 10. The position on the left of the decimal is for tens,
hundreds, thousands, and so on units.
2. Octal Number System
The octal number system as the name suggests has a base of eight numbers. The digits
used are – 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7. Every position in an octal number has 0 power of the base.The
last digit of an octal number has the x power of the base. This number system is not very
common and used mostly when the number of bits is a multiple of 3. UNIX system and
UTF8 numbers use it as a shorthand for file representation.
3. Hexadecimal Number System:- Computers find it easy to understand the binary number
system and that’s not the case with humans as well. Especially when working on a large
number, only binary becomes more prone to errors and mistakes.
Q7.