BLOCK DIAGRAM

Circuit Circuit Circuit

12V 240V On
Off Relay Delay
Relay Timer

12V Timer 240V

Timer On On
5 Delay Delay
Timer Timer

Solar Grid Gen

SELECTION OF BEST SCHEMATIC

The functional block diagram was used to generate schematics. The various schematics were

simulated with Proteus, and the results were compared to determine the optimal schematic for

the design.

3.9 ACQUISITION OF COMPONENTS TO BUILD THE DESIGN

A survey was carried out to determine the availability of the components and their costs on local

marketplaces as well as via the use of the internet medium. The components that were

unavailable in the local market were acquired online with the lowest possible cost and highest

quality in mind.

3.10 BUILDING AND TESTING OF THE DESIGN

A test was carried out on the solar batteries to know the drainage voltage ability (when the

battery is low) and charged voltage ability (when the battery is full). Based on

“ingeniovirtual.com” when the battery is at 20% the voltage rating is 11.58V and at 10.50

implies the battery has drained to 0%, that means the battery has to be charged. When the battery

is at 80% the voltage rating is at 12.42V and at 13V when the battery is completely charged.

After completing the necessary testing, the circuit was assembled in an enclosure. The ATS has

three sources with solar as the major source, grid and generator as the alternate sources. The ATS

takes advantage of the battery charging protection circuit which acts in such a manner that, when

the battery capacity is at 20% the ATS turns off the solar contactors and thereby shifting the

source to the next available power source which is the grid and generator. When grid is the

available source, it is the next source which is being switched to by the ATS. When grid is not
accessible or there is outage the ATS activates the generator making it the available source.

When the generator is operating and the grid is restored, the ATS then stabilize the grid power to

prevent fluctuations and also maintain consistent flow of current in the grid before automatically

switching from the generator to the grid and thereby shutting the generator off.

Also, when the solar batteries charges past 80% capacity, the ATS turns on the solar contactors,

therefore transferring the load back to solar even while the grid is available.

CHAPTER FOUR

TEST, RESULTS AND DISCUSSSIONS

4.1 COMPONENTS TESTING AND RESULTS

The significance of testing in the field of Electronic and Electrical Engineering before, during,

and after design implementation cannot be overstated. This is critical because it is necessary to

examine the functions and operating conditions of components before employing them in a

circuit. Depending on the type of test, several instruments and equipment are available for doing

it. Circuits might also be simulated using various software tools to see how they perform and

make any required modifications and tweaks before being implemented on hardware. The

multimeter, variable and fixed dc supplies, and variable and fixed ac supplies were employed as

test equipment throughout the implementation of these circuits. The 230V relays were examined

individually to ensure they were in good working order. The relay was connected to the base, and

a fixed 240V a.c source was used to power it through pins A1 and A2 (the coil), and it was

proven to function. The connections Normally Open (N.O) and Normally Close (N.C) were also

examined in the continuity range with a multimeter. When the relay was not connected to power
(i.e., when the relay was not activated), the N.C contacts were short circuited and open circuited.

However, when the relay was de-powered, the N.O contacts were open circuited, and when it

was activated, they were short circuited.

The contactor was tested using a generator supply and a 60W bulb as the load. The power supply

was linked to the contactor through terminals A1 and A2 (coil).

A 240V was also supplied to the contactor coil via pins A1 and A2, and the coil energized

causing the contactor contacts to close. A power source was supplied to the incoming terminals

of the contactor. The value of the power was measured and compared to the measured values of

the outgoing terminals of the contactor when the contactor terminals closed. Both the incoming

and outcoming terminal values where the same value.

4.2 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

Design

This ATS design is for both single phase and three phase supplies. The circuit can be divided

into two major parts namely

The Power circuits

The Control circuits

Though these two circuits function in tandem, the control circuit is the device's brain box that

"gives commands." The design is an adaption of certain previously existing designs; however,

some changes have been made to guarantee that it addresses some difficulties not addressed in
prior designs. As a result, the circuit for this project task is intended to accomplish the following

functions.

a. Ensure that both sources of power do not supply at the same time and this is ensured

through its electrical interlocks.

b. It ensures that when primary supply (PHCN) is restored, it is monitored and confirmed

that it is not just momentary or a surge before it stops the generator and connects it to

load.

c. Ensures that the whole installation i.e., the device and the load is well protected with the

use of miniature circuit breakers

4.3 CONSTRUCTION

The Power section: The power section of the ATS is responsible for the switching

between alternate and primary source of supply. The circuit diagram for this is shown in

figure 4.1

The Control section: This is the brain box of the device. It regulates everything that

happens in the ATS and guarantees that the circuit operates exactly as it should.
CHAPTER FIVE

RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION

5.1 Conclusion

An automated power transition switch was devised and built. The prototype of the automated

power changeover switch performed admirably and in accordance with the specifications. The

equipment is reasonably priced, dependable, and simple to use. When there is a power outage,

the burden for workforce transition is reduced. The automated changeover system is extremely

useful in any situation where continuous power is required. When the dependability on the solar

supply is poor and continuity of supply is required, the automated changeover system changes to

an alternate source from the main supply and vice versa. This article planned and executed a

low-cost automated changeover system for usage primarily in many areas.

5.2 Recommendation

The following are some recommendations based on the knowledge gained throughout the course

of this study.

1. Further studies may be required to improve in optimizing performance and the

incorporation of better response times could easily be implemented in the future.

2. The practical session carried out during the course of study should be review to meet up

with the current trends of study in order advanced part of the world.

This project might also require further effort to improve it functionality.