Journal of Control, Automation and Electrical Systems (2019) 30:812–821

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40313-019-00488-5

A Dynamic Load Controller for a Standalone Solar PV System

Employing a Dual Input/Output Biphase dc–dc Converter
I. Anand1 · Diksha Agarwal1 · S. Senthilkumar1 · B. Malakondareddy1

Received: 19 January 2019 / Revised: 20 April 2019 / Accepted: 5 June 2019 / Published online: 21 June 2019
© Brazilian Society for Automatics–SBA 2019

Abstract
A load matching system which utilizes a time-sharing controller for an standalone solar PV system employing a Dual
Input/Output Biphase Buck dc–dc Converter is presented here. The load matching system consists of an integrated load voltage
and MPPT controller to regulate power flow between a standalone dc load, solar PV and a battery. The Dual Input/Output
Biphase Buck dc–dc Converter incorporates the advantages of both multiport converters used for standalone systems and the
multiphase converters used for low voltage and high-current applications. The steady-state analysis of the proposed system
is performed by deriving the appropriate analytical equations and computing using the MATLAB programming language. A
dynamic model of the Dual Input/Output Biphase Buck dc–dc Converter is developed and has been used for simulating the
dynamic performance of the proposed load matching system. The efficacy of the proposed load matching scheme was also
validated through experimentation under various operating conditions.

Keywords Power conversion · Batteries · Multiphase converter · Multiport circuits

Nomenclature d Sb2 Duty ratio of the second phase switch Sb2

DIOBB Dual input/output biphase buck vpv Solar PV module voltage, V
DIBuM Dual-input buck mode Vbat Voltage of the battery, V
DOBuM Dual-output buck mode Tsw Switching period of the converter, s
MPP Maximum power point po Standalone dc load demand, W
MPPT Maximum power point tracking pbat Battery power, W
PWM Pulse width modulation ppv Solar PV power, W
dMPPT Control signal given by the MPPT control w.r.t. With respect to
dVolt Control signal given by the voltage control
m sel The mode select signal given by the mode
change control
1 Introduction
Vo∗ Standalone dc load reference voltage, V.
d So Duty ratio of the output switch So
Solar PV is an abundant renewable energy source that is
d Sb1 Duty ratio of the first phase switch Sb1
crucial in combating global warming and ensuring energy
security. It finds applications from a low-power microwatt
B S. Senthilkumar scale Internet of Things systems to rooftop systems serv-
skumar@nitt.edu
ing homes and to high-power grid-connected PV systems
I. Anand (Liu and Sánchez-Sinencio 2015; Ahmadi et al. 2017; Ito
407114008@nitt.edu
et al. 2003). In order to interface PV with electrical systems,
Diksha Agarwal power electronic converters are utilized to convert the solar
dikshaagarwal738@gmail.com
power of variable dc voltage to the voltage level required by
B. Malakondareddy a particular application.
kondareddy232@gmail.com
In general, a multiphase buck dc–dc converter is used
1 National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli, in low voltage and high-current applications (Gordillo and
Tiruchirappalli, India Aguilar 2017). The benefits of multiphase power converters

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are a reduction in inductor and capacitor sizes due to a reduc- surge demand and regenerative braking to protect the battery
tion in current ripples and better power handling capability. It from sudden changes in current.
is primarily used in electronic equipment which has very low By combining the multiport structure with the multiphase
voltage, but has high current requirement (Jiang and Fayed structure, the benefits of both can be attained for applications
2016; Ahn et al. 2014). Multiphase topologies were found to in the standalone PV systems. Multiport topologies provide
be better than the conventional dc–dc converter topologies a simpler centralized control and reduced number of compo-
for renewable energy systems due to their ability to reduce nents, while multiphase topologies provide reduced current
current ripples and losses (Dhople et al. 2012). ripple and component size. Jiang and Fayed (2016) proposed
In order to integrate intermittent renewable energy sources a single-input two-phase four-output buck converter with a
like wind and solar in standalone systems to provide contin- dual-frequency scheme, for powering digital signal proces-
uous power supply to loads, it is required to utilize storage sors and to reduce the size of phase inductors and limit output
devices such as batteries (Arul et al. 2015; Bouchebbat and frequency. Anand et. al. have proposed a power management
Gherbi 2017). This is achieved by using many dual dc–dc system for an isolated solar PV system utilizing a single
converters in parallel or a single multiport converter. Multi- inductor two input/two output dc–dc converter which uses
port converters have a centralized architecture that reduces a time-sharing controller to integrate voltage control with
complexity as compared to utilizing many dual port dc–dc MPPT for PV (Anand et al. 2018).
converters in the system (Sun et al. 2015; Liu and Chen This paper proposes a load matching system utiliz-
2009; Chen et al. 2013; Babaei and Abbasi 2016). Multi- ing time-sharing control required for a Two Input/Output
port topologies are broadly classified into (i) isolated and (ii) Biphase Buck dc–dc Converter utilizing a PV array and
non-isolated. Isolated topologies utilize coupled inductors battery energy storage to feed a standalone dc load under con-
which are expensive and are used where galvanic isolation ditions of variable PV power availability. The performance
is a necessity. However, they suffer from leakage losses due of the proposed system is presented by developing a dynamic
to imperfect coupling. Non-isolated topologies are inexpen- model of the biphase converter and utilizing it to simulate the
sive and do not suffer from leakage losses. Non-isolated proposed system in the MATLAB/Simulink environment. A
multi-input/output dc–dc converter topologies with a single prototype of the proposed load matching system is developed.
inductor have been discussed in Rehman et al. (2015). The simulation and hardware results presented validate the
Ganjavi et al. (2018) have proposed a single-input–dual- efficacy of the proposed load matching scheme.
output three-level dc–dc converter that is capable of stepping
up and stepping down of dc voltage. Ray et al. (2015) have
proposed an integrated single-input–multi-output dc–dc con- 2 Dual Input/Output Biphase Buck dc–dc
verter with one boost and many buck output voltages. A Converter
simple controller utilizing standard closed-loop control struc-
tures for the buck and boost converter with compensator is The dual input/output biphase buck (DIOBB) dc–dc con-
explained. Santhosh and Govindaraju (2017) have proposed a verter is shown in Fig. 1. It consists of a PV array interfaced
two input/output dc–dc converter for electric vehicles to con- to a two-phase buck converter by switch Spv . A lead acid bat-
trol two loads of different voltages independently using one tery is interfaced to the multiphase buck converter by means
step ahead controller. Cao and Emadi (2012) have proposed of switch Sbati and diode Dbati to act as an input. The diode
a dual-input configuration for a vehicle using a battery and Dbato makes the battery to act as a load. The dc load is inter-
an ultra-capacitor. The ultra-capacitor is used during times of faced to the biphase buck converter by means of the switch
So . The capacitors Cpv and Co are placed across the PV array

Fig. 1 Dual-input–dual-output
interleaved buck converter

Sb1 Dbati S
bati
L1 il1
Spv So Dbato
ibat

ipv L2 il2 io
vbat
+
+
vpv Cpv Db1 Co Ro vo
− Sb2 Db 2
−

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Sb1 L1 il1
i
Spv So Dbato ibat
L2 il2
ipv io vbat
+
vpv+ Cpv Db1 Co Ro vo
− Db2 −
Sb2

(a)
(a)

Sb1 D
batiSbati L1 il1
Spv So Dbato ibat
L2 il2
ipv io vbat
+
vpv+ Cpv Db1 Co Ro vo
− Db2 −
Sb2
(b)
(b)
Fig. 2 The DIOBB converter in a dual-output buck mode and b dual-
input buck mode

and the dc load to reduce voltage and current ripples of the

PV array and the dc load respectively. The biphase converter
has two phases. The first phase is made by the switch Sb1 , the
(c)
inductor L 1 and the freewheeling diode Db1 , and the second
phase is made by Sb2 , L 2 and Db2 .
The converter operates in two modes namely the dual-
input buck mode (DIBuM) and the dual-output buck mode
(DOBuM) shown in Fig. 2. During excess PV power, it oper-
ates in the DOBuM and during inadequate PV power, it
operates in the DIBuM.
During the DIBuM, both the PV array and the battery
are used as power sources for the dc load. It has six states
of operation, and the respective circuits and waveforms are
shown in Fig. 3. In the first three states 11–13 (0 to Tsw /2),
the first phase is active and the second phase is freewheeling
to the load. It is vice versa for states 21–23 (Tsw /2 to Tsw ).
In the state 11 (0 to t11 ), the inductor L 1 is energized by
the PV array through the dc load. This is followed by the
charging through the battery in state 12 (t11 to t12 ). In state
13 (t12 to Tsw /2), both the inductors freewheel to the dc load.
The same set of events happen for the inductor L 2 of the
second phase during states 21–23 (Tsw /2 to Tsw ), with the
first phase inductor freewheeling. The dynamic model of the
system during the DIBuM is as follows:
⎡ dvpv ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
d d
0 − MPPT − MPPT 0 ⎡v ⎤
⎢ didtl ⎥ ⎢d 2Cpv 2Cpv
⎥ pv
⎢ 1 ⎥ ⎢ MPPT 1
⎥ ⎢ il1 ⎥
⎢ dt ⎥ ⎢ 2L 1 0 0 −
⎥⎣ ⎦
⎥ = ⎢ dMPPT
L1
⎢ dil ⎥ il2
⎢ 2 ⎥ ⎣ 2L 0 0 −
1
⎦
⎣ dt ⎦ 2 L2
vo
dvo 1 1 1
0 −
dt Co Co Ro C o
⎡ 1 ⎤
0
Cpv
⎢ dVolt + dMPPT 1
 ⎥
V 
⎢ 0 ⎥ bat
+ ⎢ 2 L1 ⎥ i (1) (d)
⎣ dVolt + dMPPT 1 0
⎦ pv
2 L2 Fig. 3 Dual-input buck mode
0 0

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Journal of Control, Automation and Electrical Systems (2019) 30:812–821 815

100
80

vo
60
40 (a)
20
1.0
0.8
0.0 0.6
0.2 0.4 at i
0.4 0.2 db
0.6
dSp 0.8 0.0
v 1.0
(b)
Fig. 4 DIBuM: variation in output voltage with respect to the variation
in duty ratios dbati and dVolt

The equation of the output voltage is found by performing

volt-sec analysis of the inductor L 1 and L 2 .

vo = d Spv vpv + dbati Vbat (2) (c)

The variation of vo w.r.t. to the duty ratios d Spv and d So for

a constant vpv = 120 V DC and Vbat = 72 V DC is shown in
Fig. 4. It is clear that the magnitude of vo depends on the time
fraction share of the battery voltage and the solar PV voltage
and their individual magnitudes. In this case, since the solar
PV has a higher voltage than the battery, the output voltage (d)
increases faster with the increase in d Spv than the increase in
dbati .
During the DOBuM, the PV array has surplus power and
feeds both the dc load and the battery. It has eight states of
operation as shown in Fig. 5. The first four states 11–14,
which occur during half of the switching period (0 to Tsw /2),
pertains to the first phase being active and the second phase
freewheeling to the load and the battery. In the state 11 (0 to
t11 ), the inductor L 1 is energized by the PV array through the
dc load. This is followed by the inductor charging through
the battery in state 12 (t11 to t12 ). In state 13 (t13 to Tsw /2), L 1
freewheels to the battery and is followed by state 14 (t13 to
Tsw /2) in which L 1 freewheels to the dc load. The same set of
events occur for the second phase (Tsw /2 to Tsw ) with the first
phase freewheeling. By performing volt second analysis on
the inductors L 1 and L 2 , the equation for the output voltage
due to either of the inductor is expressed as,
d 
Spv d So
vpv 2 − vbat 0.5 − 2
vo = d So
(3)
0.5 + 2

After applying superposition, the output voltage is,

    (e)
vpv d Spv − vbat 1 − d So
vo = (4) Fig. 5 Dual-output buck mode
1 + d So

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816 Journal of Control, Automation and Electrical Systems (2019) 30:812–821

⎡ dvpv ⎤ ⎡ d d ⎤
− MPPT − MPPT
dt
0 0
⎡vpv ⎤
⎢ dil1 ⎥ ⎢ dMPPT 2Cpv 2Cpv
⎥ i
⎢ dt ⎥ ⎢ 2L 0 0
d
− Volt
⎥ ⎣ l1 ⎦
⎢ ⎥ = ⎢d 1 L1
⎥ i
100 ⎢ dil2 ⎥ ⎣ MPPT dVolt
⎦ l2
⎣ dt ⎦ 2L 2
0 0 −
L2
vo
80 dvo 0
dVolt dVolt
−
1
vo

Co Co Ro C o
60 dt
⎡ 1 ⎤
40 0
⎥
Vbat 
 Cpv
20 ⎢− 1 − dVolt 1
+⎢ ⎥
0
⎣  2 L1 ⎦ ipv (5)
1 − dVolt 1
− 0
1.0 2 L2
0 0
0.8
0.6
d So

1.0
0.4 0.8
0.6
0.2 0.2
0.4 3 Proposed Control Strategy
0.0 d S pv
The time-sharing control strategy of the proposed load
Fig. 6 DOBuM: variation in output voltage with respect to the variation
in duty ratios d So and d Spv matching system involves the routing of power between the
PV, the battery and the dc load to achieve voltage regula-
tion for dc load and MPPT of PV array. The control system
consists of a voltage controller, MPPT controller, power mod-
The variation of vo w.r.t. variation in the duty ratios d Spv ulation control and mode change control as shown in Fig. 7.
and d So for a constant vpv = 120 V DC and Vbat = 72 V DC is The voltage controller regulates the output voltage of the
shown in the three-dimensional plot depicted in Fig. 6. It is dc load to Vo∗ of 48 V DC. An error amplifier generates error
seen from the three-dimensional plot and Eq. 4 that vo can be voltage signal voe by comparing Vo∗ and vo . The PI controller
regulated by varying the duty ratio d So . A rise in the output generates a voltage control signal dVolt based on per unit error
voltage can be countered by increasing d So and vice versa. voltage voepu . The MPPT controller uses the P&O algorithm
The dynamic model of the system during DOBuM is to extract maximum power from the PV array by generating
derived as, dMPPT .

(b)

(a)
(c)
Fig. 7 Proposed control strategy, a structure of the controller, b power flow during the DIBuM, c power flow during the DOBuM

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Journal of Control, Automation and Electrical Systems (2019) 30:812–821 817


  
The power modulation control takes the voltage control g Spv = gMPPT + gMPPT ⊕ g0.5 (19)
(dVolt ), the MPPT control (dMPPT ), mode change (m sel ) sig-   
   

nals and generates gate pulses for appropriate switches to gbati = gVolt ⊕ gMPPT + gVolt ⊕ gMPPT .m sel (20)
perform power modulation. It does this via arithmetic, log-     
ical operators and multiplexers. In the DOBuM, as shown gbato = gvfw + gvfw ⊕ g0.5 .m sel (21)
in Fig. 7c, the voltage control is performed by PWM of the g So = gbato (22)
switch So with the duty ratio dVolt . Gate signal g So is gener-
ated from dVolt . This satisfies the power demand by the load.
The mode change control sets the mode of operation of
The MPP of the PV is attained by PWM of the switches Sb1
the converter depending on the availability of the PV power
and Sb2 of the two phases proportional to dMPPT by gener-
and the dc load demand. It generates the mode signal m sel
ating g Sb1 and g Sb2 . Surplus power in this mode is diverted
which has a value of ‘1’ during the DIBuM and ‘0’ during
to the battery by controlling the time period of conduction
the DOBuM. Mode change is achieved by detecting inten-
of the diode Dbato . The relationships between duty ratios of
tional rise or fall in voltages created by surplus power and
switches and control signals in this mode are,
inadequate power, respectively. When the converter is oper-
ating in the DIBuM and there is a change in availability of
d So = dVolt (6)
PV power from inadequate to surplus, the MPPT control
d Spv = dMPPT (7) increases dMPPT beyond dVolt to extract maximum power.
d Sb1 = dMPPT (8) Since dMPPT cannot exceed dVolt , the MPPT control is lost.
Hence, in order to resume MPPT, dVolt is replaced by dMPPT .
d Sb2 = dMPPT (9)
This is achieved by signals m sel and dsel which controls the
Dbato = 1 − dVolt (10) 4:1 multiplexer. dsel is set to ‘1’ when dMPPT > dVolt . This
causes a rise in vo above Vo∗ . When vo > 48.5 V DC, the
Since, in this mode there is power surplus, the time fraction flip-flop in mode change control resets the mode signal m sel
of conduction for the MPPT control is greater than the voltage to ‘0’, shifting the converter to the DOBuM. Similarly in the
control. DOBuM, when there is a change in availability of PV power
from surplus to inadequate, dVolt rises and becomes greater
dMPPT ≥ dVolt (11) than dMPPT . Since, further power from the PV array is not
available, vo falls below Vo∗ and this is used as an indicator
In the DIBuM, as shown in Fig. 7b, the power modula- to change the mode to the DIBuM.
tion control performs PWM of the switches Sb1 and Sb2 to
ensure voltage regulation with duty ratio dVolt . The MPPT
is achieved by PWM of the switch Spv . The relationship
4 Simulation Results
between duty ratios of the switches and the control signals
in this mode is,
The dynamic response of the load matching system is simu-
lated in the MATLAB/Simulink environment. The dynamic
d Spv = dMPPT (12)
model (Eqs. 1, 5) developed for the DIOBB converter and
d Sb1 = dVolt (13) the control structure described in Sect. 3 is utilized in sim-
d Sb2 = dVolt (14) ulation. A 360 W PV array with MPP of 98 V, 3.67 A is
chosen for simulation. The values of capacitors Cpv and Co
d Sbati = dVolt − dMPPT (15) chosen are 1000 µF and inductors L 1 and L 2 are 10 µH.
The standalone dc load demand, PV insolation, and the bat-
In this mode, since there is power inadequacy, the time tery voltages are changed, and the response is observed. The
fraction of voltage control is greater than the MPPT control. switching frequency of the converter is 250 kHz. The PI con-
troller parameters used are k p = 3/48 and ki = 15/48, obtained
dMPPT ≤ dVolt (16) by trail and error.

The gate signals g Sb1 , g Sb2 and g Spv are generated by using
comparators and logic gates. The gate pulse logic block oper- 4.1 Case I: Response to Changes in the Battery
ates according to the following equations: Voltage and the Standalone DC Load Power
Demand
 
g Sb1 = gMPPT .m sel + gVolt .m sel (17)
  
Initially, the converter is operating at the DIBuM with PV
g Sb2 = gMPPT .m sel + gVolt .m sel ⊕ g0.5 (18) insolation of 300 W/m2 ( ppv = 108 W) and po of 144 W as

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Fig. 8 Case I: the response of the proposed system to the decrease in

the battery voltage and the standalone dc load demand Fig. 9 Case I: the response of the proposed system to the increase in
the battery voltage and the standalone dc load demand

shown in Fig. 8. The battery satisfies the power inadequacy

by supplying 48 W. The battery voltage is gradually changed (250 W/m2 ) and the battery supplementing with 24 W as
from 78 V at 0.25 s to 66 V at 0.75 s. There is a marginal shift shown in Fig. 10. At tVo∗ , the reference voltage is changed to
in dVolt and dMPPT to compensate for the decrease in vbat . 48 V. The power consumed by the resistive load increases to
At tlc1 , po is halved to 72 W. This results in surplus power 192 W. The voltage controller increases dVolt to 0.45 which
availability and a rise in vo . The voltage controller decreases regulates vo . The MPPT control increases dMPPT marginally
dVolt but since there is excess power, it goes below dMPPT . to 0.22 to maintain the PV at MPP.
However, the controller sets dVolt = dMPPT by generating sig- The simulation results show the dynamic response of the
nal dsel = 1. This results in voltage control loss and vo rise proposed system under various conditions, and they validate
above Vo∗ . This acts as a trigger for the mode change con- the efficacy of the proposed system.
trol, which changes the converter from the DIBuM to the
DOBuM. The voltage control is restored, and the excess PV
power of 27 W is diverted to the battery. This results in the 5 Experimental Results
regulation of vo to Vo∗ . Figure 9 shows the opposite case
i.e., when the dc load demand is doubled from 72 to 144 W A prototype of the DIOBB converter has been set up by
and the battery voltage is slowly increased. The controller designing a PCB layout using the KiCad software and sol-
responds accordingly to regulate the standalone dc load volt- dering the required components. The proposed load matching
age. system has been implemented in the dSpace DS1103 proto-
typing platform by programming in the MATLAB/Simulink
4.2 Case II: Response to Change in V∗o environment. Gating pulses were generated by using both
the dSpace platform and external digital logic circuits. The
Initially, the converter is operating in the DIBuM. A 36 V, entire experimental setup is shown in Fig. 11. The MOSFET
108 W resistive load is being supplied by a po = 90 W P80NF55 with ratings of 55 V, 80 A and ultrafast recovery

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Journal of Control, Automation and Electrical Systems (2019) 30:812–821 819

Fig. 11 Experimental setup

Table 1 Rating and parameters of the proposed load matching system

Parameter Model No Rating

Switches P80NF55 55 V, 80A

Diodes BYV32-200G 200 V, 16 A
Switching frequency – 200 KHz
Cpv , Co – 1000 uF, 63 V
L 1, L 2 744750560100 10 uH,11.4 A
Battery rating – 3 * 12 V, 7 Ah
Gate drive optocoupler FOD3182 2.5 A peak
Fig. 10 Case II: the response of the proposed system to change in Vo∗ Gate drive power supply TMH1215D ± 15 V,± 65 mA
Vmpp – 44 V
diode BYV-200G with ratings of 200 V, 16 A were used. The Impp – 2.1 A
values of the various electronic components used in the fabri- Pmpp – 92.4 W
cation of the converter are given in Table 1. The PI controller
parameters selected by trial and error are k p = 0.3/24 and ki =
2/24. The perturb factor for the MPPT control used is 0.25/s.
The vpv and ppv were averaged over a 10 ms interval, and the 92 W and a DC load of 57 W. Surplus power of 30 W is
MPPT control is run every 10 ms. Three 12 V, 7 Ah sealed lead fed to the battery as shown in Fig. 12. At tlc1 = 13 s, the
acid batteries were used in series to form a 36 V battery bank standalone dc load is reduced by half to 28 W. The voltage
for the system. A solar PV module with a Pmpp = 92.4 W, Vmpp controller reduces dVolt from 0.81 to 0.6 to regulate vo and
= 44 V and Impp = 2.1 A is emulated in a 2 kW Chroma solar the MPPT controller adjusts dMPPT to maintain operation at
simulator. Hall effect voltage transducers and current probes MPP. Now, pbat increases from − 30 to − 57 W (negative sign
were used to sense voltages and currents of the solar PV mod- indicates charging). At tlc2 = 32 s, po is doubled to 55 W. The
ule, the battery and the standalone dc load. Five gate drive PI controller responds by increasing dVolt to 0.8 to regulate
circuits with galvanic isolation have been fabricated using the standalone dc load voltage. Power supplied to the battery
the FOD3182SDV optocoupler and the TMH1215D isolated reduces to 33 W.
DC/DC converter chip. The DIOBB converter is operated
in various modes and subjected to changes in load and PV 5.2 Case II: The Response to Changes in the
insolation, and the response of the proposed load matching Standalone DC Load in the DIBuM
system is discussed below.
Initially, the DIOBB converter is operating in the DIBuM.
5.1 Case I: The Response to Changes in the The PV is subjected to an insolation of 250 W/m2 (23 W).
Standalone DC Load in the DOBuM The po is 30 W, resulting in a power deficit. The battery
supplements the PV power by supplying 15 W as shown
Initially, the DIOBB converter is operating in the DOBuM in Fig. 13. The controller duty ratios are dMPPT = 0.23
with the PV under full insolation (1000 W/m2 ) supplying and dVolt = 0.6. At tlc1 = 10s, po is increased to 61 W.

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Fig. 12 Case I: the response of the proposed system to changes in the Fig. 14 Case III: mode change from the DIBuM to the DOBuM and
standalone dc load at the DIBuM vice versa

5.3 Case III: Mode Change of the Converter in

Response to the Change in the Solar PV
Insolation

Initially, the converter is operating in the DIBuM with a ppv

of 24 W (300 W/m2 ). The standalone dc load demand is
19 W, and hence, the battery supplements an additional 4 W.
At tspv1 = 14 s, the solar PV insolation is gradually increased
to 450 W/m2 , resulting in a power surplus condition. Power
drawn from the battery reduces to zero, but due to excess
power, vo rises above Vo∗ . The mode change controller shifts
the converter to the DOBuM to divert excess power of 12 W to
the battery. The voltage control then regulates vo by control-
ling dVolt . At tspv2 , the solar PV insolation is then gradually
reduced back to 300 W/m2 . This results in power deficit con-
dition. The power supplied by the battery reduces to zero and
due to deficit, vo falls below Vo∗ . The mode change control
then shifts the converter to the DIBuM. The battery then com-
pensates for deficit from the solar PV module by supplying
5 W and the MPPT control adjusts dMPPT to adjust the PV to
Fig. 13 Case II: the response of the proposed system to changes in the its new MPP of 23 W (Fig. 14).
standalone dc load at the DIBuM

5.4 Efficiency of the Converter

The PI controller adjusts dVolt to 0.81 to draw more power The efficiency of the converter is the ratio of output power
from the battery (43 W) to regulate vo . At tlc2 = 37 s, po is to the input power in addition to the power used for the con-
reduced to 25 W. The PI controller adjusts dVolt to 0.58 to troller, digital logic ( pctrl ) and gate drive pgDrive . During the
regulate vo . The power drawn from the battery reduces to DOBuM, the outputs are the battery, the standalone dc load
10 W. and during the DIBuM, the output is the standalone dc load

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Journal of Control, Automation and Electrical Systems (2019) 30:812–821 821

alone. During the DIBuM, the battery and the PV array are Arul, P., Ramachandaramurthy, V. K., & Rajkumar, R. (2015). Con-
inputs. The efficiency of the converter is defined as, trol strategies for a hybrid renewable energy system: A review.
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 42, 597–608.
Babaei, E., & Abbasi, O. (2016). Structure for multi-input multi-output
po + pbat ∗ m sel
η= (23) dc–dc boost converter. IET Power Electronics, 9(1), 9–19.
ppv + pbat ∗ m sel + pctrl + pgDrive Bouchebbat, R., & Gherbi, S. (2017). A novel optimal control and
management strategy of stand-alone hybrid PV/wind/diesel power
The gate drive during experimentation consumed 4.5 W at system. Journal of Control, Automation and Electrical Systems,
28(2), 284–296.
200 kHz. The dSpace controller consumes a lot of power, but Cao, J., & Emadi, A. (2012). A new battery/ultracapacitor hybrid energy
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