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    Lecture 16

    Uploaded by

    Chauhdary Fazeel Ahmed
    This document discusses the determination of immediate or elastic settlement in soils. It explains that elastic settlement occurs in both clay and sand soils and depends on factors like load type, settlement location, and time. For clay soils, the elastic settlement or modulus of elasticity can be determined from in-situ and lab tests. For sand soils, the Schmertmann method uses a strain influence factor approach to calculate elastic settlement based on the soil's modulus of elasticity and applied load over time. The document provides an example problem demonstrating the use of the Schmertmann method to calculate elastic settlement in a layered sand stratum over 5 years.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Lecture 16

    Uploaded by

    Chauhdary Fazeel Ahmed
    36 views25 pages
    This document discusses the determination of immediate or elastic settlement in soils. It explains that elastic settlement occurs in both clay and sand soils and depends on factors like load type, settlement location, and time. For clay soils, the elastic settlement or modulus of elasticity can be determined from in-situ and lab tests. For sand soils, the Schmertmann method uses a strain influence factor approach to calculate elastic settlement based on the soil's modulus of elasticity and applied load over time. The document provides an example problem demonstrating the use of the Schmertmann method to calculate elastic settlement in a layered sand stratum over 5 years.

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    This document discusses the determination of immediate or elastic settlement in soils. It explains that elastic settlement occurs in both clay and sand soils and depends on factors like load type, settlement location, and time. For clay soils, the elastic settlement or modulus of elasticity can be determined from in-situ and lab tests. For sand soils, the Schmertmann method uses a strain influence factor approach to calculate elastic settlement based on the soil's modulus of elasticity and applied load over time. The document provides an example problem demonstrating the use of the Schmertmann method to calculate elastic settlement in a layered sand stratum over 5 years.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    36 views25 pages

    Lecture 16

    Uploaded by

    Chauhdary Fazeel Ahmed
    This document discusses the determination of immediate or elastic settlement in soils. It explains that elastic settlement occurs in both clay and sand soils and depends on factors like load type, settlement location, and time. For clay soils, the elastic settlement or modulus of elasticity can be determined from in-situ and lab tests. For sand soils, the Schmertmann method uses a strain influence factor approach to calculate elastic settlement based on the soil's modulus of elasticity and applied load over time. The document provides an example problem demonstrating the use of the Schmertmann method to calculate elastic settlement in a layered sand stratum over 5 years.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    In the name of God, the Gracious, the Merciful.

    1. Say, “He is God, the One.


    2. God, the Absolute.
    3. He begets not, nor was He begotten.
    4. And there is nothing comparable to Him.”
    [112:1-4]

    “When the Qur’an is read, listen to it with


    attention, and remain silent, that you may receive
    mercy.” [7:204]
    2
    Bearing capacity [Highlights]

    1. Introduction to FE
    2. Types of foundation
    3. Bearing capacity/shear failure of shallow foundation
    4. Bearing capacity analysis of shallow foundation
    5. Bearing capacity analysis of deep foundation
    6. Field tests

    3
    Settlement [Highlights]

    1. Introduction
    2. Types of settlement
    3. Fundamentals of consolidation
    4. One-dimensional (1D) consolidation test/Oedometer test
    5. Consolidation settlement determination
    6. Immediate/ elastic settlement determination

    4
    Lecture-16
    Settlement and Consolidation

    Dr. Zia ur Rehman

    5
    Contents

    1. Introduction
    2. Types of settlement
    3. Fundamentals of consolidation
    4. One-dimensional (1D) consolidation test/Oedometer test
    5. Consolidation settlement determination
    6. Immediate/ elastic settlement determination

    6
    6 Immediate/elastic settlement (Se) determination
    Elastic settlement or immediate settlement (Se), which is caused by the elastic
    deformation of dry soil and of moist and saturated soils without any change in the
    moisture content. The completion time is usually few days (say about 7 days). Usually
    this type of settlement is completed during the construction period and is called built-in
    settlement.

    6.1 Immediate/ elastic settlement determination in clay


    6.2 Immediate/ elastic settlement determination in sand
    Soil Settlement:
    Total Soil Settlement = Elastic Settlement + Consolidation Settlement

    Stotal = Se + Sc

    {
    Load Type (Rigid; Flexible)

    Elastic Settlement or Immediate Settlement depends on

    Settlement Location (Center or Corner)

    Theory of Elasticity

    Elastic Settlement
    { Time Depended Elastic Settlement (Schmertman & Hartman Method (1978)

    Elastic settlement occurs in sandy, silty, and clayey soils.


    6.1 Immediate/elastic settlement (Se) determination in
    clay
    Determination of Es using in-situ and lab test
    6.1 Immediate/elastic settlement (Se) determination in
    clay
    Determination of Es
    6.1 Immediate/elastic settlement (Se) determination in
    clay
    Determination of Es in layered stratum
    6.2 Immediate/elastic settlement (Se) determination in
    sand
    The settlement of granular soils can also be evaluated by the use of a semi-empirical
    strain influence factor proposed by Schmertmann et al. (1978). According to this
    method (Figure), the settlement is
    6.2 Immediate/elastic settlement (Se) determination in
    sand
    6.2 Immediate/elastic settlement (Se) determination in
    sand

    Square footing
    Influence zone (z2) = 2B
    Max. settlement (z1) = 0.5B Strip footing
    Influence zone (z2) = 4B
    Max. settlement (z1) = B
    6.2 Immediate/elastic settlement (Se) determination in
    sand
    6.2 Immediate/elastic settlement (Se) determination in
    sand
    Methodology to solve numerical using Schmertmann method
    6.2 Immediate/elastic settlement (Se) determination in
    sand
    Methodology to solve numerical
    6.2 Immediate/elastic settlement (Se) determination in
    sand
    Problem
    6.2 Immediate/elastic settlement (Se) determination in
    sand
    Problem
    6.2 Immediate/elastic settlement (Se) determination in
    sand
    Problem
    6.2 Immediate/elastic settlement (Se) determination in
    sand
    Problem
    6.2 Immediate/elastic settlement (Se) determination in
    sand
    Problem
    Calculate the settlement of granular stratum following the Schmertmann’s method for
    loading conditions illustrated in Figure 1 for a five years creep period. Modulus of
    elasticity is 2.5qc, and values of qc at different depths are given in Table

    z (m) qc (kPa)
    0-1 2500

    1-3 3500

    3-3.5 7200

    3.5-4.5 3000

    4.5-6 8000
    6.2 Immediate/elastic settlement (Se) determination in
    sand
    z vs Iz z vs Es
    Problem Iz Es (kPa)
    Es (kPa) =
    z (m) qc (kPa)
    2.5qc 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0 5000 10000 15000 20000
    0 0
    0-1 2500 6250
    1-3 3500 8750
    1 1
    3-3.5 7200 18000
    3.5-4.5 3000 7500
    2 2
    4.5-6 8000 20000 z (m)

    z (m)
    3 3

    4 4

    5 5

    6 6
    6.2 Immediate/elastic settlement (Se) determination in
    sand
    Problem
    z vs Iz z vs Es
    Iz at middle of (Iz/Es)Dz Iz Es (kPa)
    Layers Dz(m) Es (kPa)
    layer (m3/kN) 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0 5000 10000 15000 20000
    1 1 6250 0.3 0.000048 0 0

    2 2 8750 0.55 0.000125714


    1 1
    3 0.5 18000 0.31 8.61111E-06
    4 1 7500 0.2 2.66667E-05 2 2
    5 0.7 20000 0.06 0.0000021
    Sum 0.000211092

    z (m)

    z (m)
    3 3

    C1 = 0.89
    4 4
    C2 = 1.34
    5 5

    6 6

    Se = (0.89)(1.34)(182-32)(0.000211) = 0.038 m
    Se = 38 mm
    Thanks.

    Reference:
    Foundation Engineering by Braja M. Das

    “The one thing an engineer


    should be afraid of is the
    development of conditions on
    the job/site which he has not
    anticipated”
    Karl Terzaghi (1883-1963)

    25

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