Digestion involves breaking down large food molecules into smaller molecules so they can be absorbed by the body. The digestive system includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and accessory organs like the liver, gallbladder and pancreas. In the mouth, teeth and saliva begin breaking down food. The stomach contains acid and enzymes that further break it down. The small intestine completes digestion and absorbs nutrients with help from pancreatic juices and bile. Undigested waste is eliminated through the large intestine and rectum. Enzymes play a key role in digestion by breaking proteins into amino acids, carbohydrates into sugars, and fats into fatty acids. A balanced diet with carbohydrates, proteins,
Digestion involves breaking down large food molecules into smaller molecules so they can be absorbed by the body. The digestive system includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and accessory organs like the liver, gallbladder and pancreas. In the mouth, teeth and saliva begin breaking down food. The stomach contains acid and enzymes that further break it down. The small intestine completes digestion and absorbs nutrients with help from pancreatic juices and bile. Undigested waste is eliminated through the large intestine and rectum. Enzymes play a key role in digestion by breaking proteins into amino acids, carbohydrates into sugars, and fats into fatty acids. A balanced diet with carbohydrates, proteins,
Digestion involves breaking down large food molecules into smaller molecules so they can be absorbed by the body. The digestive system includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and accessory organs like the liver, gallbladder and pancreas. In the mouth, teeth and saliva begin breaking down food. The stomach contains acid and enzymes that further break it down. The small intestine completes digestion and absorbs nutrients with help from pancreatic juices and bile. Undigested waste is eliminated through the large intestine and rectum. Enzymes play a key role in digestion by breaking proteins into amino acids, carbohydrates into sugars, and fats into fatty acids. A balanced diet with carbohydrates, proteins,
Digestion involves breaking down large food molecules into smaller molecules so they can be absorbed by the body. The digestive system includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and accessory organs like the liver, gallbladder and pancreas. In the mouth, teeth and saliva begin breaking down food. The stomach contains acid and enzymes that further break it down. The small intestine completes digestion and absorbs nutrients with help from pancreatic juices and bile. Undigested waste is eliminated through the large intestine and rectum. Enzymes play a key role in digestion by breaking proteins into amino acids, carbohydrates into sugars, and fats into fatty acids. A balanced diet with carbohydrates, proteins,
Macromolecule and Enzyme What is digestion? The body carries out digestion of food to convert large insoluble food molecules into smaller soluble ones. carbohydrate molecule protein molecule fat sugar molecule molecule Small food molecules can pass through the walls of the small intestine and then dissolve into the blood stream. Large food molecules cannot do this. The Digestive System Let’s find out what happened to your breakfast today! •Mouth •Esophagus •Stomach •Small Intestine •Large Intestine •Rectum •Anus •Liver •Gall Bladder •Pancreas Mouth •Teeth (Mechanical Digestion) •Mastication or chewing •Saliva (Chemical Digestion) •Enzyme - Amylase •Breaks down starch FOOD = BOLUS Esophagus • moves food from the throat to the stomach • muscle movement called peristalsis •Epiglottis – prevents choking and food going to wrong direction, first part of peristaltic movement FOOD = BOLUS Stomach • a muscular bag filled with hydrochloric acid (HCl) that kills bacteria and activates the enzyme in the stomach FOOD = CHYME food enters from the gullet
food leaves muscle the tissue stomach Small Intestines (7m)
•Duodenum – where liver and
pancreas are connected, connected to stomach chemical digestion occurs •Jejunum – middle •Ileum – where absorption takes place Small intestines – Absorption in the ileum • lining of the ileum has a very large surface area – quick and efficient absorption • presence of Villi – tiny finger like projections that further increases the surface area for absorption AT LAST FOOD IS ABSORBED IN TO YOUR CELLS !!! And that is ASSIMILATION! Large Intestines (5ft) •Two parts •Colon – absorb remaining water contents •Appendix – no function
•Absorption of water and elimination of waste material Rectum and Anus Rectum – stores the feces Anus – expels the feces Accessory organs Not part of digestive system but plays an IMPORTANT ROLE in digestion •Liver •Gall bladder •Pancreas Liver •Secretes BILE
emulsification – turning fats into emulsion of tiny droplets Liver Processes, breaks, builds and stores carbohydrates and amino acids
•Glucagon signal: Converts glycogen glucose Love your Liver as how it loves you ♥♥
• Excess amino acid can
harm your body, the liver converts them to urea •Drinking alcohol is possible because the liver has an enzyme that can break it down and DETOXIFY you – but too much will destroy it Gall Bladder •Temporary storage for bile Pancreas •Secretes hormones for glucose control •Insulin – lowers blood glucose •Glucagon – raises blood glucose Summary of parts: •Green: Esophagus •Red: Stomach •Pink: Small Intestine •Brown: Large Intestine •Purple: Liver •Green: Gall Bladder •Yellow: Pancreas MACROMOLECULES: - A large and insoluble food molecule.
• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Lipids Carbohydrates Starchy foods contain carbohydrates which are made of long chains of identical small sugar molecules. carbohydrate one sugar molecule molecule
The long chains of carbohydrates are broken down into
the smaller sugar molecules by the body.
The small molecules from carbohydrates are used by the
body to release energy and make the body work. Carbohydrates are the body’s main source of energy. They come in two kinds: Simple carbohydrates (simple sugars) - these can provide a lot of energy for immediate use, but contain no other useful nutrients.
Complex carbohydrates (starches)
- these are good sources of energy. The body can easily store energy from carbohydrates for rapid use by the muscles, so they are particularly important for athletes. Foods containing carbohydrates Breads Rice
Fruit Biscuits
Pasta
Potatoes Breakfast cereals Root vegetables Proteins Proteins, like carbohydrates, are made of long chains of small molecules. In proteins, these small molecules are not identical.
protein one molecule amino acid Proteins are made up of chains of small molecules called amino acids. There are over 20 different kinds of amino acid. Proteins are used by the body for growth and repair. Foods containing proteins
Eggs
Meat Fish
Lentils
Chick peas Nuts FUNCTION OF PROTEINS FUNCTION EXAMPLE MOVEMENT Myosin and Actin- the muscle protein, responsible chiefly for muscle contraction.
STRUCTURE Collagen- the most abundant protein in the human body. It
forms the bones, skins, tendons, and cartilage.
REGULATION Enzymes- act as a catalyst that regulates the speed of chemical
reactions in the body.
TRANSPORT Haemoglobin- the iron-protein compound in RBC. It carries
oxygen through the bloodstream.
NUTRITION Casein- constitute about 80% of the total proteins in cow’s milk
DEFENSE Antibodies- AKA immunoglobulin, a defense against invasion by
foreign substances. Important component of the immune system. Fats Fats are made up of fat molecules which contain fatty acids and glycerol.
fat fatty molecule acids
glycerol Fat molecules have to be broken down by the body so that they can be used for energy storage. Fats are also used by the body to keep heat in and to make cell membranes. There are two types of fats:
Saturated fats – these are usually
found in foods such as milk, butter, cheese and meat.
Unsaturated fats – these are usually
found in foods such as fish oils, cooking oils and sunflower seed oil. Foods containing fats Cooking oil Butter
Cheese Margarine
Sausages
Cakes Cream Digestive Enzymes How do digestive enzymes help the process of digestion?
Digestive enzymes are the chemicals that break
large insoluble food molecules into smaller soluble molecules. Different types of digestive enzymes: Digestive enzymes are classified by the type of food that they affect, so there are three main types:
carbohydrase/amylase – breaks carbohydrate into
smaller sugars. protease – breaks protein into amino acids. lipase – breaks fat into fatty acids and glycerol. A balanced diet Humans need to consume a balanced diet which contains a variety of different types of food. The main nutrients the body needs are: carbohydrates for energy; proteins for growth and repair; fats to store energy; glycogen
vitamins and minerals to keep the body healthy.
The amount of each food type needed is related to the proportions in the food pyramid. Everyone, whether involved in sport or not, should try to eat a healthy, balanced diet. A balanced diet includes all the things that your body needs. To achieve this, you need to eat carbs a range of different types of food in the right proportions. vitamins pork leg and minerals rice vegetables chicken
proteins fats fats Vitamins Your body needs vitamins to help it work normally. Vitamins are needed for many functions including: releasing energy from food repair and growth of tissues resisting infection and disease regulating chemical reactions in the body. Fruits and vegetables contain a lot of vitamins. Vitamins This table gives information about some important vitamins:
Vitamin Found in Why is it needed
Vitamin A Fish, milk, vegetables, Eyesight, healthy eggs and cheese skin
Vitamin C Fruit (especially citrus Healthy teeth and gums,
fruits) and vegetables avoiding scurvy lack of vit c
Vitamin B1 Whole-grain foods, nuts Breaking down
and meat carbohydrates
Vitamin D Animal products. Also made Absorbing calcium and
in the body when the sun phosphorous, avoiding shines on the skin rickets lack of vit d Water The body is mainly composed of water.
Approximately 60% of an adult’s weight and approximately 80% of a child’s weight is made up 60% of water. 80% It is vitally important that you drink enough water. Dehydration can seriously damage performance. important
Water plays an integral part in
regulating our body temperature.
When it is hot, the body secretes
water as sweat. As the sweat evaporates off our skin, helping the body to stay cool.
We also lose water through
breathing. This is why glass mists up when we breathe on it – the water vapour in our breath condenses on the cold surface. Water and health Drinking adequate amounts of water regularly throughout the day can help to protect health and contribute to well-being. *kidney uses water to remove toxins in our body can help prevent a range of health problems including headaches, bladder, kidney and bowel problems and even cancer. does not contain sugar, additives, sweeteners, acids or caffeine, all of which are associated with health problems. can aid learning – when you are thirsty, mental performance deteriorates by 10%. It is easier to concentrate when you are not distracted by effects of dehydration such as thirst, tiredness and irritability.
