A

‘PROJECT REPORT’
ON

“SOLAR INVERTER”
Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirement
for the Diploma in Electrical Engineering

Submitted By:
Mr. Meghraj S. Gadai Mr. Jayesh V. Bagade
Miss. Arpita S. Chamate Miss. Shravni S. Kale
Mr. Tanmay S. Watkar Miss. Prachi P. Gaikwad

Under the guidance of

PROF. S. A. SHIRBHATE
(Lecturer in Electrical Engineering Department)

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, YAVATMAL

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL
ENGINERRING (2022-23)
 GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, YAVATMAL

2022-23
Department of Electrical Engineering

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the following group of students under
guidance in satisfactory manner as a partial fulfillment of

DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT.

Submitted By:
Mr. Meghraj S. Gadai Mr. Jayesh V. Bagade
Miss. Arpita S. Chamate Miss. Shravni S. Kale
Mr. Tanmay S. Watkar Miss. Prachi P. Gaikwad

Name & signature of Guide Name & signature of HOD

Prof. S.A. Shirbhate Prof. M.G. Dhok

Name & signature of Principal

Dr. R.P. Mogre
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It a pleasure for us to add heartfelt words for the people who were the
part of this project planning in numerous ways who gave us ending
support right from the stage the idea was conceived.

It is great opportunity to render our sincere thanks to our internal

guide. Prof. S. A. Shirbhate, for his continued and valuable support during the
project planning. We are very much thankful to Prof. M. G. Dhok, Head of the
Department, Electrical Engineering. We are also very thankful to our Principal
Dr. R. P. Mogre Sir for being constant motivation source fours.

We express our deep gratitude to all teaching and non- teaching staff
members of college for help throughout provoking discussions, valuable
suggestions extended to us with immense care, zeal and cooperation throughout
our work.

Our apologies for any oversights or shortcomings in the details provided

in this report. Last but not least we thank our family members and friends for
being a constant source of encouragement throughout this period.

Projectee’s:-
Mr. Meghraj S. Gadai Mr. Jayesh V. Bagade

Miss. Arpita S. Chamate Miss. Shravni S. Kale

Mr. Tanmay S. Watkar Miss. Prachi P. Gaikwad

 ABSTRACT

We live in a wired world, where nearly everything in our lives requires a steady supply
of electricity to remain in operation. Sometimes extreme weather conditions, car
accidents, falling trees, unusually high power demands, or even damage caused by
animals can cause severe disruptions in a local or regional electrical grid, leaving our
home without electricity for hours or more at a time.

So, we use inverter in our houses. Inverters are widely used in the domestic as well as
industrial environments to serve as a second line of source. A solar inverter’s main job
is to convert DC power generated from the photovoltaic cell into AC power. inverters
go a step further and work with batteries to store excess power as well.

To solve this problem, we made a “Inverter with Solar Battery Charging”. This project
is designed in such a way that it overcomes the limitation by the use of only solar
energy. Electricity from the solar panel is generated only during the day, with peak
generation around midday.

The use of solar panel to charge the battery gives an additional advantage of surplus
power in case the power outage of mains is prolonging. Thus this inverter can last for
longer duration’s and provides uninterrupted power supply to the user.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Sr. Content Page No.
no.
1. Abstract

2 Chapter 1
Introduction

1.1 Project Objective

1.2 Working Principle

3. Chapter 2
Literature Survey

4. Chapter 3
Methodology

3.1 Circuit Diagram

3.2 Working Explanation

3.3 Recourses consumable requirment

5. Reference and Bibliography

 CHAPTER : 1

INTRODUCTION

Inverter using solar charger is combination of charger circuit and inverter circuit. In
charger circuit, 12v battery charged by two source one being solar power supply and
another being main power supply that reason this project is called hybrid.

Our main motive is utilized the solar energy because our conventional energy is
limited. Efficiency of charging through solar panel depend on weather condition.

Usually the solar panel gets four to five hours of bright sunlight in a day. In cloudy or
rainy weather condition, it affects the charging process and the battery does not attain
full charge.

This hybrid inverter using solar charger can overcomes this problem as it can charge
the battery using both solar power as well as AC mains supply.

If solar power supply not available battery charging by main power supply. In our
daily life most of all electrical equipment are AC (alternating current) loads. For that
invert 12v DC which store in battery to upto 230v AC by inverting circuit.

1.2 Project Objective

The objective of this project is to design and develop inverter using solar panel, IC
4047 multivibrator, mosfets and transformer.

It has battery charging circuit to charge the battery using mains when solar is not
available.
1.3 Working Principle
Inverter using solar charger is combination of two circuits first charging circuit and
another inverter circuit. In charging circuit , when output from the solar panel is above
12 volts, the battery charges using the solar power.

When the output of solar panel drops below 12 volts, the battery charges through AC
mains power supply.
 CHAPTER : 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
Literatures will be reviewed to obtain the working principles and circuit
diagram after which a design will be made to ascertain the rating and
parameters of the different components involved in the inverter.
A large number of national and international studies have been conducted to
study the opportunities of reducing electricity consumption and improving
energy efficiency of institutional and governmental buildings during rush hours.

These studies show that, it is quite possible to limit the increase in energy use
without having negative effects. So, the Government of INDIA has set a
strategy to implement a number of polices up to year 2022 to diversify energy
resources and rationalize the energy needs of different activities without
hindering the development plans.

Among these polices are taking executive actions to increase energy efficiency
in order to reduce total energy consumption by 8.3 % by the year 2020, and
achieving an electricity generation mix composed of 20 % ARE, by year 2022.

Project Definition
The high energy demand and the constant depletion of the fossil fuels lead us to
shift our focus to renewable energy sources which are not only the future
unlimited source of energy, it is also eco- friendly and viable for the
environment.
 Solar energy is the oldest form of Renewable Energy. This project focuses on
the design of inverter which is required to run AC loads which is mostly used
as consumable purpose.

Objective
The main function of an inverter is to change direct current (DC) to alternating
current (AC). The input voltage, output voltage and frequency, in fact the power
on the whole all depend largely on the design of the specific device and/or the
circuitry.
 CHAPTER: 3
METHODOLOGY
1. Discuss with Prof. S.A. Shirbhate to how to make solar inverter project.
2. Collect research paper of solar inveter.
3. Collect 5 research paper of solar inverter.
4. Collect review paper of solar inverter.
5. Collect information about working principle of solar inverter.
6. Search on Wikipedia about solar inverter.
7. Collect the some pictures of solar inverter.
8. Group discussion about how to make solar inverter.
9. Create the list of required material for making of solar inverter.
10. Collect some pictures of circuit diagram of solar inverter.
11. Create the synopsis for selection of project.
12. Create the action plan for making solar inverter.
13. Follow action plan & start the collect information all about solar inverter.
14. Arrange all data.
15. Create the planning report on solar inverter.
26. submit the final report.

Solar concept is not new for us. We all know the importance of solar energy. Solar
gadgets are increasing day by day. As non-renewable energy sources are decreasing,
usage of solar energy is increased. This solar energy is not only used on the Earth but
also used in space stations where no electrical power is available.

Here is the simple circuit to charge 6V, 4.5Ah rechargeable Lead-acid battery from the
solar panel. This solar charger has current and voltage regulation and also has over
voltage cut off facilities.

This circuit may also be used to charge any battery at constant voltage because output
voltage is adjustable. (We have already seen the circuit diagram of 9v battery charger
circuit using LM311 and SCR in the earlier post.)
  Solar Battery Charger Circuit Principle:

Here the solar panel produces 12V DC. The charging current passes to LM317 voltage
regulator through the diode D1.

The output voltage and current are regulated by adjusting the adjust pin of LM317
voltage regulator.

 Solar Battery Charger Circuit Diagram:

Solar Battery Charger Circuit Diagram

 Circuit Components:

1. Solar panel – 12V

2. LM317 voltage regulator
3. DC battery
4. Diode – 1n4007
5. Capacitor – 0.1uF
6. Schottky diode – 3A, 50V
7. Resistors – 220, 680 ohms
8. Pot – 2K
9. Connecting wires
 Solar Battery Charger Circuit Design:

The circuit uses a 12V solar panel and an adjustable voltage regulator LM317.
Solar panel consists of 1.2V rated solar cells. Pot RV1 is used to set the output
voltage to the battery. Diode D2 prevents the discharge of battery.

 Inverter circuit diagram:

This circuit is DC to AC inverter, where the circuit work based on the stable
multi-vibrator does. On this circuit using CD4047 IC as the heart of multi-
vibrator that functions to generate a wave 50Hz is not stable, because this type
of IC to provide a complementary output stage. contrary to the other (pins 10
and 11, as shown), and 50% of the cycle to meet the obligation to produce pulse
inverter.

Circuit is called a simple DC to AC inverter, as there is no output signal is not

sinusoidal, and there were lots of harmonic signals on the output. To suppress this
signal we have to use a filter such as capacitor C.

Because of this simplicity is only suitable circuits for lighting needs. To build a
sinusoidal inverter DC to AC. At the circuit this multivibrator is used to make
power is too high, then we have to use the MOSFET IRFZ44. IRFZ44 provide
high current to drive step-up transformer, so power is available in addition to the
high voltage transformer.
 3.1 Circuit Diagram :

3.2 Working Explanation :

PV Solar panel:

This 12 Volt/ 20 Watt circuit provides a peek of the solar panel used for input bias
when exposed to open sun, with a peak of 12 volts at 1600 mA.

Regulator / Battery Charger:

The three-terminal infinitely adjustable regulator LM317 Positive voltage will give the
output voltage range from 1.25 V to 37 V with a current rating of more than 1.5A.
12/4.5Ah SLA Battery provides the final output of the regulator and provides the DC
bias to the inverter. The output voltage Vout of Regulator LM317 is available as

Vout = 1.25V x (R2/(R1+1))

R2 => R2+VR1 for the given inverter circuit.

inverter Circuit using IC CD4047: Monostable / Astable multi-vibrator IC CD4047 is
used here to generate switching pulse. This IC operates in low power and is available
in 14 pins dual inline package. At Pin 13, ½ of oscillation at Pin 10 as Q, and Pin 11 as
Q ‘, it provides maximum Oscillation output F. Each output pin has a duty cycle of 50
percent.

F= 1/8.8RC
 R => R4+VR2, C=> C3, please see the following. We can get frequency output at pin
13 using this formula—the formula changes to f=1/4.4RC for pins 10 and 11.

MOSFET drivers

IRF540 N Vishay siliconix power MOSFET is used for this inverter circuit as
switching drivers. It provides fast switching and a high operating temperature (175ºC).

Output Stage

The main component of the solar inverter is the output stage; here, transformer X1
uses the secondary winding center-tapped transformer reverse with specifications like
the 230-V main, 9V-0-9V / 1.5A. The electronic devices connected to the output are
secured by the MOV (Metal Oxide Varistor).

The output voltage of the solar panel is directly supplied to the positive regulator
circuit of the LM317. It is adjusted to provide a power output of 12 volts and a battery
connected by a Schottky diode (3A, 50V).

As we turn on the SPST switch, it begins oscillating, and the CD404 7 IC is connected
and configured as a multi-vibrator Astable. Output Q’ and Q’ are directly fed into the
secondary MOSFET IRF540 & X1 transformer winding switching power, where the
current flow occurs for a particular duration. The voltage/frequency is changed
depending on the count of winding and switching frequency output.

Sr.no Details of activity Plan start date Plan end date Name of responsible
 team members
Detail study on “ how to 15/12/2022 15/12/2022 Meghraj gadai
1) make solar inverter” by Arpita chamate
using various resources Tanmay Watkar
like reference papers, Jayesh bagade
google. Shravani kale
Prachi gayakwad

2) Understood the exact

procedure of making solar 18/12/2022 19/12/2022 (same as above)
inverter.

3) Took the practical

knowledge of project. 20/12/2022 20/12/2022 (same as above)

4) Made the list of needed

equipment. 21/12/2022 21/12/2022 (same as above)

8) Doing appropriate 21/12/2022 21/12/2022 (Same as above)

changes if any needed
9)
Shown the planning report 21/12/2022 21/12/2022 (Same as above)
to the guide.
10) (Same as above)
Final submission of /12/2022 /12/2022
project

Action plan
  Design
This section illustrates the specific design of each block of the star delta Starter
equipment along with the working of each part. Every block consists Of several
elements connected within the needed way to give the specified Output.

The comprehensive circuit illustration is provided add the end based On which the
manufacture was completed . Special care was taken Throughout the connection to
avoid short circuit of paths during crossing of Paths.

 Our project consists of following hardware parts

1) Solar panel (12V/20W)

2) IC (CD4047)

3) Transformer

4) MOSFET drive

5) Voltage regulator IC (LM317)

6) Switch

7) Resistor ( 220, 330, 680 , 820, 20K)

8) Diode (1N4007, 3A, 50V)

9) Capacitor (0.1uf, 0.01uf ,2200uf)

10)Battery
  ADVANTAGES

1. Constant and uninterrupted supply.

2. There is no requirement of electricity and manpower to operate the device.

3. With no moving parts involved, its efficiency is further enhanced

4. It acts as a power back up solution.

5. Circuit can be checked with 12 volt (DC) universal power supply.

6. It is one of the methods of renewable generation.

7. This is an ecofriendly means of power generation.

8. It can be used in distant villages where transmission cost is much high.

9. Reduction in consumption from conventional sources of energy.

 DISADVANTAGES

1. Initial cost of installation is very high.

2. Area required for installation is large.

3. It will be less effective in rainy days.

4. Protection system installment is very high.

5. Cause problems to eye sight because of solar reflectors.

 SPECIFICATION

Solar Panel:

Photo voltaic solar panels absorb sunlight as a source of energy to generate

electricity. A photovoltaic (PV) module is a connected assembly of 6x10

photo voltaic solar cells.

Photo voltaic modules constitute the photo voltaic array of a photovoltaic

system that generates and supplies solar electricity in commercial and

residential applications. Each module is rated by its DC output power under

standard test conditions (STC), and typically ranges from 100 to 365 Watts

(W).

Figure 1: Photovoltaic Solar Panel

Rechargable Battery :

A rechargeable battery, Lead Acid battery, secondary cell, or accumulator is a

type of Electrical battery which can be charged, discharged into a load, and

recharged many times, as Opposed to a disposable or primary battery which

is supplied fully charged and discarded After use. During charging, the

positive active material is oxidized, producing electrons and the negative

Material is reduced, consuming electrons. These electrons constitute the

current flow in the External circuit. The electrolyte may serve as a simple

buffer for internal ion flow between The electrodes, as in lithium-ion and

nickel-cadmium cells, or it may be an active participant In the

electrochemical reaction, as in lead–acid cells.

Figure 2 : Battery
 1N4007 Diode:

They are axial type diodes. They are easily mountable on the general purpose

PCB. The main Features of this diode are:

 Low forward voltage drop

 High current capability

 High reliability

 High surge current capability

Figure3: Diode
 Transformer

Step down transformer that decreases voltage from primary to secondary (less

secondary Winding turns than primary winding turns) is called a step-down

transformer. Step up Transformer that increases voltage from primary to

secondary (more secondary winding turns Than primary winding turns) is called

a step-up transformer. An electrical transformer works On the principle of

Mutual Induction.

Figure 4: Transformer
 MOSFET IRF540

MOSFET is a power electronic device and is called as Metal Oxide

Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor. They have improved current carrying

capacity and high OFF state blocking voltage capacity. They are capable of

switching at very high switching frequency about 100KHz.It is a voltage control

device which has low input current. The switching speeds are of the order nano

seconds and they not have the problem of second breakdown.

Figure 5: MOSFET

IC CD4047

The CD4047 is a high voltage multivibrator IC, that can operate in both Monostable
and Astable mode. The IC requires an external resistor and capacitor to set the width of
output pulse in monostable mode and the frequency of output pulse in Astable Mode.

IC CD4047
 RESOURCES AND CONSUMABLES REQUIRED

Sr. Name of Parts Model Quantity Price

No.
1. Solar Panel Mono/Multi 1 1650/-

Crystalline

Solar Panel
2. Battery Rechargeable Lead 1 1500/-
Acid (Sealed)
Battery
3. Diode --- 5 20/-
4. LED light --- 5 10/-
5. Transformer Step-down 1 300/-
6. IC (CD4047) 1 20/-
7. Voltage regulator IC (LM317) 1 50/-
(LM317)
8. Swich Toggle Switch 3 90/-
9. Other Resistors, 300/-

capacitors,

Jumper wires,
----
2 pins Plug etc

Total cost of project 3940/-

 CONCLUSION

Photovoltaic power production is gaining more significance as a renewable

energy source due to its many advantages. These advantages include everlasting

pollution free energy production scheme, ease of maintenance, and direct

sunbeam to electricity conversion. However the high cost of PV installations

still forms an obstacle for this technology. Moreover the PV panel output power

fluctuates as the weather conditions, such as the insolation level, and cell

temperature.

The described design of the system will produce the desired output of the

project. The inverter will supply an AC source from a DC source.

The project described is valuable for the promising potentials it holds within,

ranging from the long run economic benefits to the important environmental

advantages. This work will mark one of the few attempts and contributions in

the Arab world, in the field of renewable energy; where such projects could be

implemented extensively. With the increasing improvements in solar cell

technologies and power electronics, such projects would have more value added

and should receive more attention and support.

 REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

[1] Khan, B.H. Non-Conventional Sources of Energy, 5/e, McGraw Hill

Education (India).
[2] Van Valkenburg, M.E, Network Analysis, 3/e, Mc Graw Hill Education
(India).
[3] Milliman, Jacob & Christos Halkias: Integrated Electronics, 2/e, Mc Graw
Hill Education (India).
[4] Gupta, J.B. Electronics Devices & Circuit 3/e, S.K. Kataria & Sons, 2009.
[5]Hussain, Ashfaq : Electrical Machines, Second Edition, Dhanpat Rao
Publication.
[6] P.S. Bimbhra :Power Electronics, Khanna Publication 6th Edition , 2018

Reference Links
1] WWW.Wikipedia.com
2] WWW.Electrical4u.com
3] www.eeweb.com.
4] Youtube.com
5] https://nevonprojects.com/hybrid-inverter-with-solar-battery-charging/
6] https://www.jetir.org/view?paper=JETIRC006185
7 ] http://www.electronicshub.org/solar-battery-charger-circuit