Module 3 Newton's Law of Motion

Module 3: Newton's Law of Motion
Introduction
Force is defined as a push or pull. We always experience force in every thing we do. When
you push a grocery cart, lifting objects and when a motor lifts an elevator wherein a force
is being exerted. Force can be categorized into two:
● Contact force – force directly applied to a body. Example: normal force, frictional
force, tension force and weight.
● Non-contact force – it acts through an empty space. Example: electric field,
magnetism
Let us introduce the types of force:

● Tensile force (T) – is the force acting along the string when stretch or compress.
The magnitude of the tensile force is tension.
● Normal force (Fn) – is the supporting force perpendicular to the surface area when
two objects are in contact with each other.
● Frictional force (𝐹𝑓 or f ) – tangential force acting on an object that opposes the
sliding of the object on an adjacent surface with which it is contact.
● Weight (W) – It is the force with which a body is pulled towards the center of the
earth due to gravity. It has a magnitude of mass of the object and gravitational
acceleration.
The coefficient of frictional force (µ) =
Newton introduced his three laws of motion: Law of Inertia, Law of acceleration and Law
on Interaction
First Law: Law of Inertia

It states that every object continues to remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight
line unless a force acts on it to change its state. Inertia is defined as the tendency of an
object to persist in the state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line. An example of this
is when a school bus suddenly breaks and all the backpacks on the floor start to slide
forward. The explanation for this is the back remains at its state of motion unless acted
upon by the friction with the floor. Force is a vector quantity and the unit of it is newton
2
(N) which is equal to Kg - meter per second square (𝑘𝑔. 𝑚/𝑠 ).
Application of First Law of Motion:
All forces acting along the horizontal axis and vertical axis will remain at zero to have an
equilibrium. Mathematical expression:
So 𝐹 = 0 is the sum all forces along the x- axis (𝐹 = 𝐹𝐴 + 𝐹𝐵 + 𝐹𝐶 ) and 𝐹𝑦 is the sum all
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
forces along the y-axis ( 𝐹 = 𝐹𝐴 + 𝐹𝐵 + 𝐹𝐶 )
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
Second Condition of Equilibrium (Torque)
Torque (ͳ) is a twist or turn that tends to produce rotation that can change the angular
velocity of an object.
Note:
● Torque is measured about a particular point. Usually this will be a hinge, pivot or
axis
● Torque has a sign. All forces that tend to rotate the object in the same direction
produce torque with the same sign
Applications are found in many common tools around the home or industry where it is
necessary to turn, tighten or loosen devices.
Torque is Determined by Three Factors:
● The magnitude of the applied force.

● The direction of the applied force.
● The location of the applied force.
Torque is proportional to the magnitude of F and to the distance r from the axis. Thus, a
tentative formula might be:
Torque (ͳ) = F x r
Where:
ͳ = torque (unit: N-m)
F = force applied for rotation
r = moment arm is the perpendicular distance between the line of action of the force and
pivot point.
Below are some examples on how to know the moment arm. Note: It can be represented
with r or L.
Direction of Torque
Torque is a vector quantity that has direction as well as magnitude.
Sign Convention for Torque
By convention, counterclockwise torques are positive and clockwise torques are negative.
Calculating Torque
● Read problem and draw a rough figure.
● Extend line of action of the force.
● Draw and label moment arm.
● Calculate the moment arm if necessary.
● Apply definition of torque:
Sample Problem on Torque
1. An 80-N force acts at the end of a 12-cm wrench as shown. Find the torque.
Extend line of action, draw, calculate r.

r = 12 cm sin60° = 10.4 cm
t = (80 N)(0.104 m) = 8.32 N m
2. Find resultant torque about axis A for the arrangement shown below:
Find t due to each force. Consider 20-N force first:
r = (4m) sin 30° = 2.00 m
t = Fr = (20N)(2m) = 40 N m, cw
The torque about A is clockwise and negative.
𝑡20 = -40 N m
Find t due to each force. Consider 30-N force next.

r = (8m) sin 30° = 2.00 m
t = Fr = (30N)(4 m) = 120 N m, cw
The torque about A is clockwise and negative.
𝑡30= -120 N m
Find t due to each force. Consider 40-N force next:

r = (2 m) sin 90° = 2.00 m
t = Fr = (40 N)(2 m) = 80 N m, ccw
The torque about A is CCW and positive.
𝑡40= +80 N m
Resultant torque is the sum of individual torques.

𝑡𝑅 = 𝑡20 + 𝑡20 + 𝑡20=-40 N m -120 N m + 80 N m
𝑡𝑅 = - 80 N m cw
3. Find the forces exerted by supports A and B. Neglect the weight of the 10-m boom.
1. Draw free-body diagram

2. Choose axis at point of unknown force. For example, at fulcrum A.
3. Set the direction at point A to be clockwise as positive.
4. Extend line of action for forces, find moment arms, and sum torques about
chosen axis:
5. Summation of t = 𝑡1+ 𝑡2+ 𝑡3+....0
6. Summation of 𝐹𝑋 = 0 and 𝐹𝑌 = 0
7. Solve for unknowns.
● t = 0: at pt A clockwise is positive
(40N)(2m) + 80(7m) - B (10) = 0
B (10) = -80 + 560
B = 48 N
● t = 0: at pt B clockwise is positive
40N (12) - 80 (3) + A ( 10) = 0
A(10) = 480 + 240 = 72 N
To check: Fy = 0;
40 N + 80 N = 48 N + 72 N
4. Find the forces applied upon holding the ball.
At point R; positive clockwise rotation

(50N) ( 0.35m) – F(0.30m) = 0
F = 583.33 N
At point F: positive clockwise rotation

(50N)(0.32m) – R ( 0.030m) = 0
R = 533.33 N
For checking: Fy = 0;
F = R + 50 N
F = 533.33 + 50 = 583.33 N
Application of Torque on Human Body
Some application of Torque on human body
Muscles need to do the work of supporting the joint under the strain of torque.
For weight lifters, the snatch is among the most complex movement in all of sports. A
lifter has to perfectly centered the bar to his body to attain balance. A successful snatch is
all about torque and how quickly you can move your body around the bar. By keeping the
bar close to you, extending your hips, keeping your elbows high and outside, and dropping
underneath the bar when it reaches the sweet spot, you have generated torque in a series
of planes so complex as to be indescribable.
There is a moment at the apex of extension when equilibrium is obtain. This is necessary
to avoid any injuries or pain. The bottom line is, torque is not necessarily just cuing an
athlete to “screw their feet into the ground” or “rotate your arms so your elbow pits are
facing the ceiling.” Torque is about generating force with your muscles to support your
joints, ligaments, and fascia, while simultaneously exerting that force upon an object. The
health of your joints and your ability to move mass will reflect your understanding of the
ability to generate torque.
Second Law of Motion (Law of acceleration)
Newton’s second law of motion is also known as Law of acceleration. It states that the
acceleration of an objects is directly proportional to the net force acting on it, and is
inversely proportional to the object’s mass. The net force acting on the object and
acceleration have the same direction. Therefore;
Where:
2
a = acceleration (𝑚/𝑠 )
2
F = net force (𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚/𝑠 )
m = mass of the object (kg)
To compute for Force, multiply mass and acceleration.

To compute for the mass, force divide by acceleration.
To compute for acceleration, force divide by mass.
To further understand
the law of acceleration,
study the picture on
the left. Heavy object will have less acceleration
than light object. But if you want to increase
acceleration, greater force should be applied.
Free-body diagram of forces on a body.
The force applied and the acceleration have the

same direction. The frictional force is in
opposite direction with the force applied. The
normal force is perpendicular with the surface
area of the second object in contact with the
block. Weight will always have downward
direction due to gravity.
Let us try to input all the data in our formula for

Law of acceleration, F or 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = ma
F applied – F friction = ma.
Figure 3a, there are 2 applied

forces, force applied by an adult
to push the child and force
applied on the card by the girl. So,
if we use the formula the, Fnet (
F1+F2 – f) = ma
Figure 3b, there is an applied

force done by the adult. To input
in the formula, Fnet ( F1 – f) = ma
In figure 4, we lifted the x-axis at an angle of 30°.

Normal force is perpendicular to x-axis. The
weight will always have vertical arrow in
downward direction. So, we will form a right
angle for W such that we can have -x and -y
components. The forces along the -y axis are
normal force and Wy ( mg cos θ). Why cos θ? Its
adjacent to the angle. What about the forces along the -x axis? It will be Wx (mg sin θ). If
the block is too heavy then it will slide down. Then,the direction of acceleration will be
the same with Wx. It’s indicated the inclined plane is frictionless. To use the formula; Fnet
(Wx) = ma.
Free-body diagram of forces on two bodies.
Figure 5 shows that two bodies are connected by a string. One body lies on the horizontal
surface while the second body is hanging. There will be two free body diagrams; one for
each block. In FBD 1, normal force will be applied since it’s in contact with the table.
Assuming the pulley is frictionless so no frictional force is applied and tensional will be the
same for block 1 and 2. There is a greater chance that block 1 will be pulled down by block
2 so the direction of the acceleration is toward to the right. In FBD 2, forces along the -y
axis are shown.
To use the formula:
FBD1 , Fnet =m1a1 (equation 1)
FBD2, Fnet ( W2-T) m2a2 (equation 2)
Sample Problem
Third law of motion
(Law of Action and Reaction)
For each force exerted on one body,

there is an equal but oppositely directed
force on some other body interacting
with it. Take a look at figure 6, the
man is pushing the wall with 100 N
and wall is exerting the same amount
but in opposite direction.

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Module 3: Newton's Law of Motion

Let us introduce the types of force:

The coefficient of frictional force (µ) =

First Law: Law of Inertia

● The magnitude of the applied force.

Sample Problem on Torque

Extend line of action, draw, calculate r.

Find t due to each force. Consider 30-N force next.

Find t due to each force. Consider 40-N force next:

Resultant torque is the sum of individual torques.

1. Draw free-body diagram

4. Find the forces applied upon holding the ball.

At point R; positive clockwise rotation

At point F: positive clockwise rotation

Application of Torque on Human Body

Some application of Torque on human body

Second Law of Motion (Law of acceleration)

To compute for Force, multiply mass and acceleration.

The force applied and the acceleration have the

Let us try to input all the data in our formula for

Figure 3a, there are 2 applied

Figure 3b, there is an applied

In figure 4, we lifted the x-axis at an angle of 30°.

Free-body diagram of forces on two bodies.

For each force exerted on one body,

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