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Module 4 - Impulse & Momentum

This document discusses momentum and impulse. It defines momentum as the product of an object's mass and velocity, and provides the standard unit of kg-m/s. Momentum is greater for objects that are more massive or moving faster. Impulse is defined as the product of force and time. The impulse-momentum theorem states that impulse equals change in momentum. Sample problems demonstrate calculating momentum, impulse, and applying the law of conservation of momentum to collisions.

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G02 - BALACANAO JHERICE A.
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
222 views

Module 4 - Impulse & Momentum

This document discusses momentum and impulse. It defines momentum as the product of an object's mass and velocity, and provides the standard unit of kg-m/s. Momentum is greater for objects that are more massive or moving faster. Impulse is defined as the product of force and time. The impulse-momentum theorem states that impulse equals change in momentum. Sample problems demonstrate calculating momentum, impulse, and applying the law of conservation of momentum to collisions.

Uploaded by

G02 - BALACANAO JHERICE A.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 4: Impulse & Momentum

Momentum

A vector quantity that is the product of the mass and velocity of an object or particle is
‘momentum’. Momentum is measured in the standard unit of kilogram-meter per second.
The direction of momentum can be expressed in various ways, depending on the number
of dimensions involved. The direction of momentum is the same as the direction of
velocity.

Momentum is commonly heard in the field of sports to imply that the player or a team has
a lot of wins and it is difficult for the opponent to stop its winning streak. The meaning is
almost similar in physics, although the description is more quantitative.

Momentum is a property that is related to an object's motion and mass. The faster the
object moves and the larger its mass, the greater its momentum. It reflects the tendency
of a moving object to continue moving and the difficulty encountered in reducing the
motion. Mathematically, it is the product of the object's mass and its velocity.

p = mv

"The greater the momentum of a body, the greater its tendency to continue in motion"

Sample Problems in Momentum


−1
Problem 1. A soccer ball of mass 420 g is kicked at 20 𝑚·𝑠 towards the goal post.
Calculate the momentum of the ball.
Given:
m= 420 g = 0.420 kg
v = 20 m/s
Required: p
Solution:
p= mv = 0.420 kg (20 m/s)
= 8.4 kg•m/s or N•s

Problem 2. Two billiard balls roll towards each other. They each have a mass of 0.3 kg. Ball
1 is moving at v1 = 1m · s−1 to the right, while ball 2 is moving at v2 = 0.8m · s−1 to the left.
Calculate the total momentum of the system.
Given:
𝑚1 = 𝑚2 = 0. 3𝑘𝑔
𝑣1 = 1 𝑚/𝑠 to the right
𝑣2 = 0. 8 𝑚/𝑠 to the left
Required: total momentum , 𝑝1 + 𝑝2
Solution:
𝑝𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑝1 + 𝑝2 = 𝑚1𝑣1 + 𝑚2𝑣2 = (0. 3𝑘𝑔)(1𝑚/𝑠) + (0. 3𝑘𝑔)(− 0. 8𝑚/𝑠) = 0. 06𝑁 · 𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

Problem 3.
a.) A 1000 - kg car travels at a speed of 20 m/s. At what speed must a 3000-kg truck travel
to have the same momentum?
b.) At what speed must a 7.3 kg bowling ball travel to have the same momentum?
a. Given
𝑚𝑐𝑎𝑟 = 1000𝑘𝑔
𝑣𝑐𝑎𝑟 = 20𝑚/𝑠
𝑚𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑘 = 3000𝑘𝑔
Required: 𝑉𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑘
Solution: 𝑚𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑣𝑐𝑎𝑟= 𝑚𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑘𝑉𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑘; 1000 kg(20 m/s) = 3000𝑉𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑘
𝑉𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑘 = 6. 67𝑚/𝑠
b. 𝑚𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 7. 3 𝑘𝑔, 𝑣𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙 =? at same momentum
20000 = 7.3 𝑣𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙 ; 𝑣𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 2739.73 m/s

Problem 4.
Two vehicles are approaching an intersection. One is a 2500 kg truck traveling at 14 m/s
from east to west (the -x direction) and the other is a 1500 kg Sedan going south to north
(the + y direction) at 23 m/s.

a.) Find the x and y components of the net momentum of this system.
b.) What are the magnitude and direction of the net momentum?
Impulse

Impulse is the product of the net force and the time interval for which the force acts.
Impulse is defined as:
𝐽 = 𝐹∆𝑡

IMPULSE-MOMENTUM EQUATION:
from Newton’s Second Law of Motion,
Impulse is the change in momentum of a body as a result of force acting upon it for a short
period of time.

Sample Problems - Impulse


Problem 1. Tiger Woods hits a 0.02 kg golf ball, giving it a speed of 25 m/s. What impulse
does he impart to the ball?
Given:
m = 0.02 kg
𝑉𝑓= 25 m/s
𝑉𝑜= 0
Required: J
Solution:
Since the golf ball is initially at rest, the initial velocity is equal to zero.
𝐽 = ∆𝑝 = 𝑚∆𝑣 = 𝑚(𝑉𝑓 − 𝑉𝑜)
= (0.02 kg)(25 m/s)
= 0.50 kg-m/s or 0.50 Ns

Problem 2. A 145 g baseball traveling at 35 m/s is hit by a bat and rebounds in the opposite
direction at 40 m/s. What is the change in momentum of the ball?
Given:
m= 145
g = 0.145 g
𝑉𝑜 = 35 m/s
𝑉𝑓 = -40 m/s
Required: J or Ft (change in momentum)
Solution:
𝐹𝑡 =𝑚(𝑉𝑓 − 𝑉𝑜) = 0. 145 (− 40 − 35) = − 10. 875 𝑁•𝑠 ( 𝑎𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑡!)

Problem 3. An impulse of 7.5 N•s stops a car in 0.10 s. Calculate the average force in the
car. if the impulse time is tripled, what is the average force in the car?
Given:
J = 7.5 N•s
t = 0.10 s
Required: F=? , If J=3(7.5), F=?
Solution:
J = Ft ; 7.5 = F(0.1) ; F = 75 N
if impulse is tripled, 3(7.5) = F(0.10) ; F = 225 N
Problem 4. A 150 N resultant force acts on a 300 kg trailer. Calculate how long it takes this
force to change the trailer’s velocity from 2 m/s to 6 m/s in the same direction. Assume
that the forces acts to the right.
Given:
𝑚𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑟 = 300 𝑘𝑔
𝑉𝑜 = 2 m/s
𝑉𝑓 = 6 m/s
𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 150 N
Required: t
Solution: 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡(𝑡) = 𝑚(𝑉𝑓 −𝑉𝑜 )
150 t = 300 (6 -2) ; t = 8 s (It takes 8 s for the force to change the object's velocity from
2m/s to 6 m/s)

Law of Conservation of Momentum


1. The sum of each body’s momentum before a collision equals the sum of each body’s
momentum after collision. (isolated system)
Σp before collision = Σp after collision
𝑚1𝑣1 + 𝑚2𝑣2 = 𝑚1𝑣1’ + 𝑚2𝑣2’
2. During collision/interaction, the momentum lost by one body equals the
momentum gained by another.
𝑚1𝑣1’ - 𝑚1𝑣1 = (𝑚2𝑣2’ − 𝑚2𝑣2)
𝑚1 = mass of object 1
𝑚2 = mass of object 2
𝑣1 = velocity of object 1 before collision
𝑣2 = velocity of object 2 before collision
𝑣1’= velocity of object 1 after collision
𝑣2’= velocity of object 2 after collision

Types of Collision
1. Inelastic – collision in which momentum is conserved but kinetic energy is not.
Example: collision of a rubber ball with a hard surface
Perfectly Inelastic Collision- when two objects collide and stick together
Example: car crash
2. Elastic - the two objects bounce after the collision so that they move separately.
Example : billiard ball collisions
- both kinetic energy and momentum are conserved

Sample Problems - Law of Conservation of Momentum


Problem 1. A toy car of mass 1 kg moves westwards with a speed of 2 m/s. It collides
head-on with a toy train. The train has a mass of 1.5 kg and is moving at a speed of 1.5 m/s
eastwards. If the car rebounds at 2.05 m/s, calculate the velocity of the train.
Given: let toy car be object 1 and toy train be object 2

Required: V train after (𝑣2’)


Solution:
momentum before = momentum after
𝑚1𝑣1 + 𝑚2𝑣2 = 𝑚1𝑣1’ + 𝑚2𝑣2’
(1)(-2) + (1.5)(1.5) = (1)(2.05) + (1.5)𝑣2’
-2 + 2.25 = 2.05 + (1.5)𝑣2’
𝑣2’ = -1.2 m/s (toy train moves to the left)

Problem 2. A 1250 kg car is moving down the highway with a velocity of 32.0 m/s when it
bumps into the car ahead of it which has a mass of 875 kg and a velocity of 25.0 m/s. After
the collision, the two cars stick together. What will be the resulting velocity of the two
cars together?
Given:
Required: v
Solution:
𝑣 = 𝑣1 = 𝑣2'
𝑚1𝑣1 + 𝑚2𝑣2 = 𝑚1𝑣1’ + 𝑚2𝑣2’
𝑚1𝑣1 + 𝑚2𝑣2 = 𝑚1𝑣 + 𝑚2𝑣
= (𝑚1 + 𝑚2)𝑣
(1250)(32) +(875)(25)= ( 1250+875)v
40 000 + 21 875 = 2125 v
v = 29.12 m/s

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