Elements of Industrial Automation Week 04 Notes

Vidya Vikas Educational Trust (R),
Vidya Vikas Polytechnic

27-128, Mysore - Bannur Road Alanahally,Alanahally Post, Mysuru, Karnataka 570028
Theory and Practical for week 04
what is ADC and DAC
ADC-Analog to Digital Converter
An electronic integrated circuit which
transforms a signal from analog
(continuous) form to digital(discrete)
form is known as ADC.
Analog signals are directly
measurable quantities while digital signals only have two states (binary 0 and binary 1). The heart of data
acquision system is ADC. The digital systems require discrete digital data.
Purpose of Analog to Digital conversion:
• Processors perform arithmetic operations on digital signals.
• Signals in digital form are less susceptible to effects of noise.
• ADC provides link between analog world (of transducers) and digital world (of data and signal
processing).
Following are the types of Analog to Digital Converter (ADC):
➨Counter type(simplest)
➨Successive Approximation
➨Flash ADC
➨Sigma Delta
DAC-Digital to Analog Converter

To convert digital values to analog
voltage DAC is used. It performs inverse
operation of analog to digital converter. The
same has been depicted in the fig-2.
Analog output = (Digital Input/(2N -1) )* Reference Input
There are two types of DACs:
• Weighted Resistor
• Resistive Divider
Following specifications are considered for the design, development as well as selection of DAC (Digital to
Analog Converter).
➨Resolution
➨Reference voltages
➨Settling Time
➨Linearity
➨Speed
➨Errors
below shows the functional blocks of A/D and D/A converters. The A/D converter accepts an analog sample
and produces an N bit digital word, where as D/A converter accepts N bit digital word and produces an
analog sample. The output of D/A converter is fed to the S/H circuit and staircase waveform is obtained this
staircase waveform is further given to low pass filter which produces smooth analog signal.
Prepared by: Mr Thanmay J.S, H.O.D Mechanical Engineering VVETP, Mysore Page | 33
Motors- DC motor, Synchronous motor, Servo motor,
An electric motor is a device used to convert electricity into mechanical energy—opposite to an electric
generator. They operate using principles of electromagnetism, which shows that a force is applied when
an electric current is present in a magnetic field. This force creates a torque on a loop of wire present in the
magnetic field, which causes the motor to spin and perform useful work.
Types of Electric Motors
The types of Electric motors are available in three main segments like AC motor, DC motor, & special
purpose motors.
DC Motors
The types of dc motors mainly include Series, Shunt, and Compound wound & PMDC Motor.
1). DC Shunt Motor: DC shunt motor works on DC and the windings of this electric motor like the
armature windings and field windings are linked in parallel which is known as a shunt. This kind of motor is
also called as shunt wound DC motor, where the winding type is known as a shunt winding.
2). Separately Excited Motor: In separately excited motor, the connection of stator and rotor can be done
using a different power supply. So that the motor can be controlled from the shunt and the armatures
winding can be strengthened to generate flux.
3). DC Series Motor: In DC series motor, rotor windings are connected in series. The operation principle of
this electric motor mainly depends on a simple electromagnetic law. This law states that whenever a
magnetic field can be formed around conductor & interacts with an external field to generate the rotational
motion. These motors are mainly used in starter motors which are used in elevators and cars.
4). PMDC Motor: The term PMDC stands for “Permanent Magnet DC motor”. It is one kind of DC motor
which can be inbuilt with a permanent magnet to make the magnetic field necessary for the electric motor
operation.
5). DC Compound Motor: Generally, DC compound motor is a hybrid component of DC series and shunt
motors. In this type of motor, both the fields like series and shunt are present. In this type of electric motor,
the stator and rotor can be connected to each other through a series & shunt windings compound. The series
winding can be designed with few windings of wide copper wires, which gives a small resistance path. The
shunt winding can be designed with multiple windings of copper wire to get the full i/p voltage.
AC Motors
The types of ac motors mainly include synchronous, asynchronous, induction motor.
1). Synchronous Motor: The working of the synchronous motor mainly depends on the 3-phase supply.
The stator in the electric motor generates the field current which rotates in a stable speed based on the AC
frequency. Rotor depends on the similar speed of the stator current. There is no air gap among the speed of
stator current and rotor. When the rotation accuracy level is high, then these motors are applicable in
automation, robotics, etc.
2). Induction Motor: The electric motor which runs asynchronous speed is known as induction motor, and
an alternate name of this motor is the asynchronous motor. Induction motor mainly uses electromagnetic
induction for changing the energy from electric to mechanical. Based on the rotor construction, these motors
are classified into two types namely squirrel cage & phase wound.
Special Purpose Motors

1). Stepper Motor: The stepper motor can be used to offer step angle revolution, as an alternative to stable
revolution. We know that for any rotor, the whole revolution angle is 180degrees. However, in a stepper
motor, the complete revolution angle can be separated in numerous steps like 10-degree X 18 steps. This
means, in a total revolution cycle the rotor will go stepwise eighteen times, every time 10 degree. Stepper
motors are applicable in plotters, circuit fabrication, process control tools, usual movement generators, etc.
2). Brushless DC Motors: The brushless DC motors were first developed for achieving superior
performance within a lesser space than brushed DC motors. These motors are lesser when compared with
AC models. A controller is embedded into the electric motor to facilitate the process within the lack of a
commutator and a slip ring.
3). Hysteresis Motor: The operation of the hysteresis motor is extremely unique. The rotor of this motor
can be induced hysteresis and eddy current to generate the required task. The motor working can depend on
the construction, 1-phase supply otherwise 3-phase supply. These motors give a very smooth process with
stable speed, similar to other synchronous motors. The noise level of this motor is quite small, due to this
reason they are applicable in numerous complicated applications wherever the soundproof motor is used
such as sound player, audio recorder, etc.
4). Reluctance Motor: Basically, reluctance motor is a 1-phase synchronous motor & this motor
construction is quite same with induction motor like cage type. The rotor in the motor is like squirrel cage
type & the stator of the motor include sets of windings such as auxiliary and main winding. The auxiliary
winding is very useful at the beginning time of the motor. As they offer a level operation at a stable speed.
These motors are commonly used in synchronization applications which include signal generators,
recorders, etc.
5). Universal Motor: This is a special kind of motor and this motor works on single AC supply otherwise
DC supply. Universal motors are series wound where the field and armature windings are connected in
series and thus generates high starting torque. These motors are mainly designed for operating at high-speed
above 3500 rpm. They utilize AC supply at low-speed and DC supply of similar voltage.

Elements of Industrial Automation Week 04 Notes

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Elements of Industrial Automation Week 04 Notes

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Elements of Industrial Automation Week 04 Notes

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Vidya Vikas Educational Trust (R),

Vidya Vikas Polytechnic

DAC-Digital to Analog Converter

Special Purpose Motors

You might also like