Transport Phenomenon Involved in Drying Processes

(Convection Heat Transfer)

Md Raisul Islam
Email: mpemdri@nus.edu.sg
Tel.: 66013814
Office: EA-05-14

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Transport Phenomenon Involved in Drying Processes
Heat and Mass transfer processes during dying operations
(a) Heat transfer by conduction and convection
(b) Mass transfer by diffusion and convection

Hot air
Heat Q1 Heat of vaporization Q3

Water vapor Potato slice

Fan Heat Q2 Liquid water

Electric heater

Potato slice
Convection heat transfer Q1: Heat transfer from air stream to the exposed surface of product
Conduction heat transfer Q2: Heat transfer from the exposed surface to the bulk of the product
Heat of vaporization Q3: Latent heat of vaporization of water
Diffusion mass transfer: Liquid water migrates from bulk to the exposed surface of the product
Convection mass transfer: Water vapor flows from exposed surface of the product to air Page-2
Newton’s Law of Heat Convection
 Heat Transfer by Conduction: Heat transfer through a solid is always by conduction, since the molecules of a
solid remain at relatively fixed positions.
 Heat Transfer by Convection: Heat transfer through a fluid (gas or liquid) can be by conduction or
convection, depending on the presence of bulk fluid motion.

Convection heat transfer strongly depends on:

 Fluid properties: Dynamic viscosity , thermal conductivity k, density , and specific heat cp and
fluid velocity V.
 Geometry and roughness of the solid surface.
 Type of fluid flow such as streamlined or turbulent.
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Examples of Forced and Natural Convection

Forced Convection Forced Convection Natural Convection

Page-4
Newton’s Law of Heat Convection
Newton’s Law of Convection Cooling:
Convection heat transfer per unit area:
𝑄ሶ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 = ℎ 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ (W/m2)

Convection heat transfer:

𝑄ሶ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 = ℎ𝐴𝑠 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ (W)
where, 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞
𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞
h = convective heat transfer coefficient, W/m2 K 𝑄ሶ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 = 𝑄ሶ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 =
1 𝑅𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟
As = heat transfer surface area, m2
ℎ𝐴𝑠
Ts = temperature of the surface, oC 𝑄ሶ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣
T∞ = temperature of the fluid sufficiently far from the surface, oC 1
𝑅𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 = Ts T
ℎ𝐴𝑠
Forced convection: When fluid motion occurs due to some external Rther
effect (blower).

Natural convection: When fluid motion occurs due to

temp gradient (resulting buoyancy effect).

Page-5
Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient of Flat Surfaces
Local Nusselt Number at x for laminar flow over isothermal flat plate: hx
hx x 𝑞ሶ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣,𝑥
Nu x   0.332 Re1x/ 2 Pr1 / 3 T
k
u x u x Inertia forces
where, Local Reynolds Number: Re x    Ts
  Viscous forces b
Prandtl Number: x
c p /  Molecular diffusion of moment L
Pr    
k k /( c p )  Molecular diffusion of heat
Average Nusselt Number for isothermal flat plate of length L:
hL
Nu L   0.664 Re1L/ 2 Pr1 / 3
k
𝑢∞ 𝜌𝐿 𝑢∞ 𝐿
where, Average Reynolds Number: 𝑅𝑒𝐿 = =
𝜇  𝜌𝑢∞ 𝑥𝑐𝑟
A generally accepted value for the Critical Reynold number for flow over flat plate: 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑟 = = 5 × 105
𝜇
Condition for Laminar flow: 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑟 < 5 × 105
Condition for Turbulent flow: 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑟 > 5 × 105 Page-6
Properties of Air at 1 Atm Pressure

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 Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient of Flat Surfaces
Example:
Air at 27C and 1 atm flows over a flat plate at 2 m/s. The plate is maintained at a temperature of 60oC over its
entire length. Calculate the heat transfer in (a) the first 20 cm of the plate and (b) the first 40 cm of the plate. The
width of the plate is 1 m.
Properties of air at the average air film temperature Tf = (27 + 60) / 2 = 43.5C:
 = 17.36 x 10-6 m2/s; k = 0.02749 W/mk; Pr = 0.70 and cp = 1.006 kJ/kg K
Solution
u x 2  0.2
(a) at x = 20 cm Re x   6
 23041
 17.36 10
1
hx .x 1
Nu x   0.332 Re x 2 Pr 3  44.74
k
k
hx  44.74   6.15W / m 2 K
x
hx  2  hx  12.30

and 𝑄ሶ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣,𝑥=20 = ℎത 𝑥 𝐴𝑠 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞
𝑄ሶ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣,𝑥=20 = 12.3 × 0.2 60 − 27 = 81.18 W
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Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient of Flat Surfaces
Calculate the heat transfer rate in the first 40 cm of the plate:
(b) Repeating for x = 40 cm
h
h x  8.698 W/m2 K hx=20cm=12.3W/m2K

𝑄ሶ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣,𝑥=40 = 8.698 × 0.4 60 − 27 = 114.8 W hx=20cm=6.15W/m2K

T=27C
(a) at x = 20 cm u=2m/s
Ts=60C
k
hx  44.74   6.15W / m 2 K
x X=20cm x
hx  2  hx  12.30
𝑄ሶ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣,𝑥=20 = 12.3 × 0.2 60 − 27 = 81.18 W
h
(b) at x = 40 cm
hx=40cm=8.698W/m2K
hx = 4.349 W/m2K
hx=40cm=4.349W/m2K
h x  8.698 W/m2 K
T=27C
𝑄ሶ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣,𝑥=40 = 8.698 × 0.4 60 − 27 = 114.8 W u=2m/s Ts=60C

What is your key observation? X=40cm x

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Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient of Flat Surfaces
The local Nusselt number at a location x for laminar flow over a isothermal flat plate:
ℎ𝑥 𝑥 1/2
Laminar: 𝑁𝑢 𝑥 = = 0.332𝑅𝑒𝑥 𝑃𝑟1/3 Pr > 0.6, Rex < 5 x 105
𝑘

The local Nusselt number at a location x for turbulent flow over a isothermal flat plate:
ℎ𝑥 𝑥
Turbulent: 𝑁𝑢𝑥 = = 0.0296𝑅𝑒𝑥0.8 𝑃𝑟1/3 0.6 ≤ Pr ≤ 60 5 x 105 ≤ Rex ≤ 107
𝑘

The average Nusselt number over the entire isothermal plate is determined by substituting the relations of local
Nusselt numbers into above equation:
ℎ𝐿 1/2
Laminar: 𝑁𝑢 = = 0.6642𝑅𝑒𝐿 𝑃𝑟1/3 Pr > 0.6, ReL < 5 x 105
𝑘

ℎ𝐿
Turbulent: 𝑁𝑢 = = 0.037𝑅𝑒𝐿0.8 𝑃𝑟1/3 0.6 ≤ Pr ≤ 60
𝑘
5 x 105 ≤ ReL ≤ 107 Assuming flow is turbulent over the entire plate
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Natural (Free) Convection
Natural or Free Convection
 Changes in fluid density due to heating / cooling processes
 Fluid movements result from buoyancy forces acting on the fluid
element
 Fluid movement (velocity) and heat transfer (temperature) are
inter-related.
Correlations for the average Nusselt number for natural
convection over isothermal surfaces:

ℎ𝐷
𝑁𝑢 =
𝑘
Rayleigh number:
𝑔𝛽 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ 𝐿3𝑐 1  = thermal diffusivity, m2/s  = Kinematic viscosity, m2/s
𝑅𝑎𝐿 = 𝛽= Tf = (Ts+T)/2
𝛼 𝑇𝑓 Page-
13
Heat Transfer form Finned Surface
Heat transfer by convection Few innovative fin designs
𝑄ሶ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣
Ts T
1
As 𝑅𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 =
ℎ𝐴𝑠
Transistor

 The rate of heat transfer from a surface As at a  Fins are made of highly conductive materials
temperature Ts to the surrounding air at T can such as aluminum.
be calculated using Newton’s law of cooling as:
𝑄ሶ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 = ℎ𝐴𝑠 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇 Heat transfer process in fin
 Heat transfer rate can be increased by: (a) Control element
increasing the convection heat transfer
Base Ac
coefficient, h and (b) increase the surface area As.
 Existing fan may need to be replaced with a Tb
larger one to increase h, which may or may not
be practical. x h, T
Dx
 Alternative method: Increase the surface area by
L
attaching extended surfaces called fins Page-14
 Heat Transfer form Finned Surface
Heat transfer process in fin Control element
Energy balance for control element: Base Ac
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 Tb
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 + 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 + ∆𝑥 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
x h, T
Dx
𝑄ሶ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑,𝑥 = 𝑄ሶ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑,𝑥+∆𝑥 + ℎ𝐴𝑠 𝑇 − 𝑇
L
𝑄ሶ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑,𝑥 = 𝑄ሶ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑,𝑥+∆𝑥 + ℎ(𝑃∆𝑥) 𝑇 − 𝑇
where, P = perimeter
𝑄ሶ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑,𝑥+∆𝑥 − 𝑄ሶ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑,𝑥
+ ℎ𝑃 𝑇 − 𝑇 = 0
∆𝑥 2 =
ℎ𝑃
Taking the limit as Dx  0 gives: Let  = T - T  and 𝑚
𝑘𝐴𝑐
2
𝑑 𝜃
𝑑𝑄ሶ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 − 𝑚 2𝜃 = 0 (1)
+ ℎ𝑃 𝑇 − 𝑇 = 0 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑇 Eq. (1) is a linear, homogeneous, second-order differential equation
−𝑘𝐴𝑐 + ℎ𝑃 𝑇 − 𝑇 = 0 with constant coefficients. The general solution of Eq. (1) is
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜃 𝑥 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥 (2)
𝑑2𝑇 ℎ𝑃
− 𝑇 − 𝑇 = 0 C1 and C2 are two constants. We need two boundary
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑘𝐴𝑐
conditions to determine C1 and C2 . Page-15
Heat Transfer form Finned Surface
𝜃 𝑥 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥 (2) h, T
Base
Boundary condition at fin base:
𝜃 𝑥 = 0 = 𝜃𝑏 = 𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 (3) Tb

Boundary condition at infinitely long (L = ) fin tip:

𝜃 𝑥 = 𝐿 = 𝑇(𝑥 = 𝐿) − 𝑇 = 𝑇 − 𝑇 = 0 (4) x

This condition is satisfied by the second term (e-mx), but not L

the first term (emx) of Eq.(2), since the first term tends to T
infinity as x gets larger.
Tb
Therefore, C1 = 0, and from Eq. (3): 𝐶2 = 𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇
𝑇(𝑥) = 𝑇 + (𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇 )𝑒 −𝑥 ℎ𝑃/𝑘𝐴𝑐

Hence, from Eq. (2), the solution is:

𝜃 𝑥 = 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥
𝑇(𝑥) − 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥 T

𝑇(𝑥) − 𝑇 (5)
= 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑥 ℎ𝑃/𝑘𝐴𝑐
0 L x
𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇

Eq. (5) represents the variation of temperature along the fin Page-16
Heat Transfer form Finned Surface
The variation of temperature along the fin: Control element
𝑇(𝑥) − 𝑇 Base Ac
= 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑥 ℎ𝑃/𝑘𝐴𝑐 (5)
𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇
Tb

x h, T
Dx
L
The steady state rate of heat transfer from the entire fin:
𝑑𝑇
𝑄ሶ 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑖𝑛 = −𝑘𝐴𝑐 ቤ = ℎ𝑃𝑘𝐴𝑐 𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇 (6)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=0

Page-17
Heat Transfer form Finned Surface
Fin efficiency
The heat transfer from a fin is maximum if the thermal T=30oC
resistance of the fin material is zero or the thermal Base
conductivity is infinity, which will result in an uniform
temperature of the fin at the base value of Tb. 80oC 80oC 80oC 80oC 80oC 80oC

Tb=80oC Ideal temperature distribution

The maximum heat transfer from a fin:
𝑄ሶ 𝑓𝑖𝑛,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ℎ𝐴𝑠,𝑓𝑖𝑛 𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇 (8)
T=30oC
Base
Fin efficiency:
80oC 65oC 53oC 42oC 34oC 30oC
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑎 𝑓𝑖𝑛
𝑓𝑖𝑛 = Tb=80oC
𝐼𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑛 Actual temperature distribution
𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒

Page-18
Heat Transfer form Finned Surface
Heat transfer
from side wall x
Problem: The maximum power rating of a transistor (shown in figure) is 10 W. is negligible
The convective heat transfer coefficient of air is 17 W/m2 K. If the maximum Fin
25 mm
allowable case temperature of the transistor is 85oC, determine the power at
which this transistor can be operated safely in an environment at 20oC 1 mm
Heat transfer
surface
It two very long rectangular fins as shown in figure are attached on the surface of the transistor, calculate the total
heat loss from the transistor at the case temperature of 85oC. Estimate the fin temperate at a distance of 50 mm
from the case. The thermal conductivity of fin material is 200 W/m. K.

Solution: Diameter of exposed surface of transistor, D = 50 mm = 0.05 m

𝜋𝐷2
Area of exposed surface of transistor: 𝐴𝑠 = = 0.001963 𝑚2
4
h = convective heat transfer coefficient, h = 17 W/m2 K
Maximum temperature of the surface, Ts = 85oC
Air temperature, T∞ = 20oC
Heat transfer rate without fin: 𝑄ሶ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 = ℎ𝐴𝑠 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ = 2.17 W (Not enough!)

Page-19
 Heat Transfer form Finned Surface
With two fins:
Heat transfer
Heat transfer rate from long fin: 𝑄ሶ 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑖𝑛 = ℎ𝑃𝑘𝐴𝑐 𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇 from side wall x
is negligible
Fin width = 25 mm = 0.025 m, Fin thickness = 1 mm = 0.001 m 25 mm
Fin cross sectional area Ac = 0.025 x 0.001 = 0.000025 m2 Fin
Perimeter of fin, P = 2(0.025 + 0.001 ) = 0.052 m
Thermal conductivity of fin material, k = 200 W/m. K. 1 mm
Base temperature, Tb = Ts = 85oC
Air temperature, T∞ = 20oC Heat transfer
surface
Heat transfer rate from one fin: 𝑄ሶ 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑖𝑛 = ℎ𝑃𝑘𝐴𝑐 𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇 = 4.32 W
Heat transfer rate from two fins = 2 x 4.32 = 8.64 W

Unfinned case area, As = 0.001963 – 2 x 0.000025 = 0.001913 m2

Heat transfer rate unfinned case area, 𝑄ሶ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 = ℎ𝐴𝑠 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ = 2.11 W
Total heat transfer rate = 8.64 + 2.11 = 10.75 W (Enough!)

Temperature at x = 50 mm: 𝑇(𝑥) − 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥 𝑚= ℎ𝑃/𝑘𝐴𝑐 = 13.29 𝑚−1

𝑇 𝑥 = 0.05 𝑚 = 53.4 𝐶 Page-20
Experiment on Conduction and Convection Heat Transfer Through Rod
Holes for
20 Hole for heater Thermocouples

Teflon D

25 40 40 40 40 40 25

70 250

4 metal rods:
(1) Stainless steel: Dia = 12 mm
(2) Iron: Dia = 11.8 mm
(3) Aluminum: Dia = 12.56 mm
(4) Copper: Dia = 12.62 mm
Page-21
 Experiment on Conduction and Convection Heat Transfer Through Rod
Student Centric Activities: Students will
• Be familiar with the sample metal rods and sensors. Accuracy of the thermocouple is 0.5oC.
• Set the output voltage of the AC to DC power converter = 3V.
• Set up the experimental set-up, record necessary data and take photographs after reaching the steady
state condition of each rod. Assume that the rods reach to the steady state after about 50 minutes.
• Calculate the thermal conductivity of each metal rod.
• Determine the average convective heat transfer coefficients h for each rod by adjusting the values of h
to match the calculated and measured trends of temperature along the rods.
• Compare the trends of temperature along the rods and analyze your findings.
• Analyze the potential causes of errors and provide suggestions to minimize the errors.
• Write a simple scientific report, which may contain: Summary; Introduction; Brief description of
experimental setup; Experimental procedure; Tabulate calculated and measured temperatures among
rods; Analyze findings with necessary graphs; Conclusion; Recommendation; References;
Supplementary data (if any) etc.

Page-22
Experiment on Conduction and Convection Heat Transfer Through Rod
Sample Calculation for Stainless Steel Rod

Parameter Value Unit X T_Calculated X T_Measured

L 0.225 m 0 37.7 59.1
D 0.012 m 0.0225 33.3 0 37.7
Calculated k 45.3 W/m. K 0.045 30.1 0.04 30.2
Estimated h 25 W/m2. K 0.0675 27.7 0.08 27.4
P 0.037699 m 0.09 25.9 0.12 24.6
A 0.000113 m2 0.1125 24.6 0.16 22.3
m 13.56801 0.135 23.7
T_room 21 oC
0.1575 23.0
T_b 37.7 oC
0.18 22.5
q_f 1.16 Watts 0.2025 22.1
V 3 Volt 0.225 21.8
I 0.913 Amp
Fin Eff. 42.4 %

Page-23