Transformer Protection

Transformer
Protection
Transformer Principles 140

A brief overview of typical transformer construction as well as transformer characteristics and
a description of nameplate data.
Transformer Protection 143

A brief overview of transformer protection theory, protection elements, and GE’s Multilin
transformer protection products which provide enhanced reliability through special techniques
and methods.
Typical Applications 146

Typical transformer protection applications for different transformer constructions and sizes
and GE’s Multilin transformer protection products for each application.
Application Spotlight 150

Highlighting featured transformer applications and the advanced protection, diagnostics and
asset monitoring benefits GE’s Multilin transformer protection products can provide. This
application example explores the importance of asset health diagnostics and monitoring to
improve asset and system reliability and reduce total cost of ownership.
GE Leads Transformer Protection 152

Identifying key highlights of GE’s Multilin transformer protection products.
Selector Guide 153

A reference table providing the feature set for each Multilin Transformer Protection Relay.
Product Listing 154

Detailed product information for each Multilin Transformer Protection Relay.
g Digital Energy
Multilin
139
Transformer Principles
Introduction
Transformer Protection
The purpose of a transformer in the power system is to step-up, Typical Step-Down Distribution
step-down transmission or distribution voltages to the desired Transformer
levels, reduce power system losses, and provide isolation for the two
power system circuits ending at magnetically coupled windings.
These windings work on the principle of induction, where the primary

winding induces the secondary winding(s) with voltage and current.
The windings are placed in close proximity, but are electronically
isolated from each other.
The power induced into the coils can either be stepped-down, Steel
Laminations
meaning an increase in current and a decrease in voltage, usually
required for distribution, or stepped-up meaning a decrease in Oil-Cooling
current and an increase in voltage, usually required for Radiators
transmission.
Primary
Winding
Transformers can range in size from very small coupling transformers
hidden within a device, to large units that are used to interconnect Secondary
power grids. Transformers have become an essential component Winding
for high voltage power transmission as they ensure long distance

Oil Coolant
transmission is economically practical.
Transformer locations in a power system:
Medium - High Voltage High Voltage Medium - High Voltage Medium - Low Voltage
Step-Up Transformer Step-Down Transformer Step-Down Transformer Step-Down Transformer
100 MVA + 7500 kVA - 100 MVA 500 kVA - 7500 kVA 75 kVA - 500 kVA
140 www.GEDigitalEnergy.com
Three-Phase Transformers Advantages of a grounded-wye connected transformer
As most power is distributed in the form of three-phase AC, there • Lower operating voltage as equipment is connected Line-to-
are various types of three-phase transformers that support the Neutral (L-N) as opposed to the higher voltage required by Line-
three-phase power system. The three phase transformers are to-Line connections (L-L)
designed with three primary windings - one per phase and three • Smaller transformer size required as equipment is connected at
secondary windings mounted on a three-legged core. a lower voltage
• Easier to detect line-to-ground faults as any fault current
The windings within a three-phase transformer may be connected generated, either as an overcurrent or a short-circuit would
in several ways. The primaries may be connected in a “delta“ result in a significant of current on the neutral
configuration and the secondaries in a “wye” configuration or visa
versa. Advantages of a Delta connected transformer
• Polarity end of one winding is connected to the non-polarity end
Delta vs. Wye transformers of the next, allowing for an isolated ground
• One transformer can be removed (when connected in a bank)
while the remaining units deliver three-phase power at 58% of
the original output
• Easy system to keep balanced electrical loads with the
transformer being electrically grounded or ungrounded, making
it more versatile.
Since a 3-phase transformer can have its primary and secondary

windings connected the same (delta-delta or wye-wye), or differently
(delta-wye or wye-delta). It is important to note that the secondary
voltage waveforms will be in phase with the primary waveforms
when the primary and secondary windings are connected the same
way.
When the transformer primary and secondary windings are

connected differently, the voltages and currents from of the
transformer secondary winding will not be in-phase with the
voltages and currents from the corresponding primary winding. This
Most distribution systems utilize a “wye” connected system as they is called a 30∞ phase shift.
offer greater advantages to the over-all system performance. As
such, most power and distribution transformers are connected the
same way. Sizing and Selecting a Transformer
Transformer size is determined by the kVA of the load. The following
In a wye connection, one wire from each winding is connected information is essential to know:
together to form the neutral. In most power systems, the neutral is
• Load Voltage
grounded, providing a low resistance connection to earth and an
• Load Current/Amps
electrical reference point at zero points. By having this reference
point, safety, voltage stability and protection system design are • Line Voltage
improved.
Equation (three-phase transformers):
When determining and comparing which connection type is most (volts x amps x 1.732) / 1000 = kVA
suitable for a specific application, the following criteria could be
used: The kVA rating of your transformer should be greater than or equal
to the kVA resulting from the above equation.
• Ratio of kVA output to the kVA internal rating of the bank
• Degree of voltage symmetry with unbalanced phase loads
• Voltage and current harmonics
• Transformer ground availability
• System fault-current level
• Switching and system fault and transient voltages
www.GEDigitalEnergy.com 141
Typical Nameplate Data

Transformer Nameplate Data:

Correct transformer protection setup and configuration is essential to ensure, not only proper transformer protection, but also optimized
transformer operation (in terms of both performance and efficiency). The key pieces of data required to maximize transformer operation can be
found on the transformer nameplate, supplied by the transformer manufacturer.
Defined by codes and standards, depending on the kVA rating of a transformer, there is a minimum amount of data that must be shown on a
nameplate. For transformers rated above 500 kVA the following information is required:
• Name of manufacturer • Approximate mass of the entire unit. Individual weights are
• Serial number provided for the core and coils, as well as the tank and fittings
• Month/year of manufacture • Connection diagram showing all winding terminations with a

schematic plan view showing all fixed accessories
• Cooling class
• Installation operating instructions references
• Number of phases
• Suitability for step-up operation
• Frequency
• Maximum positive and negative operating pressures of the oil
• KVA or MVA rating
preservation system
• Voltage Ratings
• Liquid level below the top surface of the highest point of the
• Tap Voltages highest manhole flange at 25 degrees C
• Rated Temperature Rise (degree C) • Change in liquid level per 10 degree C change
• Phase or vector diagram (for polyphase transformers) • Oil volume of each transformer compartment
• Percent impedance • Type of insulating liquid
• Basic lightning impulse insulation levels (BIL ratings). Note: The BIL • Conductor material of each winding
rating for each winding and each bushing are indicated
Introduction
Transformers are a critical and expensive component of the power
system. Due to the long lead time for repair of and replacement of
transformers, a major goal of transformer protection is limiting the
damage to a faulted transformer. Some protection functions, such
as overexcitation protection and temperature-based protection,
may aid this goal by identifying operating conditions that may
cause transformer failure. The comprehensive transformer
protection provided by multiple function protective relays is
appropriate for critical transformers of all applications.
Transformer Protection Overview

The type of protection for a transformer varies depending on the
application and the importance of the transformer. Transformers
are protected primarily against faults and overloads. The type of
• the restraint current is based on the maximum measured
protection used should quickly isolate the transformer for internal
winding current, as opposed to the traditional magnitude sum
faults to reduce the risk of catastrophic failure, and to simplify
of the currents. This ensures ideal restraint for the actual fault
eventual repair. Any extended operation of the transformer under
condition, balancing sensitivity and security.
abnormal condition such as overexcitation or overloads
compromises the life of the transformer, which means adequate • the differential element uses a dual slope-dual breakpoint
protection should be provided for such conditions. characteristic. The differential element can be set to account for
both DC and AC saturation of the CTs, ensuring security, while
maintaining sensitivity.
Transformer Failures Available in the T60, T35.
Failures in transformers can be classified into
• winding failures due to short circuits (turn-turn faults, phase-
phase faults, phase-ground, open winding) Conditions Protection Philosophy
• core faults (core insulation failure, shorted laminations) Internal

• terminal failures (open leads, loose connections, short circuits) Winding Phase-Phase, Differential (87T), overcurrent (51, 51N)
Phase-Ground faults Restricted ground fault protection
• on-load tap changer failures (mechanical, electrical, short circuit,
(87RGF)
overheating)
Winding inter-turn Differential (87T), Buchholz relay
• abnormal operating conditions (overfluxing, overloading, faults
overvoltage)
Core insulation failure, Differential (87T), Buchholz relay,
• external faults shorted laminations sudden pressure relay
Tank faults Differential (87T), Buchholz relay and
tank-ground protection
Innovative GE Multilin Solutions to
Overfluxing Volts/Hz (24)
Transformer Protection Applications External
Differential Characteristic Overloads Thermal (49)
The major operating challenge to transformer differential protection Overvoltage Overvoltage (59)
is maintaining security during CT saturation for external faults while Overfluxing Volts/Hz (24)
maintaining sensitivity to detect low magnitude internal faults. CT External system short Time overcurrent (51, 51G),
saturation reduces the secondary output current from the CT, and circuits Instantaneous overcurrent (50, 50G)
causes a false differential current to appear to the relay. GE Multilin
differential relays meet this challenge in the following ways:
Inrush Inhibit during Transformer Energization: Overflux Protection

The differential current present during transformer energization Transformer overfluxing can be a result of system overvoltages, or
resembles the condition of an internal fault . If no inhibiting low system frequency. A transformer is designed to operate at or
mechanism is provided, the differential element will trip. Since the below a maximum magnetic flux density in the transformer core.
magnetizing inrush current has significant 2nd harmonic content, Above this design limit the eddy currents in the core and nearby
the level of 2nd harmonic current can be used to differentiate conductive components cause overheating which within a very
between inrush and a fault condition. The UR T60 and T35 GE short time may cause severe damage. The magnetic flux in the core
Multilin transformer relays use two different 2nd harmonic modes is proportional to the voltage applied to the winding divided by the
to inhibit the differential element for inrush. impedance of the winding. The flux in the core increases with either
Traditional 2nd harmonic blocking – The traditional 2nd harmonic increasing voltage or decreasing frequency. During startup or
restraint responds to the ratio of the magnitudes of the 2nd shutdown of generator-connected transformers, or following a load
harmonic and the fundamental frequency currents. rejection, the transformer may experience an excessive ratio of
volts to hertz, that is, become overexcited. When a transformer core
Adaptive 2nd harmonic blocking– The adaptive 2nd harmonic
is overexcited, the core is operating in a non-linear magnetic region,
blocking responds to both magnitudes and phase angles of the 2nd
and creates harmonic components in the exciting current . A
harmonic and the fundamental frequency currents. The differential
significant amount of current at the 5th harmonic is characteristic
element correctly distinguishes between faults and transformer
of overexcitation.
energization, when the 2nd harmonic current is less than the
entered 2nd harmonic setting. While levels of 2nd harmonic during Available in the 745, T60, and T35.
inrush often do not go below 20%, many transformers are
susceptible of generating lower 2nd harmonic current during
energization. Setting the 2nd harmonic restraint below 20% may
result in incorrect inhibit of the differential element during some
internal fault events. The adaptive 2nd harmonic blocking allows
settings in the traditional 20% range, while maintaining the security
of the differential element against inrush.
Available in the T60, T35.
An alternative method for inrush inhibit is also available, where
current, voltage, or breaker status is used to indicate a de-energized
transformer. The threshold can be lowered during energization of
the transformer as indicated either by breaker contact, current or
voltage sensing, and will last for a settable time delay. This allows Differential vs. Restraint
settings of less than 20% for inrush inhibit during transformer Characteristic (ld vs.lr)
energization.
Differential
Available in the 745.
Current (Id) Slope 2
Sensitive Ground Fault Protection to limit Transformer
Damage
Break Point 2
Differential protection and overcurrent protection are not sensitive
enough to detect faults close to the neutral of wye-connected
Transition Region
transformers with grounded neutrals. Such faults produce less fault
current as shown by the current distribution curve. The restricted
ground fault function can be used to provide differential protection
for such ground faults, down to faults at 5% of the transformer Break 1
winding. Restricted ground fault protection can be a low impedance Slope 1
differential function or a high impedance differential function. The
low impedance function can precisely set the sensitivity to meet
the application requirement. This sensitive protection limits the
damage to the transformer for faults close to the neutral. The Restraint Current (Ir)
restricted ground fault element uses adaptive restraint based on
The settings for the dual-slope, dual-breakpoint characteristic provides
symmetrical components to provide security during external phase
higher flexibility for shaping up the characteristic and achieve better
faults with significant CT error. This permits the function to maximize sensitivity and security.
sensitivity without any time delay.
Available in the 745, T60.
Beyond these typical applications, GE Multilin transformer protection
relays can be applied on more advanced applications.
Acquiring transformer measurements

Winding hot-spot temperature protection
Transformer protection requires the use of currents measured from
The transformer winding hot-spot temperature is another quantity
each winding, and possibly system voltages and transformer top-oil
that should be used for protection of transformers. Protection based
temperatures. Current measurements are normally taken from
on winding hot-spot temperature can potentially prevent short
circuits and catastrophic transformer failure, as excessive winding bushing CTs mounted at the transformer, voltages from nearby VTs,
hot-spot temperatures cause degradation and eventual failure of and top-oil temperatures via RTDs from the transformer cooling
the winding insulation. The ambient temperature, transformer controls. Each measurement must be brought back individually by
loading, and transformer design determine the winding temperature. copper wiring to the transformer protection relay. Top-oil
Temperature based protection functions alarm or trip when certain temperatures, for example, are rarely brought back to the
temperature conditions are met. transformer protection relay because of the need to run RTD wires
across the switchyard. Each copper wire requires numerous
GE Multilin relays use IEEE C57.91 compliant thermal models to
terminations that are designed, documented, field installed, and
calculate the winding hot-spot temperature and the loss of life of
tested one at a time.
the winding insulation. The top-oil temperature may be directly
measured, or calculated from the ambient temperature, load The HardFiber IEC 61850 Process Bus Solution simplifies the
current, and transformer characteristics. In addition, the calculations acquisition of measurement signals for transformer protection. The
may use a monthly model of ambient temperature, eliminating the Brick interface device is mounted at the transformer. Winding
need for external connections to the transformer and relay. This currents (for 2 windings), ground current, top-oil temperatures, and
winding hot-spot temperature and transformer loss of life sudden pressure relays / Bucholtz relay trips are wired to the Brick.
information is used in thermal overload protection to provide One fiber optic cable, transmitting sampled values from all
alarming or tripping when unacceptable degradation of the transformer measurements, and digital status information, is pulled
transformer winding insulation is occurring. across the switchyard to connect to the transformer protection
relay. The copper wiring and fiber optic cabling uses simple
Available in 745, T60.
connectors to attach to the Brick.
Application Capabilities
GE Multilin transformer protection relays are suitable for different
transformer protection applications, including medium voltage and
high voltage transformers of any size, dual secondary transformers,
auto-transformers, three-winding transformers, transformers with
dual-breaker terminals.
In addition, these relays are designed for both new and retrofit
installations. New installations typically use wye-connected CTs,
and internally compensate the measured currents for the phase
shift of the protected transformer. Traditional installations may use
delta-connected or wye-connected CTs that externally compensate
the measured currents for the phase shift of the protected
transformer. GE Multilin accommodates both methods as simple
configuration settings.
Typical Applications
Transformers 750kVA and above, MV Windings

Typical Functions Additional Functions
87T Differential 67 Directional overcurrent
86 Lockout auxiliary V, S Voltage and Power metering
50/51 Overcurrent and short circuit
50G Ground fault
Functions Typical Product Order Code

Typical Functions 745-W2-P5-G5-HI-T
T35-N00-HCH-F8N-H6P-MXX-PXX-UXX-WXX
+ Harsh Environment Option 745-W2-P5-G5-HI-T-H

T35-N00-ACH-F8N-H6P-MXX-PXX-UXX-WXX
T60-N00-ACH-F8N-H6P-MXX-PXX-UXX-WXX
+ Voltage and Power metering 745-W2-P5-G5-HI-T

T35-N00-HCH-F8L-H6P-M8N-PXX-UXX-WXX
+ Directional overcurrent T60-N00-HCH-F8L-H6P-M8N-PXX-UXX-WXX
Lockout
Standalone HEA61-A-RU-220-X2
Integrated T35-N00-HPH-F8N-H6P-MXX-P4L-UXX-WXX
T60-N00-HPH-F8N-H6P-MXX-P4L-UXX-WXX
Power Transformers, Dual MV Secondary Windings

Power Transformers, Dual MV Secondary Windings Typical Functions Additional Functions
87T Differential 67 Directional overcurrent
(three windings)
50N Neutral ground fault
(three windings)

Typical Functions 745-W3-P5-G5-HI-T
+ Harsh Environment Option 745-W3-P5-G5-HI-T-H

T35-N00-ACH-F8L-H6P-M8N-PXX-UXX-WXX
T60-N00-ACH-F8L-H6P-M8N-PXX-UXX-WXX
+ Voltage and Power metering 745-W3-P5-G5-HI-T

+ Directional overcurrent T60-N00-HCH-F8L-H6P-M8N-PXX-UXX-WXX
Lockout
Integrated T35-N00-HPH-F8L-H6P-M8N -P4L-UXX-WXX
T60-N00-HPH-F8L-H6P-M8N -P4L-UXX-WXX
Power Transformers, HV Windings, Dual-Breaker Source

87T Differential 87RGF Restricted Ground Fault
86 Lockout auxiliary 67 Directional overcurrent
50/51 Overcurrent and short circuit 24 Volts per Hertz
(two windings) 59 Overvoltage
50G Ground fault
V, S Voltage and Power metering

Typical Functions T60-N00-HCH-F8L-H6P-M8N-PXX-UXX-WXX
+ Voltage and Power metering T60-N00-HCH-F8L-H6P-M8N-PXX-UXX-WXX

+ Additional Functions T60-N00-HCH-F8L-H6P-M8N-PXX-UXX-WXX
Lockout
Integrated T35-N00-HPH-F8L-H6P-M8N-P4L-UXX-WXX
T60-N00-HPH-F8L-H6P-M8N-P4L-UXX-WXX
Power Transformers, HV Windings

(both windings) 59 Overvoltage
50G Ground fault

Typical Functions T60-N00-HCH-F8N-H6P-MXX-PXX-UXX-WXX
745-W2-P5-G5-HI-T

745-W2-P5-G5-HI-T

(87G, 67, 24, 59)
745-W2-P5-G5-HI-R-T
Lockout
Auto-Transformer
(both sources) 59 Overvoltage
50G Ground fault

Typical Functions T60-N00-HCH-F8N-H6P-MXX-PXX-UXX-WXX

Lockout
Auto with Dual-Breaker on both sides and loaded tertiary

87T Differential V, S Voltage and Power metering
86 Lockout auxiliary
(three windings)
50G Ground fault

Typical Functions T35-N00-HCH-F8L-H6P-M8N-PXX-U8N-W6P
+ Voltage and Power metering T35-N00-HCH-F8L-H6P-M8N-PXX-UXX-W6P
Lockout
Integrated T35-N00-HPH-F8L-H6P-M8N-P4L-U8N-W6P
Auto-Transformer, Dual-Breaker Terminals

(two windings) 59 Overvoltage
50G Ground fault


Lockout
T60-N00-HPH-F8L-H6P-M8N-P4L-UXX-WXX
Generator Step Up Transformer

87T Differential 51G Ground Fault
86 Lockout auxiliary 24 Volts per Hertz
51 Overcurrent and short circuit 59 Overvoltage
(three windings)

Lockout
Distributed Transformer with no load-side Circuit Breaker
Typical Functions
87T Differential
86 Lockout auxiliary
51 Overcurrent and short circuit
(two windings)
50G Ground fault

Typical Functions T35-N00-HCH-F8N-H6P-M8N-PXX-U8N-WXX
Lockout
Integrated T35-N00-HPH-F8N-H6P-M8N-P4L-U8N-WXX
Thermal Overload Protection

(two windings)
50G Ground fault
TT/TO Top Oil Temperature, RTD or
Transducer
Winding hot-spot tempera-
ture, loss-of-life
49 Thermal overload protection

Typical Functions T60-N00-HCH-F8N-H6P-MXX-PXX-UXX-W5E
745-W2-P5-G5-HI-L-T
+ Voltage and Power metering T60-N00-HCH-F8L-H6P-M8N-PXX-UXX-W5E

745-W2-P5-G5-HI-L-T
+ Additional Functions T60-N00-HCH-F8N-H6P-MXX-PXX-UXX-W5E

745-W2-P5-G5-HI-L-R-T
Lockout
Integrated T60-N00-HPH-F8N-H6P-MXX-P4L-UXX-W5E
Application Spotlight
Essential transformer diagnostics

Increase the life of your transformer, optimize your capital expenditure and improve reliability
of service by implementing a preventative asset maintenance & management tool using the
Multilin T60, T35 and 745 transformer protective relays
Increased equipment use, deferred capital expenditures and The transformer top-oil temperature can be directly measured, or
reduced maintenance expenses are challenges faced by most calculated from the ambient temperature, load current, and other
capital asset owners today. Therefore, managing critical electrical transformer characteristics. The protective relays can be set to
system assets such as large power transformers require a alarm or trip in cases where the computed hottest-spot
preventative maintenance plan that can screen device degradation temperature is above the pickup threshold for a user specified
and make intelligent device protection decisions. time (considered as transformer overheating).
Excessive heat and mechanical stress are major reasons for Multilin relays use IEEE C57.91 compliant thermal models to
transformer damage. These factors can cause hot spots, calculate the winding hot-spot temperature, detect abnormal
breakdown of winding insulation, short circuits, and catastrophic temperatures inside the transformer, and prevent loss of life of the
failures. The good news, however, is that transformer failures are winding insulation. The loss of life element detects the accumulated
attributable to manageable problems and new technology in total consumed transformer life. This element can be set to issue
transformer protective relays enable Engineers to implement a an alarm or trip when the actual accumulated transformer life
diagnostic approach to assess the health of power transformers. becomes larger than the user-specified loss of life pick up value.
Measurable indicators of transformer health include electrical The protective relay aging element detects the transformer aging
load, hottest-spot, ambient temperature, loss of life etc, Users who in per unit normal insulation aging. This element can be set for
use protective relays to monitor these indicators, plan optimal alarm or trip whenever the computed aging factor is greater than
transformer loading and maintenance, and thereby increase life of the maximum permissible user-defined pickup setting under
their asset and improve quality of their service. emergency loading conditions and maximum ambient
temperature.
Application Spotlight
T60, T35, 745

Transformer Protection Systems
Delivering fast, adaptive, sensitive and secure protection for small, medium and
large power transformer applications. Multilin protection relays include advanced
Health Diagnostics capabilities, coupled with advanced communications including
IEC 61850 for remote data and engineering access to increase asset life and
improve quality of service.
Internal Short Circuit Winding Hot Spots Top Oil Temperature
• Fast tripping with • Advanced algorithm based • Improve maintenance

unrestrained differential on IEEE C57.91-1995 and through oil temperature
element C57.96-1989 monitoring
• Enhanced selectivity with • Constant, value-based • Detection of oil aging to avoid
double break point transition monitoring of winding isolation faults
characteristic temperatures • Monitoring and alarming
• Sensitive ground current • Flexlogic for control of cooling easily integrated with
differential element fans substation SCADA systems
Multilin Advantage
Adaptive & Sensitive

High Performance Multi-Winding High-Speed,
Transformer Protection Differential Protection Draw-out Protection
T60 T35 745

Transformer Protection System Transformer Protection System Transformer Protection System
Adaptive protection with Adaptive protection with

Advanced protection & control for
dual slope, dual breakpoint 2nd harmonic inhibit
2- and 3-winding transformers
differential restraint function
Device health diagnostics Comprehensive device health

Comprehensive metering and
reduces troubleshooting & diagnostics during startup
monitoring to optimize asset life
Maintenance costs and continuously at runtime
Flexible communications Robust network security Advanced cyber security features

including support for enabling Critical Infrastructure including dual access permission
IEC 61850 Protection
Robust network security
enabling Critical Seamless integration into Draw-out construction limiting
Infrastructure Protection SCADA and DCS systems system downtime
Applications Applications Applications

• Medium to large MV - HV Power • Medium to large LV – MV • Medium to large HV, MV & LV
Transformers transformers Transformers
• Auto-transformer banks • Main protection for distribution • Main & back-up protection for
• Main & Back-up protection schemes transmission & distribution
• Up to five current sources (windings) • Back-up protection for transmission • Automatic tap-changer
schemes monitoring
• Transformer – Bus protection for • Auto-transformer banks
small distribution systems
Product Selector Guide
Selector Guide
Features Device 745 T35 T60
Protection & Control
Transformer Differential 87T • • •
Maximum Number of Windings 3 6 5
Harmonic Restraint • • •
Internal Winding Phase Shift Compensation • • •
Dynamic CT Ratio-Matching • • •
CT Mismatch Range 16/1 32/1 32/1
Restricted Ground Fault 87RGF • •
Over-Fluxing (Voltz Per Hertz) 24 • •
Phase Undervoltage 27P •
IOC, Ground/Neutral/Phase 50G/N/P G/N/P G/N/P
TOC, Ground/Neutral/Phase 51G/N/P G/N/P G/P G/N/P
Custom programmable overcurrent curves • • •
Overvoltage, Neutral/Phase/Auxiliary 59N/P/X N/P/X
Overvoltage, Symmetrical Component 59N •
Current Directional, Neutral/Phase. 67 N/P P/N
Voltage Transformer Fuse Failure VTFF •
Under/Overfrequency 81U/O • •
Synchrocheck 25 •
Transformer Overload 49 • • •
Lockout 86 • •
Automation
Settings Groups 4 6 6
Contact Inputs (Up to) 16 96 96
Contact Outputs (Up to) 8 64 64
Non-volatile latches • •
Programmable Logic • • •
FlexElements™ • •
Virtual Inputs/Outputs 16/16 64/96 64/96
Direct Inputs/Outputs 32/32 32/32
Programmable Pushbuttons 12 12
Trip/Close Coil Supervision Trip Trip/Close Trip/Close
User-Programmable LEDs 48 48
User-Programmable Self Test • •
Selector Switch • •
Digital Counters • •
Digital Elements • •
Analog Inputs/Outputs (Up to) 1 24/12 24/12
RTD Inputs (Up to) 1 24 24
Monitoring & Metering
Power Factor • • •
Current – RMS • • •
Current – Phasor • •
Current – Demand • •
Current - Unbalance •
Voltage • • •
Power - Apparent, Real, Reactive • • •
MW, MVA, Mvar Demand •
Breaker Arc Current • •
Energy • • •
Frequency • • •
Temperature • •
Current Harmonics (Up to) 21 25
Loss of Life Calculations • •
Fault Report • • •
User Programmable Trip Reports • •
Event Recorder - Number of Events 40 1024 1024
Oscillography - Sampling Rate 12 64 64
Trip Counters • •
Data Logger • • •
Simulation Mode •
Communications
RS232 Port • • •
RS485 Port • • •
RS422, G.703, C37.94 • •
Ethernet • • •
Fiber (800nm, 1300nm, 1550nm) • •
Protocols
ModBus (RTU & TCP/IP) • • •
DNP3 • • •
EGD Protocol • •
IEC61850 • •
IEC 60870-5-104 • •
Simple Network Time Protocol • •
TCP/IP • •
HTTP • • •
IRIG-B Input • • •
Process Bus (IEC 61850-9-2) • •
Product Listing
Product Listing
T60 Comprehensive multi-winding transformer protection system 155

The T60 Transformer Protection System is designed for various power transformer applications, including
auto-transformers, generator step up transformers, split-phase, angle regulating transformers and reactors.
Uses multiple current and voltage inputs to provide primary protection and back-up protection of transformers,
including differential, ground differential, phase, neutral, and ground overcurrent, under- and over-voltage,
under- and over-frequency, over-fluxing, and breaker failure protection. Also provides protection of
transformer based on winding temperature and loss-of-life calculations.
T35 Cost effective protection for transformers with up to 6 restraints 163

The T35 Transformer Protection System is designed to provide basic transformer protection functions for
variety of transformer applications. Uses multiple current inputs to provide primary protection and backup
protection of transformers, including differential, phase and ground overcurrent, protection. The relay can be
configured to accept up to 6 sets of current inputs to provide proper differential restraint for applications with
three winding transformers with windings configured in dual breaker arrangements.
745 Draw-out transformer protection system 171

The 745 Transformer Protection System is a full featured transformer protection relay, suitable for application
on small, medium, and large power transformers. The 745 can be applied on two-winding and three-winding
transformers. Uses multiple current and voltage inputs to provide primary protection and back-up protection
of transformers, including differential, ground differential phase, neutral, and ground overcurrent, over-
fluxing, and on-load tap changer. The 745 also has specific features for industrial environments, including a
draw-out case to limit downtime during maintenance and conformal coating for harsh environments. 745
also includes analog inputs and outputs, while incorporating advanced features such as transformer loss of
life calculations.
154 www.GEDigitalEnergy.com 080724-v2

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Transformer Protection

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Transformer

Transformer Principles 140

Transformer Protection 143

Typical Applications 146

Application Spotlight 150

GE Leads Transformer Protection 152

Selector Guide 153

Product Listing 154

These windings work on the principle of induction, where the primary

for high voltage power transmission as they ensure long distance

Transformer locations in a power system:

Three-Phase Transformers Advantages of a grounded-wye connected transformer

Since a 3-phase transformer can have its primary and secondary

When the transformer primary and secondary windings are

Typical Nameplate Data

Transformer Nameplate Data:

• Month/year of manufacture • Connection diagram showing all winding terminations with a

Transformer Protection Overview

• core faults (core insulation failure, shorted laminations) Internal

Differential Characteristic Overloads Thermal (49)

Inrush Inhibit during Transformer Energization: Overflux Protection

Beyond these typical applications, GE Multilin transformer protection

Acquiring transformer measurements

Transformers 750kVA and above, MV Windings

Functions Typical Product Order Code

+ Harsh Environment Option 745-W2-P5-G5-HI-T-H

+ Voltage and Power metering 745-W2-P5-G5-HI-T

+ Directional overcurrent T60-N00-HCH-F8L-H6P-M8N-PXX-UXX-WXX

Power Transformers, Dual MV Secondary Windings

Functions Typical Product Order Code

+ Harsh Environment Option 745-W3-P5-G5-HI-T-H

+ Voltage and Power metering 745-W3-P5-G5-HI-T

+ Directional overcurrent T60-N00-HCH-F8L-H6P-M8N-PXX-UXX-WXX

Power Transformers, HV Windings, Dual-Breaker Source

Typical Functions Additional Functions

Functions Typical Product Order Code

+ Voltage and Power metering T60-N00-HCH-F8L-H6P-M8N-PXX-UXX-WXX

+ Additional Functions T60-N00-HCH-F8L-H6P-M8N-PXX-UXX-WXX

Power Transformers, HV Windings

Functions Typical Product Order Code

+ Voltage and Power metering T60-N00-HCH-F8L-H6P-M8N-PXX-UXX-WXX

+ Additional Functions T60-N00-HCH-F8L-H6P-M8N-PXX-UXX-WXX

Functions Typical Product Order Code

+ Voltage and Power metering T60-N00-HCH-F8L-H6P-M8N-PXX-UXX-WXX

+ Additional Functions T60-N00-HCH-F8L-H6P-M8N-PXX-UXX-WXX

Auto with Dual-Breaker on both sides and loaded tertiary

Typical Functions Additional Functions

Functions Typical Product Order Code

+ Voltage and Power metering T35-N00-HCH-F8L-H6P-M8N-PXX-UXX-W6P

Auto-Transformer, Dual-Breaker Terminals

Functions Typical Product Order Code

+ Voltage and Power metering T60-N00-HCH-F8L-H6P-M8N-PXX-UXX-WXX

+ Additional Functions T60-N00-HCH-F8L-H6P-M8N-PXX-UXX-WXX

Generator Step Up Transformer

Functions Typical Product Order Code

Distributed Transformer with no load-side Circuit Breaker

Functions Typical Product Order Code

Thermal Overload Protection

Functions Typical Product Order Code