Hindawi Publishing Corporation

Advances in Chemistry
Volume 2014, Article ID 808456, 10 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/808456

Research Article
Baphia nitida Leaves Extract as a Green Corrosion Inhibitor for
the Corrosion of Mild Steel in Acidic Media

V. O. Njoku,1 E. E. Oguzie,2 C. Obi,3 and A. A. Ayuk2

1
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imo State University, PMB 2000, Owerri, Nigeria
2
Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology Owerri, PMB 1526, Owerri, Nigeria
3
Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Port Harcourt, PMB 5323, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

Correspondence should be addressed to V. O. Njoku; viconjoku@yahoo.com

Received 21 April 2014; Accepted 10 July 2014; Published 4 August 2014

Academic Editor: Ana Mornar

Copyright © 2014 V. O. Njoku et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

The inhibiting effect of Baphia nitida (BN) leaves extract on the corrosion of mild steel in 1 M H2 SO4 and 2 M HCl was studied at
different temperatures using gasometric and weight loss techniques. The results showed that the leaves extract is a good inhibitor
for mild steel corrosion in both acid media and better performances were obtained in 2 M HCl solutions. Inhibition efficiency
was found to increase with increasing inhibitor concentration and decreasing temperature. The addition of halides to the extract
enhanced the inhibition efficiency due to synergistic effect which improved adsorption of cationic species present in the extract
and was in the order KCl < KBr < KI suggesting possible role of radii of the halide ions. Thermodynamic parameters determined
showed that the adsorption of BN on the metal surface is an exothermic and spontaneous process and that the adsorption was via
a physisorption mechanism.

1. Introduction double layer, which could reduce the rates of either the anodic
metal dissolution and the cathodic hydrogen ion reduction or
One of the most practical methods of preventing electro- both.
chemical corrosion is to isolate the metal surface from It is known that some corrosion inhibitors and their
corrosive agents [1]. Of the many methods available, the use of derivatives are toxic and pollute the environment [14]. There
corrosion inhibitors is usually the most appropriate method is therefore the need to explore new nontoxic, environmen-
to achieve this objective [2–9]. These inhibitors could be tal friendly, ecologically acceptable and inexpensive corro-
in the form of organic, inorganic, precipitating, passivating, sion inhibitor substitutes. Among the alternative corrosion
or volatile species. Generally, corrosion inhibitors may be inhibitors, natural products of plant origin have been shown
divided into three broad classes, namely, oxidizing, precipi- to be quite efficient as corrosion inhibitors [15–19].
tating, and adsorption inhibitors [10]. Adsorption inhibitors
are usually organic substances containing heteroatoms with In this work, the inhibitory properties of leaf extracts
high electron density such as nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen [11, of Baphia nitida on mild steel corrosion in 1 M H2 SO4 and
12] and the presence of unsaturated bonds or aromatic rings 2 M HCl have been studied using gasometric and weight
in the molecular structure of the inhibitor favors adsorption loss techniques. The plant popularly called camwood and
on corroding metal surface [13]. The adsorption is influenced also known as African sandalwood belongs to the family of
by the nature and the surface charge of the metal, the type of Leguminosae and its wood is commonly used to make a red
corrosion media, and the molecular structure of the inhibitor dye. Phytochemical analysis of the leaves detected tannins,
[4]. Some corrosion inhibitors used in different media and flavonoids, and saponin glycosides [20]. The actions of the
for different metals and alloys decrease considerably the leaf extract as inhibitor in both acid media over a range of
oxidation states of the corroding metals. In acid corrosion, inhibitor concentration and solution temperature, as well as
inhibitor adsorption may lead to structural changes in the synergistic effects of halides, have been studied.
2 Advances in Chemistry

2. Experimental beakers using glass rods and hooks. After 3 h, the specimens
were removed from the solutions, washed appropriately,
2.1. Materials Preparation dried, and reweighed. The weight loss was taken to be the
difference between the weight of the coupons after the 3 h
2.1.1. Metal Specimen. Mild steel strips of compositions 0.05% period of immersion in the solutions and the initial weight
C, 0.6% Mn, 0.36% P, and 0.03% Si remainder iron and of the coupons. Gravimetric experiments were performed
dimensions 3 cm × 1.5 cm × 0.14 cm were used for gasometric in triplicate and the results showed good reproducibility.
and weight loss studies. The specimens were washed with The average values were taken and used in subsequent
distilled water, degreased by soaking in absolute ethanol, calculations.
dried in acetone, and stored in moisture-free desiccators prior
to use.
3. Results and Discussion
2.1.2. Reagents. Analytical grade reagents were utilized to
3.1. Gasometric Measurements
prepare 1 M H2 SO4 and 2 M HCl using distilled water.
3.1.1. Effect of Immersion Time on Corrosion Rate. The
2.1.3. Plant Extracts. The Baphia nitida leaves used were spontaneous dissolution of mild steel in acidic media is
obtained locally and were dried to a constant weight in an accompanied by the cathodic reduction of hydrogen ions as
oven at a temperature of 110∘ C, and then ground to fine shown in (1)
powder. The Baphia nitida (BN) extract was prepared by
adding 10 g of the powder into 250 mL of 1 M H2 SO4 in a 2H+ + 2e 󳨀→ H2(g) . (1)
round bottom flask. The same was repeated for 2 M HCl. The
resulting solutions were heated under reflux for 2 h and left The corrosion of iron and steel in acidic solutions is con-
to cool overnight, and then filtration was carried out using trolled by the hydrogen evolution reaction [22]. Thus, the
filter paper. From the respective stock solutions, inhibitor corrosion rates of the test coupons in absence and pres-
test solutions were prepared in the concentration range 5– ence of inhibitor were assessed using hydrogen evolution
100 mg/L. measurements. Previous workers have demonstrated the
effectiveness of the gas-volumetric technique in monitoring
2.2. Methods any modifications in the double layer resulting from the
action of an adsorbed inhibitor in a metal/corrodent system
2.2.1. Gasometric Experiments. The gasometric setup is [23–25]. Results obtained by this technique are corroborated
essentially an apparatus that measures the volume of gas by other well established methods including weight loss and
evolved from a reaction system as described by Onuchukwu thermometry, potentiostatic polarization, and impedance
[21]. The reaction vessel was connected to a burette via a spectroscopy [24, 26–28].
delivery tube, which was in turn connected to a reservoir of Gasometric measurements of mild steel subjected to the
paraffin oil. Fifty milliliters of the test solutions were intro- effect of acidic media in the absence and presence of BN
duced, respectively, into the reaction vessel for blank deter- extract were made at various time intervals. Figures 1(a) and
minations and the initial volumes of air in the burette, taken 1(b) present plots of evolved hydrogen gas as a function of
against that of the paraffin oil, were recorded. Thereafter, time for mild steel corrosion in 1 M H2 SO4 , in absence and
two mild steel coupons were introduced into the reaction presence of 20 and 100 mg/L BN extract concentrations at 30
vessel and the flask quickly closed. The volume of hydrogen and 60∘ C, respectively. Similar plots are shown in Figures 2(a)
gas evolved by the corrosion reaction was monitored by the and 2(b) for 2 M HCl at 30 and 60∘ C. The plots in Figures 1
drop in the volume of the paraffin oil level in the gasometric and 2 show a remarkable decrease in hydrogen evolution with
gauge. The progress of the corrosion reaction was monitored the introduction of the inhibitor indicating that BN extract
by careful volumetric measurement of the evolved hydrogen inhibits corrosion of mild steel in acidic environments.
gas at fixed time intervals. The temperature of the experiment The rates of hydrogen evolution were observed to decrease
was controlled at 30 ± 1 and 60 ± 1∘ C. The experiments were with increasing inhibitor concentration, suggesting that the
performed separately employing 20 and 100 mg/L inhibitor inhibiting effectiveness of the BN extract depends on the
concentrations in 1 M H2 SO4 and 2 M HCl. The effects of inhibitor concentration. This dependence was almost linear
halide ions on the inhibitive action of the BN extract were throughout the time interval studied in the absence and
studied by adding KCl, KBr, and KI separately to 1 M H2 SO4 presence of BN extract indicating that the inhibitor acts
and 2 M HCl with and without 100 mg/L BN extract solutions rapidly and does not lose its inhibitory properties with
to yield 0.5 mM concentrations of the halides in each case. time. However, the kinetic parameters indicate satisfactory
inhibitor efficiencies even at low concentration of BN extract.
2.2.2. Weight Loss Experiments. The prepared and weighed In all the cases, the dissolution of steel was characterized
mild steel coupons were immersed in beakers containing by a linear increase in the evolution of hydrogen with time.
200 mL of the test solutions with and without the addition The reaction rate was characterized by differentiating the
of BN extract of concentrations ranging from 5 to 100 mg/L volume of hydrogen evolved with time and was obtained from
inhibitor concentrations in 1 M H2 SO4 and 2 M HCl at 30, the slope of the linear portions of Figures 1(a) and 1(b). Table 1
40, 50, and 60∘ C. The metal strips were suspended in the shows the values of corrosion rates obtained for the different
Advances in Chemistry 3

8 30

7
25
6
Hydrogen evolution (mL)

Hydrogen evolution (mL)

20
5

4 15

3
10
2
5
1

0 0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Time (s) Time (s)

Corrodent Corrodent
Corrodent + 20 mg/L BN Corrodent + 20 mg/L BN
Corrodent + 100 mg/L BN Corrodent + 100 mg/L BN
(a) (b)

Figure 1: Hydrogen evolution during mild steel corrosion in 1 M H2 SO4 in absence and presence of Baphia nitida extract at (a) 30∘ C and (b)
60∘ C.

14 50

12
40
Hydrogen evolution (mL)

Hydrogen evolution (mL)

10

8 30

6
20

4
10
2

0 0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Time (s) Time (s)

Corrodent Corrodent
Corrodent + 20 mg/L BN Corrodent + 20 mg/L BN
Corrodent + 100 mg/L BN Corrodent + 100 mg/L BN
(a) (b)

Figure 2: Hydrogen evolution during mild steel corrosion in 2 M HCl in absence and presence of BN extract at (a) 30∘ C and (b) 60∘ C.

test solutions. The results show that corrosion rate reduced efficiency (IE, %) of BN extract on mild steel in acidic media
in the presence of the inhibitor and was found to decrease was evaluated from (2). Consider
with increasing BN extract concentration in both corrodents.
Also, mild steel was observed to exhibit higher corrosion Vinh
susceptibility in 2 M HCl than in 1 M H2 SO4 . 𝜃=1− ,
Vfree
(2)
3.1.2. Inhibition Efficiency. For the gasometric experiments, Vinh
IE = 100 × (1 − ),
the degree of surface coverage (𝜃) and the inhibition Vfree
4 Advances in Chemistry

Table 1: Corrosion rates of mild steel in 1 M H2 SO4 and 2 M HCl of protonated inhibitor species compared to H2 SO4 [29, 30].
in absence and presence of BN extract obtained from gasometric Thus, the adsorption of the protonated inhibitor species on
method. the metal surface will be enhanced in HCl, leading to higher
Corrosion rate inhibition efficiencies.
System (×10−3 H2 gas vol. mL s−1 )
30∘ C 60∘ C 3.2. Weight Loss Measurements. The inhibition efficiency (IE,
1 M H2 SO4 %) for the weight loss measurements was calculated using (3)
as follows:
Corrodent alone 9.20 27.65
Corrodent + 20 mg/L inhibitor 3.52 18.49 (𝑊2 − 𝑊1 )
IE = × 100, (3)
Corrodent + 100 mg/L inhibitor 2.17 15.83 𝑊1
2 M HCl
Corrodent alone 16.34 56.96 where 𝑊1 (mg) is the weight loss of steel in uninhibited
solutions and 𝑊2 (mg) the weight loss of steel in inhibited
Corrodent + 20 mg/L inhibitor 3.28 24.68
solutions. IE (%) and 𝜃 for mild steel exposed to 1 M H2 SO4
Corrodent + 100 mg/L inhibitor 1.14 19.25 and 2 M HCl at various temperatures as a function of BN
concentration are shown in Tables 3 and 4. It is observed
Table 2: Degree of surface coverage and inhibition efficiencies of that at all temperatures inhibition efficiency increased on
different concentrations of BN extract during mild steel corrosion increasing BN concentration. This observation is in support
in 1 M H2 SO4 and 2 M HCl obtained from gasometric method. of results obtained with the gasometric experiments.
The effect of temperature on the corrosion behavior of
Concentration Surface coverage, 𝜃 Inhibition efficiency, IE (%)
mild steel in the absence and presence of BN extract was
(mg/L) 30∘ C 60∘ C 30∘ C 60∘ C investigated by performing weight loss experiments at 30,
1 M H2 SO4 40, 50, and 60∘ C. The results as shown in Tables 3 and 4
Blank — — — — demonstrate that the weight loss increased and the inhibi-
20 0.62 0.33 61.7 33.1 tion efficiency decreased with increase in temperature. The
100 0.76 0.43 76.4 42.8 decrease in inhibition efficiency with increasing temperature
suggests weak adsorption interaction between the metal and
2 M HCl
the extract organic matter. Such behavior corresponds to
Blank — — — — physical adsorption, such that at higher temperatures, there
20 0.80 0.57 79.9 56.7 is a possible shift of the adsorption-desorption equilibrium
100 0.93 0.66 93.0 66.2 towards desorption of adsorbed inhibitor [31]. The increase
in solution agitation resulting from higher rates of H2 gas
evolution as well as the agitation of the interface and rough-
where Vfree and Vinh are the corrosion rates in the absence and ening of the metal surface as a result of enhanced corrosion all
presence, respectively, of a given concentration of BN extract. contribute to the reduced stability of the adsorbed inhibitor
Table 2 shows values of the degree of surface coverage (𝜃) at higher temperature [15, 32].
and the inhibition efficiency (IE, %) obtained for different
concentrations of BN extract in both corrodents using the 3.3. Adsorption Isotherm Behaviour. Experimental and the-
gasometric technique. The result shows that the extract oretical studies have shown that the protective action of
retarded acid corrosion of the mild steel and surface coverage organic substances during metal corrosion is based on the
and hence inhibition efficiencies increased with increasing adsorption ability of their molecules, where the resulting
inhibitor concentration at both temperatures. adsorption film isolates the metal surface from the corrosive
Phytochemical analysis of leaves of BN detected tannins, medium [4–16]. Therefore, Langmuir adsorption isotherm
flavonoids, and saponin glycosides and these are known to expression (4), which relates the surface coverage 𝜃 defined
possess corrosion inhibitory properties [20]. The inhibitive by IE/100 and the inhibitor concentration (𝐶), could be
effect could be attributed to the net adsorption of the applied to determine adsorption equilibrium constant, 𝐾, at
organic matter on the steel/acid solution interface thereby the different temperatures. Consider
reducing the surface area available for corrosion reaction and
the degree of protection increases with increasing inhibitor 𝐶 1
concentration. It can be clearly noticed that the inhibition = + 𝐶. (4)
𝜃 𝐾
efficiency of BN extract was higher in 2 M HCl than in
1 M H2 SO4 over the concentration range studied, suggesting The plots of 𝐶/𝜃 versus 𝐶 for 1 M H2 SO4 and 2 M HCl
that the nature of the acid anion influences metal-inhibitor are shown in Figures 3(a) and 3(b), respectively, and the
interactions. In the presence of strong acids, some inhibitor values of 𝐾 subsequently calculated from the intercept are
species become protonated. The surface charge on iron in shown in Table 5. The adjusted correlation coefficient (𝑅2 )
acidic solution is positive at the corrosion potential and values which were all above 0.990 shows a good fit of the
specific adsorption of chloride ions of HCl renders the experimental data and suggests that the adsorption of BN
metal surface more negative and susceptible to adsorption extract on metal surface followed the Langmuir adsorption
 Advances in Chemistry

Table 3: Corrosion parameters obtained from weight loss of mild steel in 1 M H2 SO4 containing various concentrations of BN extract at different temperatures.
Temperature
Concentration of BN (mg/L) 30∘ C 40∘ C 50∘ C 60∘ C
2 2 2 2
𝑊 (mg/cm ) IE (%) 𝜃 𝑊 (mg/cm ) IE (%) 𝜃 𝑊 (mg/cm ) IE (%) 𝜃 𝑊 (mg/cm ) IE (%) 𝜃
0 5.82 — — 7.47 — — 14.57 — — 23.87 — —
5 2.56 56.01 0.5601 3.96 46.99 0.4699 9.19 36.93 0.3693 16.81 29.58 0.2958
10 2.39 58.93 0.5893 3.86 48.33 0.4833 8.96 38.5 0.3850 16.48 30.96 0.3096
20 2.21 62.03 0.6203 3.7 50.47 0.5047 8.58 41.11 0.4111 16.02 32.89 0.3289
40 1.93 66.84 0.6684 3.45 53.82 0.5382 8.21 43.65 0.4365 15.35 35.69 0.3569
60 1.69 70.96 0.7096 3.19 57.3 0.5730 7.69 47.22 0.4722 14.98 37.24 0.3724
80 1.54 73.54 0.7354 2.95 60.51 0.6051 7.19 50.65 0.5065 14.24 40.34 0.4034
100 1.41 75.77 0.7577 2.75 63.19 0.6319 6.98 52.09 0.5209 13.55 43.23 0.4323
5
 6

Table 4: Corrosion parameters obtained from weight loss of mild steel in 2 M HCl containing various concentrations of BN extract at different temperatures.
Temperature
Concentration of BN (mg/L) 30∘ C 40∘ C 50∘ C 60∘ C
2 2 2 2
𝑊 (mg/cm ) IE (%) 𝜃 𝑊 (mg/cm ) IE (%) 𝜃 𝑊 (mg/cm ) IE (%) 𝜃 𝑊 (mg/cm ) IE (%) 𝜃
0 4.44 — — 5.43 — — 9.38 — — 13.66 — —
5 1.18 73.42 0.7342 1.92 64.64 0.6464 4.00 57.36 0.5736 6.60 51.68 0.5168
10 1.07 75.9 0.7590 1.83 66.3 0.6630 3.82 59.28 0.5928 6.27 54.1 0.5410
20 0.88 80.18 0.8018 1.68 69.06 0.6906 3.58 61.83 0.6183 5.86 57.1 0.5710
40 0.65 85.36 0.8536 1.48 72.74 0.7274 3.24 65.46 0.6546 5.43 60.25 0.6025
60 0.52 88.29 0.8829 1.31 75.87 0.7587 2.90 69.08 0.6908 5.01 63.32 0.6332
80 0.41 90.77 0.9077 1.13 79.19 0.7919 2.70 71.26 0.7126 4.77 65.08 0.6508
100 0.29 93.47 0.9347 0.97 82.14 0.8214 2.53 73.03 0.7303 4.59 66.4 0.6640
Advances in Chemistry
Advances in Chemistry 7

280 160

240 140

200 120

100
C/𝜃 (mg/L)

C/𝜃 (mg/L)
160
80
120
60
80
40
40
20

0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
C (mg/L) C (mg/L)

30∘ C 50∘ C 30∘ C 50∘ C

40∘ C 60∘ C 40∘ C 60∘ C
(a) (b)

Figure 3: Langmuir adsorption plots for mild steel corrosion with BN extract as inhibitor at different temperatures in (a) 1 M H2 SO4 and (b)
in 2 M HCl.

Table 5: Thermodynamic parameters for the adsorption of BN extract in 1 M H2 SO4 and 2 M HCl on the mild steel at different temperatures.

Temperature 𝐾 (L/mg) 𝑅2 Δ𝐺 (kJ/mol) Δ𝐻 (kJ/mol) Δ𝑆 (J/mol K)

1 M H2 SO4
30 0.194 0.997 −1.028 −26.21 −83.11
40 0.141 0.995 −1.270 −26.21 −79.68
50 0.103 0.994 −1.517 −26.21 −76.45
60 0.076 0.990 −1.772 −26.21 −73.39
2 M HCl
30 0.316 0.999 −0.723 −9.61 −29.33
40 0.241 0.997 −0.921 −9.61 −27.76
50 0.228 0.998 −0.988 −9.61 −26.69
60 0.221 0.999 −1.041 −9.61 −25.73

isotherm. The results show that the adsorption equilibrium The values of Δ𝐺∘ were evaluated from (6) [34]
constant (𝐾) decreased with increasing temperature, indi-
cating better adsorption of BN extract onto the steel surface 1 Δ𝐺∘
𝐾= exp (− ). (6)
at lower temperatures. However, at higher temperatures, the 55.5 𝑅𝑇
equilibrium tends towards desorption.
The Δ𝑆∘ values were then obtained from the basic thermody-
namic equation
3.4. Thermodynamic Parameters. The thermodynamic param-
eters, the standard free energy of adsorption (Δ𝐺∘ ), the Δ𝐺∘ = Δ𝐻∘ − 𝑇Δ𝑆∘ . (7)
standard heat of adsorption (Δ𝐻∘ ), and the standard entropy
The thermodynamic parameters obtained are listed in
of adsorption (Δ𝑆∘ ) give an insight into the mechanism of the
Table 5. The negative values of Δ𝐻∘ show that the adsorp-
corrosion inhibition process. From the van’t Hoff equation
tion of BN on the metal surface is an exothermic process,
(5), Δ𝐻∘ was determined by a linear regression between ln 𝐾
supporting the previous observation that IE decreases with
and 1/𝑇 [33]. Consider
increase in temperature. Exothermic process signifies either
physisorption or chemisorption while endothermic process
−Δ𝐻 is indicative solely of chemisorptions [35]. For an exothermic
ln 𝐾 = + 𝐶. (5) process, the absolute value of Δ𝐻∘ of the process is used
𝑅𝑇
8 Advances in Chemistry

to distinguish physisorption from chemisorptions. If Δ𝐻∘ Table 6: Calculated values of apparent activation energy (𝐸𝑎 ) and
is lower than 41.86 kJ/mol, physisorption is involved, while preexponential factor (𝐴) for mild steel corrosion in 1 M H2 SO4 and
if Δ𝐻∘ approaches 100 kJ/mol, it is a chemisorption process 2 M HCl with BN extract as inhibitor.
[36]. The absolute value of Δ𝐻∘ in the present study is 𝐶 (mg/L) 𝐸𝑎 (kJ/mol) 𝐴 (mg/cm2 h) 𝑅2
lower than 41.86 kJ/mol, confirming the physisorption mech- 1 M H2 SO4
anism proposed involving electrostatic interactions between
0 40.97 2.02 × 107 0.950
charged BN molecules and charged metal. The negative
values of Δ𝐺∘ indicate the stability of the adsorbed layer on 5 54.30 1.79 × 109 0.974
the steel surface and that the adsorption of BN molecules 10 55.55 2.78 × 109 0.980
onto the steel surface is spontaneous. The negative values of 20 56.81 4.26 × 109 0.984
Δ𝑆∘ show that the adsorption process is accompanied by a 40 59.40 1.05 × 1010 0.989
decrease in entropy. The explanation is that the adsorption of
60 62.24 2.87 × 1010 0.992
BN molecules onto the steel surface reduces the level of chaos
on the steel surface leading to a decrease in entropy. 80 63.39 4.13 × 1010 0.992
100 64.72 6.44 × 1010 0.992
3.5. Apparent Activation Energy (𝐸𝑎 ). It has been reported 2 M HCl
that for the acid corrosion of mild steel, the natural logarithm 0 32.75 6.06 × 105 0.951
of the corrosion rate is a linear function of 1/𝑇. Therefore, the 5 49.44 1.26 × 108 0.988
apparent activation energy of the corrosion inhibition process 10 50.66 1.87 × 108 0.992
could be obtained by the application of the Arrhenius-type 20 54.11 6.24 × 108 0.994
equation (8) [1]. Consider 40 60.12 5.22 × 109 0.992
60 63.84 1.87 × 1010 0.989
𝐸𝑎
ln ] = ln 𝐴 − , (8) 80 69.26 1.28 × 1011 0.987
𝑅𝑇
100 77.82 2.82 × 1012 0.979
where V (mg/cm2 h) is the corrosion rate, 𝐸𝑎 (J/mol) is the
apparent activation energy, 𝑅 (8.314 J/mol K) is the univer- Table 7: Effect of halide ions on the mild steel corrosion in 1 M
sal gas constant, 𝑇(K) is the absolute temperature, and 𝐴 H2 SO4 and 2 M HCl in the absence and presence of BN extract.
(mg/cm2 h) is the pre-exponential factor. The corrosion rate,
V, was obtained from the relation Inhibition efficiency, 𝐸 (%)
System 1 M H2 SO4 2 M HCl
𝑊 30∘ C 60∘ C 30∘ C 60∘ C
]= , (9)
𝑡 100 mg/L BN 76.4 42.8 93.0 66.2
2 0.5 mM KCl 32.7 26.2 26.4 20.9
where 𝑊 (mg/cm ) is the weight loss per area and 𝑡 is
the immersion (corrosion) time (3 h). From the slope and 0.5 mM KBr 52.9 45.7 52.4 40.3
intercept of the linear regression of ln V versus 1/𝑇 (Figure 0.5 mM KI 69.6 60.0 65.0 54.8
not shown), the values of 𝐸𝑎 and 𝐴 for mild steel corrosion 100 mg/L BN + 0.5 mM KCl 79.2 44.8 94.4 67.3
in different concentrations of BN in both 1 M H2 SO4 and 2 M 100 mg/L BN + 0.5 mM KBr 81.7 47.0 95.8 68.4
HCl were calculated, respectively, as shown in Table 6. The
100 mg/L BN + 0.5 mM KI 89.5 54.5 97.8 69.8
results show that the value of 𝐸𝑎 increased with the addition
of BN extract. Increase in 𝐸𝑎 with increasing concentration
of inhibitor indicates physisorption mechanism [21]. Similar
results have been reported in some previous studies [9, 37]. 3.6. Synergism Considerations. The influence of halide ions
Analysis of the temperature dependence of inhibition on the inhibitive action of BN extract was assessed. Table 7
efficiency as well as comparison of corrosion activation illustrates the effects of 0.5 mM KCl, KBr, and KI without
energies in absence and presence of inhibitor gives some or with 100 mg/L BN extract on the corrosion of mild steel
insight into the possible mechanism of inhibitor adsorption. in 1 M H2 SO4 and 2 M HCl. The inhibition efficiency of
A decrease in inhibition efficiency with rise in temperature, BN extract was significantly improved in the presence of
with analogous increase in corrosion activation energy in the halide ions in both acid media and at both temperatures
presence of inhibitor compared to its absence, is frequently studied. This suggests that adsorption of protonated species
interpreted as being suggestive of formation of an adsorption in the BN extract is enhanced through ion pair interactions,
film of physical (electrostatic) nature. The reverse effect, with the halide ions forming an intermediate bridge between
corresponding to an increase in inhibition efficiency with rise the positively charged metal surface and the inhibitor [22,
in temperature and lower activation energy in the presence 39]. From the inhibition efficiencies, corrosion inhibition
of inhibitor, suggests a chemisorption mechanism [22]. The efficiencies of the halide alone as well as in combination with
results for both acid media show higher activation energy BN extract increased in the order KCl < KBr < KI. This is
values in the presence of the extract compared to the blank in accordance with the findings of other researchers [15, 39–
acids, suggesting physical adsorption [30–32, 38]. 42]. This observation could be explained on the basis of the
Advances in Chemistry 9

Table 8: Synergism parameter (𝑆𝐼 ) for the various halides at 30 and Conflict of Interests
60∘ C.
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests
Synergism parameter (𝑆𝐼 )
regarding the publication of this paper.
Halides 1 M H2 SO4 2 M HCl
30∘ C 60∘ C 30∘ C 60∘ C
KCl 1.38 1.55 1.27 1.29
References
KBr 1.59 1.82 1.52 1.57 [1] E. S. Ferreira, C. Giacomelli, F. C. Giacomelli, and A. Spinelli,
KI 1.64 1.90 1.62 1.74 “Evaluation of the inhibitor effect of L-ascorbic acid on the
corrosion of mild steel,” Materials Chemistry and Physics, vol.
83, no. 1, pp. 129–134, 2004.
[2] D. A. Jones, Principles and Prevention of Corrosion, Prentice
halide ion radii, which increases in the order Cl− (0.09 nm) < Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA, 2nd edition, 1996.
Br− (0.114 nm) < I− (0.135 nm), with the highest ionic radius [3] M. G. Fontana, Corrosion Engineering, McGraw-Hill, Singapore,
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