FERROCK : A CARBON NEGATIVE CONCRETE

A SEMINAR REPORT

Submitted by

MEENAKSHI S (ATP19CE018)

for the partial fulfilment for the award of the Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING

of the A P J Abdul Kalam Technological University

Under the Guidance of

Mr.JAYAKRISHNAN.R

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

AHALIA SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
PALAKKAD

OCTOBER 2022
 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the report entitled ”FERROCK : A CARBON

NEGATIVE CONCRETE” submitted by MEENAKSHI S (ATP19CE018) to
the APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University in partial fulfillment for the award of the
Degree in Civil Engineering is a bonafide record of the seminar carried out by him/her
under my/our guidance and supervision.

Guide/Supervisor Co-Guide/Co-Supervisor

Name : Mr.JAYAKRISHNAN.R Name :

Signature : ....................... Signature : .......................

Seminar Coordinator Head of Department

Name : Mrs.KRIPA K. M Name : Mrs.KRIPA K. M

Signature : ....................... Signature : .......................
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I take this opportunity to express my profound thanks to everyone who helped me

to complete this work successfully. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. P.
R. SREEMAHADEVAN PILLAI, Director (Academics) and Principal (ASET), and Dr.
KRISHNA KUMAR KISHOR, Executive Director (Ahalia Group) and Vice Principal
(ASET), for their whole hearted support extended throughout the seminar.
I express my sincere and heartfelt gratitude to Mrs.KRIPA K. M, Head of the
Department, Department of Civil Engineering, for providing me with all the necessary
facilities and encouragement in completion of this work. I would like to place on record
my sincere thanks to my seminar guide Mr.JAYAKRISHNAN.R and for the constant
motivation, guidance and inspiration extended throughout the seminar. I would like to
express my heartfelt thanks to Mrs.KRIPA K. M, seminar coordinator for her
instructions and guidance.
I wish to express deep sense of gratitude to all teaching and non-teaching staff of
my college for giving me a supportive environment in the college. I’m highly indebted to
my parents for their contribution in successful completion of this work. Thanks are due
to my friends, who directly or indirectly helped me throughout the work.
Last but not least, I would like to thank the almighty for the endless blessings and
showering knowledge and wisdom for fulfilling the work.

MEENAKSHI S
 ABSTRACT

Concrete is the most used building material for construction works, which is
responsible for 70 percent of the industrial carbon dioxide emission. From this
perspective, the green concrete concept has evolved and more researches have been done
on replacement by green materials.
In this study we discuss about Ferrock as a carbon negative concrete. It shows
the best usage of Iron ore waste Powder obtained from mining process which causes air
pollution, health hazards and also consuming large areas. Ferrock is a binder that is a
blend of Iron Powder, Flyash, Lime Powder, Metakaolin and Oxalic acid. Oxalic acid
acts as a catalyst and on reaction with CO2 and water produces Iron Carbonates, which is
the hardened product. It can enhance the environment by absorbing the atmospheric CO2
for its hardening process.

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 CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENT i

ABSTRACT ii

LIST OF FIGURES v

ABBREVIATIONS vi

1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 HISTORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 WHY CHOOSE FERROCK OVER CONCRETE? . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2 LITERATURE SURVEY 4

3 FERROCK : A CARBON NEGATIVE CONCRETE 7

3.1 COMPARISON OF MANUFACTURING PROCEDURE OF
ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT AND FERROCK . . . . . . . . . 7
3.2 COMPARISON OF SYSTEM DIAGRAMS OF ORDINARY
PORTLAND CEMENT AND FERROCK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

4 TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND APPLICATIONS 11

4.1 TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.2 POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

5 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF FERROCK 15

5.1 ADVANTAGES OF FERROCK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.2 DISADVANTAGES OF FERROCK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

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6 CONCLUSION 17

REFERENCES 18

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 LIST OF FIGURES

1.1 Ferrock in construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

3.1 Oxide composition limits of OPC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

3.2 System diagram of OPC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.3 System diagram of Ferrock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

4.1 Applications of Ferrock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

v
 ABBREVIATIONS

(List in the alphabetical order)

Abbreviation Expansion
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
GHG Greenhouse Gas
OPC Ordinary Portland Cement
PPC Portland Pozzolana Cement

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 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Figure 1.1: Ferrock in construction

1.1 HISTORY

Ferrock was invented by Dr.David Stone, founder and owner of Iron Shell Media
Technologies, and former University of Arizona Ph.D student in the Department of Soil,
Water, and Environmental Science Department.Stone accidentally made Ferrock while he
was working on project back in 2002. At the time, he was researching ways to prevent
iron from rusting and hardening.
At first, he didn‘t think much of the material he created and abandoned the test.

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However, he soon changed his mind and decided to focus on finding a material with
the same physical capabilities of concrete, but in an eco-friendly version. To test his
new idea, he worked with Tohono O‘odham Nation Reservation in Southern Arizona to
source the silica he needed to his test. He also received 200,000 dollars in grants by
the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which allowed him to create demonstrative
projects, along with assistance from the tribe. Once Stone had the Ferrock manufacturing
process figured out, he entered his eco-friendly alternative to concrete in a competition,
which he won.
In 2013, the US Patent and Trademark Office issued patent for the invention.
Although Stone is one who invented Ferrock, the copyright belongs to University of
Arizona, since he was working for them at the time of his discovery. A year later, Stone
worked out a contract to hold a license that allowed him to commercialize his invention.
This license was done in collaboration with Tech Launch Arizona (TLA).

1.2 GENERAL

Concrete is the most utilized structural ingredient in all places. Roughly 1 ton of
cement is created every year from each person on the planet. In view of the broad use, it
is critical to assess the effects of this material in the environment precisely. These days,
a material’s ecological effect is assessed with its individual impact on ozone harming gas
discharges and environmental change. From this perspective, the Green concrete idea
was evolved. Globally, cement production is in charge of 5 to 7 percent of carbon dioxide
generated.
David Stone, a former Ph.D student at the University of Arizona (UA) Department
of Soil, Water and Environmental Science has developed an alternative to Portland cement
known as Ferrock.
Ferrock is a binder that is a blend of Iron Powder, Flyash, Lime Powder,
Metakaolin and Oxalic acid. Oxalic acid acts as a catalyst and on reaction with CO2 and

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water produces Iron Carbonates, which is the hardened product. It can enhance the
environment by absorbing the atmospheric CO2 for its hardening process. From studies,
it is found that the optimum molarity of oxalic acid as catalyst was 10 moles and ferrock
also absorbs considerable amount of CO2 from the atmosphere and reduces the amount
of CO2 emitted from the industries. It’s giving promising suggestions as a choice to
concrete and a far greener construction material. Being environment friendly,Ferrock
uses all the materials from scratch, waste metal powder, Limestone, Metakaolin and
Flyash. This concreting technology is far greener, stronger and durable compared to its
predecessor.

1.3 WHY CHOOSE FERROCK OVER CONCRETE?

Concrete is a tried and true product that has been used around for hundreds of
years. But despite the extensive use of concrete, there is a good reason we should want to
fit other possible building materials.
Manufacturing concrete and cement-which is produced separately and is added to
the concrete to make it firm up and bind together to form a hard shape-, releases a ton
of carbon dioxide into the air. The reason why there‘s so much CO2 is that cement has
to be heated to extremely high temperature in order to break down the limestone, as in
scorching 2,800°F (1537.778°C). That is, for 1000 kilograms of cement, 900 kilograms
of carbon dioxide is released from the factories and into the air.
In comparison, Ferrock which has been found to absorb carbon dioxide and fuse
it into the matrix. The more CO2 it consumes, the stronger it becomes. It seems like a
no-brainer that we would want to use more of a product that can do the same things as
concrete, but that cleans up our air too.

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 Chapter 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

1. V Rajesh M Patel, Hardik J Solanki (2018): In this experiment they partially

replaced cement with Ferrock in gradually varying proportions from 20%-30%.
Specimens were cast and test for Compression, Tension and Flexure. The test
results showed that 25.43% replacement gave optimal performance in
compression,17.51percent in tension and 25.11% in flexure.

2. Alejandro Lanuza, Garcia et al (2017): In this paper, Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)
is utilized to look at the natural effects of Ferrock and Ordinary Portland Cement,
concentrating on the amount of carbon contamination, water usage. This
procedure incorporates a top to bottom natural evaluation of Ferrock generation,
from the purpose of its materials extraction to all its steps. The outcomes are
contrasted with a past life-cycle investigation of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC).
This examination finds that Ferrock has both the possibility to supplant OPC, and
contribute essentially to the advancement of an feasible future.

3. Balraj More, Pradeep Jadhav, Vicky Jadhav (2014): In this paper the amount of
CO2 absorbed by the concrete using the Zeolite powder and Zeolite sand as a
supplementary material is determined. They found that the Zeolite Concrete
absorbs around 1 mole of CO2 from atmosphere in 50 days. Concrete with Zeolite
as a supplement material can absorb large quantity of CO2. Introducing Zeolite
material into concrete absorbs CO2 from the atmosphere, hence it will be
eco-friendly. Zeolite absorbs CO2 and reduces the air pollution, keeping
environment clean and full of oxygen.

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4. Niveditha .M, Y.M.Manjunath, Setting.H.S.Prasanna (2021): Ferrock was

constituted based on testing with different proportions of the raw materials. The
composition of ferrock is thus finalized as 60% iron powder, 20% fly ash, 10%
metakaolin, 8% limestone, 2% oxalic acid in terms of rheological characteristics.
The pore and micro structural properties of the best performing system was
considered as the ferrock. The experimental studies on the curing process are
conducted and determined by trial-and-error methods based on number of days of
curing by carbon dioxide and number of days of air curing. It is suggested that
carbon curing of 4 days and air curing of 3 days gives the best result.

5. Altwair.N.M, Kabir.S (2010): In this paper the use of environmental-friendly

concrete which eliminates the negative impact of the cement industry, minimizing
environmental impact, therefore, to try to reduce the quantity of concrete used in
buildings, to replace as much Portland cement as possible by supplementary
cementitious materials, especially those that are by-products of industrial
processes, such as fly ash, rice husk ash, palm oil fuel ash, slag, metakaolin and
silica fume, and use that concrete wisely is discussed.

6. Robbie M Andrew (2018): In this study the required data for estimating
emissions from global cement production are collected, and it is observed that
some global estimates are significantly inflated. Here they assembled a large
variety of available data sets and prioritised official data and emission factors,
including estimates submitted to the UNFCCC plus new estimates for China and
India, to present a new analysis of global process emissions from cement
production. It show that global process emissions in 2016 were 1.45±0.20GtCO2,
equivalent to about 4% of emissions from fossil fuels. Cumulative emissions from
1928 to 2016 were 39.3±2.4GtCO2, 66% of which have occurred since 1990.
Emissions in 2015 were 30% lower than those recently reported by the Global
Carbon Project were studied.

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7. Laurent Barcelo, John Kline, Gunther Walenta, Ellis Gartner (2013): In this
paper design of a new clinkers that requires less limestone is studied.The volume
of Portland cement required for concrete construction makes the cement industry a
large emitter of CO2. Most of the CO2 footprint of cement is due to the
decarbonation of limestone during the clinkering process. Designing new clinkers
that require less limestone is one means to significantly reduce the CO2 footprint
of cement and concrete. A new class of clinkers is described in this paper that can
reduce CO2 emissions by 20 to 30% when compared to the manufacture of
traditional PC Clinker.

8. Karina E, Seto, Cameron J, Churchill (2017): This paper critically compares

methods for allocating the environmental impact of fly ash production in a Life
Cycle Assessment (LCA) study of concrete, based on an evaluation of the
variability in LCA outcomes. The results show that concrete containing increasing
percentages of fly ash have lower environmental impacts. The results from the
study indicate that increasing the fly ash content in concrete can yield a concrete
with lower environmental impacts but the extent of the reductions strongly
depends on the allocation scenario that is applied.

9. Revathy Jayaseelan, Gajalakshmi Pandalu (2019): This research work explored

the development and performance characteristics of concrete incorporating nano
particles. The study focuses on the effective utilization of nano particles with
different dosage amounts added to the weight of binder (cement + metakaolin)
materials.It is found that a combination of nano-SiO2 and nano-Fe2O3 enhanced
compressive strength of concrete.

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 Chapter 3

FERROCK : A CARBON NEGATIVE CONCRETE

3.1 COMPARISON OF MANUFACTURING PROCEDURE OF

ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT AND FERROCK

Although the structural applications for both materials are very similar, the
manufacturing and chemical processes involved are vastly different. Cement is a binding
material, a substance used for construction that hardens and adheres to aggregates to
bind them together to form concrete. Cements used in construction are usually inorganic,
often with a lime or calcium silicate base and can be characterized as either hydraulic or
non-hydraulic, based on its ability to set in the presence of water.
Portland cement which is largely used in the construction industry is an example
of hydraulic cement. They set and become adhesive due to an exothermic chemical
reaction between the cement and the water due to the hydration of the principal chemical
components of cement, namely, tricalcium (Ca3) and dicalcium silicate (Ca2SiO4),
tricalcium aluminate (Ca3AI2O6), and tetracalcium aluminoferrite
(Ca4AI2Fe2O10).The chemical reaction also called as hydration of cement results in
mineral hydrates. This reaction results in the hardening and strength gaining of cement.
Cement also finds its application as a soil stabilizer in geo-technical engineering, and
stabilizer for environmental applications.
The raw materials used in the manufacturing of cement mainly consists of lime,
silica, alumina and iron oxide. The oxides interact with one another in the kiln at high
temperature to form more complex compounds. The relative proportions of these oxide
compositions are responsible for influencing the wide range of properties of cement. The

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table below shows the approximate oxide composition limits of ordinary Portland cement.

Figure 3.1: Oxide composition limits of OPC

In comparison, Ferrock also uses clay and limestone as part of its composition,
but the ratio of clay and limestone used is much smaller compared to OPC, eight and ten
percent respectively. The majority of the mixture, totaling 80 percent, is composed of low-
value waste products. The main ingredient is metallic iron powder, which is a byproduct
of shot blasting, a finishing technique for steel manufacturing. During the shot blasting
process the iron powder is ground to a micro-particle scale ( 19.03µm), which becomes
a considerable nuisance to the blasting facility because of its ineffectual applicability and
the inherent respiratory hazard associated with working with such a fine material. These
ingredients are combined as a dry-mix with a source of silica, such as fly ash or recycled
glass. Oxalic acid is also added to facilitate the chemical process and then blended to
create a uniform mixture.
It is necessary to point out that the Oxalic Acid, while small in percentage,
represents an important ingredient of the mixture since it promotes the precipitation and
mineralization of iron. It is in fact a well-known chemical promoter commonly used in
the iron industry due to its characteristics as an iron dissolvent, which prevents
oxidization and has the capacity to absorb CO2 (by creating iron oxalate). While
reacting with the Ferrock mixture, it chemically reacts with the compound and
transforms it into a bonded carbonate molecule and therefore has no further threat as an
emitting greenhouse gas (GHG).With the introduction of additional aggregates, water

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and compressed carbon dioxide, the iron oxide begins to chemically react yielding a new
compound, iron carbonate,and emits hydrogen gas as a by-product.
Fe(O)+ CO2 + H2 O = FeCO3 + H2

3.2 COMPARISON OF SYSTEM DIAGRAMS OF ORDINARY

PORTLAND CEMENT AND FERROCK

Figure 3.2: System diagram of OPC

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Figure 3.3: System diagram of Ferrock

The system diagrams represent the manufacturing process for each material. It
represents a visual model of the components and their interactions. The arrows represent
the flow of mass, energy and the effluent byproducts at each stage of the manufacturing
process.

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 Chapter 4

TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND APPLICATIONS

4.1 TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Besides its unique chemical properties as a carbon sink that emits valuable
hydrogen gas as a byproduct, Ferrock additionally presents technical characteristics that
have potential to make it a promising substitute for cement. Ferrock has similar
functional properties in terms of its fresh-state behavior and workability.
In addition, the iron-based binder requires a fractional amount of time to cure
compared to OPC; 4 days of carbonation compared to the 28 days of hydration that is
required for cement to cure. The curing process for Ferrock also has the theoretical
potential to be further expedited based on the purity of the compressed carbon dioxide.
Additional characteristics can be defined by a comparison with the pore structure of
28-day cured OPC pastes. The value of permeability of Ferrock after 4 days of
carbonation (k = 2.5 x 10-16 m2) is significantly higher than 28-day cured cement paste
(k = 6.17 x 10-20 m2).
Research studies also show that the iron-based binder is chemically stable in
marine environments and does not break down upon exposure to salt waters. In fact,
results show that Ferrock has the capacity to incorporate some of the salt, especially the
chlorine ions into the mineral structure. This trapping capacity seems to extend to some
toxic contaminants such as arsenic.
The addition of oxalic acid increases the production of iron carbonate which
respectively reflects in increased strength.
Ferrock has a bit of flexibility to it, it can withstand more pressure and movement.

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Concrete is completely solid, so any slight movement can cause cracks that weaken the
entire structure. Ferrock, on the other hand, can withstand some movement without
damage. This feature makes it great to use in areas where there is active seismic activity
such as earthquakes. In flexural tests, it is found that Ferrock is four times harder than
Portland cement.

4.2 POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS

The characteristics of Ferrock make it an extremely versatile compound. Its

applications can vary based on the coarse size of the aggregates added.
Using a coarse-grit aggregate it may be used slabs, blocks, other pre-cast forms
and general applications. By using fine aggregates the material becomes very malleable
and can be spread on like stucco, plaster or mortar. Adding additional reinforcement,
like re-bar, allows for the construction of large full sized structures. Like concrete, the
applications of this is limited only by its form. When cast in place, Ferrock’s shorter cure
time allows for compressed project construction schedules, conserving capital resources.
While most contemporary building materials must be specially treated to withstand
environmental degradation, Ferrock is resistant to rust, oxidation, UV radiation, rotting
and corrosion. Therefore, Ferrock can be used for marine applications like breakwater,
seawalls, piers, structural pilings, foundations and other structures exposed to seawater.
Its environmental durability also makes its application in the manufacture of pipes that are
typically used for water transmission and wastewater removal. Ferrock is not affected by
the constituents of sewage water like hydrogen sulfide and sulfuric acid, which corrodes
regular cement pipes.
Further, since Ferrock is less brittle compared to concrete, it enables better pipe-
to-pipe connection and consequently there is less damage while aligning and installing
sections .

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Figure 4.1: Applications of Ferrock

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 Chapter 5

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF FERROCK

5.1 ADVANTAGES OF FERROCK

• Carbon neutral-The rate of emission of CO2 due to cement production in the

industry is reduced.
While ferrock is in the liquid form, it uses carbon dioxide to help it harden. CO2
fuses into the mixture, trapping the gas inside the rock as it turns into a solid. So
in essence, Ferrock acts as a carbon dioxide filter, removing some of the CO2 in
atmosphere. It uses the absorbed CO2 to form it‘s final shape, a sheet of solid hard
Ferrock.

• Greenhouse gas emission-As CO2 is used during the hardening process it helps
reduce one of the most dangerous of greenhouse gases.

• Durable-Ferrock can withstand temperatures over 1000°F (600°C), making it

excellent for fireproofing or insulating when turned into foam.

• Chemically inactive-They are considered chemically inactive, which means the

material does not degrade when exposed to gases or chemicals, while concrete can
deteriorate over time and exposure to chemicals.
For this reason Ferrock is used in marine construction, as it is immune to effects of
saltwater. In fact, Ferrock actually gets more durable when exposed to seawater, so
it‘s excellent for underground environments.

• It is also resistant to conditions like UV radiation, corrosion, rotting, rust, and

oxidation, making it a viable option for pipes and tubes that are typically used for

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water transmission and wastewater removal.

• Five times harder than concrete-As the experimental investigation concludes, it

is evident that the strength of ferrock is five times that of conventional
concrete.This means it can withstand more weight, compression, and damage
without being destroyed.
The incremental addition of Oxalic acid increases the production of iron carbonate
which respectively reflects in increased strength.

5.2 DISADVANTAGES OF FERROCK

• Ferrock involves high cost- It is believed that the material is more suitable for
niche products but will not be a cost-effective solution for large-scale projects such
as roads and highway developments.
Many industry believe that if the steel dust goes directly from being a waste to being
a useful building material, the cost of producing Ferrock will be exponentially high,
which makes the construction process all the more costlier.
As of now, Ferrock is not a popular construction material in India, going forward
it is expected to become one of the crucial building materials with its multiple
advantages surpassing its debated high-cost.

• Availability of raw materials-Ferrock needs steel dust waste and silica, both of
which are the byproducts or leftover scraps of another process. Therefore both of
these product are in limited supply. It takes a lot of silica and metal shavings to
make Ferrock, which makes it challenging to do large projects.

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 Chapter 6

CONCLUSION

While Ferrock has been used in smaller construction sites, it has a long way to go
to become widely adopted. Many field experiments have been and are presently being
conducted to test and demonstrate the strength and capability of Ferrock in commercial
projects. However, the large-scale adoption of these alternative materials remains an
uphill battle. Considering concrete and cement have been in use for over 200 years, they
have stood the test of time, and unfortunately there just isn’t enough data to prove that
alternative materials - no matter how sustainable - can survive in the long term.
In the face of rapid real estate and infrastructure expansion, sustainable
construction is the only way to preserve deteriorating environmental resources. Though,
as of now, Ferrock is not a popular construction material in India, going forward it is
expected to become one of the crucial building materials with its multiple advantages
surpassing its debated high-cost.

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 REFERENCES

[1] V Rajesh M Patel, Hardhik J Soanki, ”Development of carbon negative concrete

using Ferrock.” (April 2018)
https://ijsrset.com/CE003

[2] Alejandro Lnuza, Garcia et al,”Ferrock: a life-cycle comparison to ordinary

portland cement.” (April 2017)
https://docplayer.net/amp/89393001-Ferrock-a-life-cycle-comparison-to-ordinary-
portland-cement.html

[3] Balraj More, Pradeep Jadhav, Vicky Jadhav, ”CO2 Absorbing Concrete Block.”
(July 2015)
https://issuu.com/ijteee/docs/co2-absorbing-concrete-block

[4] Niveditha.M, Y.M.Manjunath, Setting.H.S Prasanna, ”Ferrock : a carbon negative

sustainable concrete.” (2021)
https://publisher.uthm.edu.my/ojs/index.php/IJSCET/article/view/8084/4103

[5] Altwair Nurdeen, ”Green concrete structures by replacing cement with pozzolanic
materials to reduce greenhouse gas emission for sustainable environment.” (June
2010)
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273445439

[6] Robbie M Andrew, ”Global CO2 emission from cement production.” (July 2018)
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.831455

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[7] Laurent Barcelo, John Kline, Gunther Walenta, Ellis Gartner, ”Cement and carbon
emissions.” (June 2013)
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1617/s11527-013-0114-5

[8] Karina E, Seto, Cameron J, Churchill, ”Influence of Fly-ash allocation approaches

on the life cycle assessment of cement-based materials.” (2017)
https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201700195273

[9] J. Revathy, P. Gajalakshmi, Sanju, ”Investigation on the Performance Characteristics

of Concrete Incorporating Nano-particle.”(January 2019)
https://jjce.just.edu.jo/issues/paper.php?p=4654.pdf

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