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CHARACTERIZATION OF DOMESTIC WASTEWATER AT BHUBANESWAR,

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 NSave Nature to Survive
ISSN: 0974 - 0376

: Special issue, Vol. III: 297 - 305; 2013

AN INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
www.theecoscan.in

CHARACTERIZATION OF DOMESTIC WASTEWATER AT

BHUBANESWAR, ODISHA, INDIA

Aditya Kishore Dash

KEYWORDS

Domestic wastewater
Bhubaneswar
Physicochemical parameters

Prof. P. C. Mishra Felicitation Volume

Paper presented in
National Seminar on Ecology, Environment &
Development
25 - 27 January, 2013
organised by
Deptt. of Environmental Sciences,
Sambalpur University, Sambalpur
Guest Editors: S. K. Sahu, S. K. Pattanayak and M. R. Mahananda

297
 N
Save Nature to Survive QUARTERLY

ADITYA KISHORE DASH

Department of Environmental Engineering, Institute of Technical Education and Research (ITER)
SOA University, Bhubaneswar INDIA
E-mail:dr.adityadash@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Domestic wastewater is the major sources of INTRODUCTION

water pollution in India. In the present study,
Domestic wastewater (sewage) is generated from residential, institutional,
an attempt has been made to collect the waste-
water from three important locations at
commercial and industrial establishments. It includes household waste liquid
Bhubaneswar, the capital city of Odisha and from toilets, baths, showers, kitchens, sinks etc. that is disposed via sewers. Sewage
characterise through analysis of different may also include storm water runoff. As rain water travels over roofs and the
physico chemical parameters. The overall ground, it may pick up various contaminants. Sewage is the major source of
colour was light black and odour was un- water pollution in India, especially in and around large urban centres. There is a
pleasant in all the three sampling stations. The wide gap between the demand and supply of water (Sreerangam, 2005). Sewage
average pH in all the three stations varied be-
is mainly composed of 99.9% of water together with relatively small concentrations
tween 6.45-7.28, TSS(mg/L) 245.75-342.25,
TDS(mg/L) 628.3-791.3, turbidity(NTU) of suspended and dissolved organic and in organic solids. Dissolved solids formed
64.25-89.5, chloride(mg/L) 388.3-689.1, oil the main part of total solids concentrations as compared to the suspended solids
and grease(mg/L) 2.17-3.77, TKN(mg/L) 7.21- (Ayub et al., 2011). Organic substances present in sewage are carbohydrates,
8.61, total hardness(mg/L) 277.5-329.7, lignin, fats, protein and their decomposed products, soaps as well as various
BOD(mg/L) 108-139, COD(mg/L) 266.3 – natural and synthetic organic chemicals from the process industries. Sewage also
310.3, alkalinity(mg/L) 58.75-73.5, Na(mg/L) contains the inorganic substances from domestic and industrial sources, including
77-79, K(mg/L) 17.5-25.6, sulphates(mg/L)
a number of potentially toxic elements such as cadmium, chromium, copper,
202.8-227.1, sulphide(mg/L) 0.933-1.12,
phosphate(mg/L) 1.82-2.62, Fe(mg/L) 1.6-2.44, lead, zinc and iron (Dash, 2010; Dipak and Arti, 2011). Besides this domestic
Cu(mg/L) 0.017-0.036, Zn(mg/L) 0.05-0.07 and waste water also contains a good number of pathogenic microbes. Periodical
chromium(mg/L) 0.019-0.041. Out of the dif- monitoring of water quality is necessary in the area of industrial establishments,
ferent parameters studied, TSS, BOD and COD so that appropriate steps may be taken for water resource management practices
are above the permissible limit for disposal of (Kanase et al., 2005; Dipak and Arti, 2006). In the present study, an attempt has
wastewater into inland surface water. Though been made to characterise the sewage collected from three important locations of
the metals present in the wastewater are within
Bhubaneswar city.
the limit, it may cause biomagnification when
discharged into aquatic environment. There- Study area
fore, careful dilution and/or appropriate treat- Bhubaneswar, the capital of Odisha is known as the “Temple City of India”. It is
ment methods may be adopted before the
situated between Latitude- 20º12, N to 20º25, N and Longitude 85º44, E to 85º55,
wastewater is discharged into outside envi-
ronment. E. The city has a population of 6, 57,477 as per 2001 census. It is situated on the
South Eastern Railway line joining Howrah and Chennai at a distance of 435km
South of Kolkata. Bhubaneswar is well connected with the main cities of Kolkata,
Chennai, Hyderabad and Visakhapatnam by highways, railways and airways.
NK-5, NH-203 passes the city. Table I shows the land use pattern of Bhubaneswar.
Wastewater generation and drainage system
It is estimated that, 182 MLD of water is daily supplied to the city, out of which
145.6 MLD sewage is generated which is 80% of the total water supplied. There
is no integrated sewage treatment facility in the city. In the absence of sewerage
system, people are using septic tanks and soak pits. The city has an undulating
ridge and valley topology and is covered by a number of natural drainage
channels. The city is in the western side of river Kuakhai and to the northern part
of river Daya. Apart from this a number of open drains running west to east criss-
cross the city. The drainage is controlled by Kuakhai and Daya River. Most of the
sewage from the city reaches river Kuakhai and river Daya through open drains.
The entire city has not been covered with surface water drain. There are about 10

298
 CHARACTERIZATION OF DOMESTIC WASTEWATER

open drains in the city of Bhubaneswar discharging

Colour and Odour
wastewater. Table 2 shows the name of major drains with
their starting point, outfall point, major areas covered, length Both colour and odour are the two physical parameters of a
(sq. Km.) and average discharge of waste water (MLD) of water/wastewater sample. In the present investigation, colour
is light black and odour is unpleasant in all the three monitoring
Bhubaneswar.
stations. This gives an idea about the organic contamination
of the domestic wastewater.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
pH
Municipal waste water samples were collected from three
different locations (Table 3) was brought to the laboratory for The average pH in S1 is 6.45 which vary between 6.3-6.6, at
analysis of various physico-chemical parameters (APHA, S2 the average value is 7.28 which varies between 7.2-7.4
1995). Samples were collected from about 30-40cm below and in S3 the average value is 7.17 and it varies between 7.15-
the surface, to avoid the collection of surface impurities, oil 7.2. It shows that, the average pH in the three stations varies
etc. The time period between sampling and analysis was kept between 6.45-7.28. The pH of S1 is slightly acidic and in S2
and S3 it is slightly alkaline. The average pH in all the three
to a minimum.
stations are within the standard (5.5-9.0) for disposal into inland
surface water. Fig. 1a shows the difference in average pH in all
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION the three monitoring stations.
The physicochemical analysis results with their minimum and Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
maximum range, mean ± standard deviation values for S1,
TSS varies between 241-250 with an average value of 245.75 in
S2 and S3 are shown in Table 4, Table 5 and Table 6
S1, 338-345 with an average value of 342.25 at S2 and 282-287
respectively.
Table1: Land use pattern of Bhubaneswar
with an average value of 285 at S3. The average TSS in all the
three stations varies between 245.75-342.25. In all the three
S. no. Type of use Area in km2
stations TSS values are above the prescribed standard (1000 mg/
1. Residential 49.61 L). In some places, the municipal drain is open which receives
2. Commercial 3.64
the surface runoff water that might contribute the increase in TSS
3. Industrial 6.23
4. Administrative 4.08 of the domestic wastewater. Increase in TSS reduces the
5. Institutional and Utilities 10.93 transparency of the wastewater. Fig. 1b shows the comparison
(Roads, Railways and Airport) between TSS in all the three monitoring stations.
6. Parks, Open Space, Agriculture, 29.67 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
Vacant Land (including hills and bushy jungle)
7. River, Canal and other Water Bodies 19.09 TDS varies between 625-631 and average is 625.3 in S1, 738-
8. Total 123.32 741 and average is 739.5 in S2 and 789-794 and average is
Table 2: Major drains (Nallahs) in Bhubaneswar city
791.3 in S3. The average values vary between 625.3-791.3

Drain Drainname Starting point Outfall point Major areas Length in Average
km2 discharge
(MLD)
1. Patia Forest Lake, Daya West, Canal C. S. Pur, Damana, 4.32 17.00
Chandrasekharpur Crossing to River Kuakhai Garkhana, Patia, Mancheswar
2. Sainik Sainik School Railway Bridges (confluence Garkana 1.13 1.55
School Road Culvert with Drain No. 3) to
Gangua Nallah
3. OAP area Near Sainik School Railway Bridges (Confluence Samanta Vihar, 2.42 3.55
with Drain No. 2) to Vani Vihar, Garkana
Gungua Nallah
4. Vani Vihar Culvert near Reserve Daya West Canal Nayapalli,Madusadan 5.63 16.40
forest, Bharatpur Crossing to Gangua Nallah Nagar, Vanivihar, Pandra,
Garkana, Bhoinagar
5. Laxmisagar Culvert in Jan path Gangua Nallah Kesari Nagar, Charbatia, 3.13 4.45
Area Road East Bargarh
6. Baragada Railway Bridges Gangua Nallah East Bargarh, Laxmisagar, 2.16 3.45
Area Ashok Nagar
7. Kedargouri Culvert in Air Port Gangua Nallah Gautam Nagar, West 4.34 5.45
Road Bargada, Nuagaon
8. Airport area Joklandi Road Confluence with Baramunda, Jokalendi, 4.33 14.30
Drain no. 8 to Jagmara
Gangua Nallah
9. Ghatikia Culvert on NH-5 Pokhariput Railway Aiginia, Dumduma, 4.24 28.8
Bridge to Gangua Nallah Jagamara,
10. Nicco park Lake Near CRP Gangua Nallah Madhusudan Nagar, 5.48 12.3
Colony Bhoinagar, Satyanagar,
Jharpada.

299
 ADITYA KISHORE DASH

7.4
400
7.2
350
7 300
Average pH

6.8 250

Average TSS (mg/L)

200
6.6
150
6.4
100
6.2 50

6 0
S1 S2 S3 S1 S2 S3
Sampling location Sampling location
Figure 1a: pH Figure 1b: TSS

900 900
800 800

700 700

Average Turbidity
Average TDS

600 600
500 500

400 400
300 300
200 200

100 100
0 0
S1 S2 S3 S1 S2 S3
Sampling location Sampling location
Figure 1c: TDS Figure 1d: Turbidity

(Fig. 1c) in all the three stations which is within the standard
Oil and Grease
value of 2100. It was observed that, the domestic drains also
contains some amount of phytoplankton and aquatic plants. Oil and grease at S1 ranges from 1.7-3 with an average value
The lower values of TDS in the wastewater may be due to the of 2.17, at S2 it ranges from 3.5-4.0 with an average value of
presence of aquatic plants that utilizes the dissolved solids as 3.775 and at S3 it is from 1.8-3.0 and average is 2.5. In all the
a source of nutrient for their growth (Dash & Mishra, 1996 a three stations studied oil and grease is within the prescribed
and b). standard of 10mg/L. The domestic activities, movement of
vehicles and presence of automobiles stations in the city
Turbidity contributes to this parameter. Fig. 1f shows the comparison of
Turbidity varies between 85-94 with an average value of 89.5 oil and grease in all the three stations.
in S1, 80-83 with an average value of 81.5 in S2 and 61-67 Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN)
with an average value of 64.25 in S3. The average value (Fig.
1d) varies between 64.25-89.5. Presence of suspended solids TKN varies between7.9-9.16 with an average value of 8.61 at
of both organic and inorganic in nature in the wastewater S1, between 7.85-8.2 with an average value of 8.012 at S2
contributes towards higher turbidity of the sewage at different and between 7.1-7.3 with an average value of 7.21 at S3. The
stations. average value of TKN among the three monitoring stations
varies between 7.21-8.61. The higher decomposition rate
Chloride associated with favourable temperature for microbial growth
The average chloride content (Fig. 1e) was found to be 689.1 may contribute for increased TKN in the domestic wastewater.
in S1, 416.4 in S2 and 388.3 in S3. In all the three stations The comparative Fig. for TKN in all the three monitoring
average chloride is below the permissible limit of 1000mg/L. stations are shown in Fig. 1g. In all the three stations the TKN

Table 3: Locations and name of sampling stations

S. no. Drain name Sampling point Sampling Length of Drain area Average
station code drain in km2 in km2 discharge(MLD)
1. Nicco park Jharpata S1 5.48 10.28 12.3
2. Laxmisagar area Kesari Nagar S2 3.31 3.66 4.45
3. Kedargouri Goutam Nagar S3 4.34 9.46 5.45

300
 CHARACTERIZATION OF DOMESTIC WASTEWATER

Table 4: Physico-chemical characteristic of domestic wastewater at S1

S. no. Parameters Range Mean±SD Standard for disposal into
inland surface water
1. Colour Light Black Light Black -
2. Odour Unpleasant Unpleasant -
3. pH 6.3-6.6 6.45± 0.129 5.5-9.0
4. TS S mg/L 241-250 245.75±3.774 100
5. TDS mg/L 625-631 628.3±2.753 2100
6. Turbidity (NTU) 85-94 89.5±3.872 -
7. Chloride (as Cl) 685-693.5 689.1±3.837 1000
8. Oil and Grease mg/L 1.7-3 2.175±0.567 10
9. Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen(as N) mg/L 7.9-9.16 8.615±0.53 100
10. Total Hardness mg/L 326-333 329.7±3.238 -
11. Biochemical Oxygen 136-142 139±2.581 30
Demand (3 days at 27ºC) mg/L
12. Chemical Oxygen Demand mg/L 307-313 310.3±2.753 250
13. Alkalinity mg/L 71-76 73.5±2.38 -
14. Sodium (as Na) mg/L 77-82 79±2.16 -
15. Potassium( as K) mg/L 19-26 22.8±2.99 -
16. Sulphates (as SO3) mg/L 222-230.4 227.1±3.675 1000
17. Sulphide(as S) mg/L 0.9-1.1 1.11±0.142 2.0
18. Phosphate (as P) mg/L 2.4-2.8 2.625±0.17 5
19. Iron (as Fe) mg/L 2-2.4 2.225±0.17
20. Copper (as Cu) mg/L 0.033-0.038 0.036±0.002 3.0
21. Zinc (as Zn) mg/L 0.07-0.08 0.07±00 1.0
22. Chromium(as Cr) mg/L 0.039-0.043 0.041±0.001 2.0

Table 5: Physico-chemical characteristic of domestic wastewater at S2

S. no. Parameters Range Mean±SD Standard for disposal into
inland surface water
1. Colour Light Black Light Black -
2. Odour Unpleasant Unpleasant -
3. pH 7.2-7.4 7.28±0.085 5.5-9.0
4. TS S mg/L 338-345 342.25±3.095 100
5. TDS mg/L 738-741 739.5±1.29 2100
6. Turbidity (NTU) 80-83 81.5±1.29 -
7. Chloride (as Cl) 415.8-417.4 416.4±0.713 1000
8. Oil and Grease mg/L 3.5-4.0 3.775±0.221 10
9. Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen(as N) mg/L 7.85-8.2 8.012±0.165 100
10. Total Hardness mg/L 275-280 277.5±2.018 -
11. Biochemical Oxygen Demand 105-120 114.5±6.557 30
(3 days at 27ºC) mg/L
12. Chemical Oxygen Demand mg/L 256-272 266.3±7.135 250
13. Alkalinity mg/L 55-62 58.75±3.304 -
14. Sodium (as Na) mg/L 75-79 77±1.632 -
15. Potassium( as K) mg/L 24-27 25.6±1.41 -
16. Sulphates (as SO3) mg/L 212.7-215 213.7±1.043 1000
17. Sulphide(as S) mg/L 1.1-1.15 1.128±0.022 2.0
18. Phosphate (as P) mg/L 1.7-2.1 1.892±0.166 5
19. Iron (as Fe) mg/L 2.4-2.5 2.442±0.043
20. Copper (as Cu) mg/L 0.018-0.028 0.023±0.004 3.0
21. Zinc (as Zn) mg/L 0.06-0.06 0.06±0.0 1.0
22. Chromium(as Cr) mg/L 0.02-0.031 0.025±0.004 2.0
values are within the limit.
the BOD value. The BOD standard for disposal of sewage into
Total Hardness inland surface water is 30mg/L. In the present investigation,
Calcium and magnesium hardness in a water sample the average BOD at S1 is 139 which varies between 136-142,
determines the total hardness of the sample. In the present at S2 and average BOD is 114.5 which varies between 105-
investigation in S1 the hardness varies between 326-333, in 120 and at S3 the average BOD is 108 which varies between
S2 it varies between 275-280 and in S3 it is 283.5-286.7.
101-114. This shows that the average BOD value (Fig. 1i)
Further, the average value in S1, S2 and S3 were found to be
exceeds the permissible limit in all the three stations. Increase
329.7, 277.5 and 285 respectively (Fig. 1h).
in BOD of a sample decreases the DO concentration.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) Therefore, domestic wastewater before discharge outside must
Presence of organic matter in a wastewater sample determines be treated to bring the value with the standard.

301
ADITYA KISHORE DASH

Table 6: Physico-chemical characteristic of domestic wastewater at S3

S. no. Parameters Range Mean±SD Standard for disposal into
inland surface water
1. Colour Light Black Light Black -
2. Odour Unpleasant Unpleasant -
3. pH 7.15-7.2 7.17±0.022 5.5-9.0
4. TS S mg/L 282-287 285±2.16 100
5. TDS mg/L 789-794 791.3±2.217 2100
6. Turbidity (NTU) 61-67 64.25±2.5 -
7. Chloride (as Cl) 384-391.2 388.3±3.115 1000
8. Oil and Grease mg/L 1.8-3.0 2.5±0.509 10
9. Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen(as N) mg/L 7.1-7.3 7.212±0.085 100
10. Total Hardness mg/L 283.5-286.7 285±1.363 -
11. Biochemical Oxygen Demand
(3 days at 27ºC) mg/L 101-114 108±5.477 30
12. Chemical Oxygen Demand mg/L 278-292 283.5±6.454 250
13. Alkalinity mg/L 60-66 62.75±2.753 -
14. Sodium (as Na) mg/L 76-81 78.75±2.217 -
15. Potassium( as K) mg/L 15-20 17.5±2.38 -
16. Sulphates (as SO3) mg/L 195-207.4 202.8±5.405 1000
17. Sulphide(as S) mg/L 0.76-1.12 0.933±0.118 2.0
18. Phosphate (as P) mg/L 1.56-2.2 1.827±0.268 5
19. Iron (as Fe) mg/L 1.5-1.7 1.6±0.091
20. Copper (as Cu) mg/L 0.015-0.019 0.017±0.001 3.0
21. Zinc (as Zn) mg/L 0.04-0.06 0.05±0.01 1.0
22. Chromium(as Cr) mg/L 0.015-0.024 0.019±0.003 2.0

800 4

700 3.5
Average Chloride (mg/L)

Average O&G (mg/L)

600 3

500 2.5

400 2

300 1.5

200 1

100 0.5

0 0
S1 S2 S3 S1 S2 S3
Sampling location Sampling location
Figure 1e: Chloride Figure 1f: Oil and Grease

340
9
330
Average Kjendal Nitrogen (mg/L)

Average Hardness (mg/L)

320
8.5
310

8 300

290
7.5 280
270
7 260
250
6.5 S1 S2 S3
S1 S2 S3 Sampling location
Sampling location Figure 1h: Hardness
Figure 1g: Kjendal Nitrogen
Alkalinity
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
Minimum average alkalinity is 58.75 in S2 followed by 62.75
COD in all the three stations exceeds the prescribed limit of
in S3 and maximum value of 73.5 was found in S1 (Fig.1k).
250mg/L. Average COD (Fig. 1i) varies between 266.3-310.3.
The range varies between 307-313 in S1, 256-272 in S2 and Sodium
278-292 in S3. Sodium is highly soluble in water and impact softness to water.

302
 CHARACTERIZATION OF DOMESTIC WASTEWATER

160 320

140 310

120 300

Average COD (mg/L)

Average BOD (mg/L)

100 290

80 280

60 270

40 260

20 250

0 240
S1 S2 S3 S1 S2 S3
Sampling location
Sampling location
Figure 1I: BOD Figure 1J: COD

80 79.5

70 79
Average Alkalinity (mg/L)

Average Sodium (mg/L)

60 78.5
50
78
40
77.5
30
77
20

10 76.5

0 76
S1 S2 S3 S1 S2 S3
Sampling location Sampling location
Figure 1k: Alkalinity Figure 1l: Sodium

30 230

225
Average Potassium (mg/L)

25
Average Sulphate (mg/L)

220
20
215

15 210

205
10
200
5
195

0 190
S1 S2 S3 S1 S2 S3
Sampling location Sampling location
Figure 1m: potassium Figure 1n: Sulphate

Domestic wastewater is the important source of sodium. High average value of 17.5. The comparison between the average
concentration of sodium affects the physical conditions of potassium content in all the three stations are shown in Fig.
soil (Rawal, 1978). In the present study sodium content varies 1m. Both sodium and potassium are considered to be the
between 77-82 with an average value of 79 in S1, 75-79 with plant nutrients that favours the plant growth in an aquatic
an average value of 77 in S2 and between 76-81 with an system.
average value of 78.75 in S3. Fig. 1l shows the comparison
Sulphates
between the mean sodium values in all the three stations.
Sulphate in all the three monitoring stations is within the
Potassium standard value of 1000mg/L. However, the average sulphate
Potassium plays a major role in the metabolism of water among the three stations is higher in S1 (277.1) which ranges
environment. In S1 it varies between 24-27 and average is from 222-230.4 followed by S2 (213.7) which ranges from
25.6 and in S2 the potassium range is between 15-20 with an 212.7-215 and lowest is in S3 (202.8) which ranges from 195-

303
ADITYA KISHORE DASH

1.2 3

Average Phosphate (mg/L)

1 2.5
Average Sulphite (mg/L)

0.8 2

0.6 1.5

0.4 1

0.2 0.5

0 0
S1 S2 S3 S1 S2 S3
Sampling location
Sampling location
Figure 1o: Sulphite Figure 1p: Phosphate

3 0.04

0.035
2.5

Average Copper (mg/L)

Average Iron (mg/L)

0.03
2
0.025

1.5 0.02

0.015
1
0.01
0.5
0.005

0 0
S1 S2 S3 S1 S2 S3
Sampling location Sampling location
Figure 1q: Iron Figure 1r: Copper

0.08 0.045

0.07 0.04
Average Chromium (mg/L)
Average Alkalinity (mg/L)

0.035
0.06
0.03
0.05
0.025
0.04
0.02
0.03 0.015
0.02 0.01

0.01 0.005

0 0
S1 S2 S3 S1 S2 S3
Sampling location Sampling location
Figure 1s: Zinc Figure 1t: Chromium

207.4. The comparative values for average sulphate in all the eutrophication of water bodies. In the present study, phosphate
three stations are shown in Fig. 1h. content in all the three stations are within the standard value
of 5mg/L. Phosphate in S1 varies between 2.4-2.8 with an
Sulphides average value of 2.625 which is higher among the three sites
The highest average sulphide of 1.128 with a range of 1.1- followed by 1.892 which varies between 1.7-2.1 in S2 and
1.15 is found in S2 followed by 1.11 with a range of 0.9-1.1 in lowest value was recorded at S3 with an average phosphate
S1 and 0.933 with a range of 0.76-1.12 in S3. In all the three content of 1.827 that varies between 1.56 -2.2. Fig. 1p shows
samples average sulphide is within the prescribed standard of a clear picture of comparison between average phosphate
2mg/L. Fig. 1o shows the comparison of average sulphide content in all the three stations.
values among the different stations.
Iron
Phosphate The oxides and hydroxides of iron and manganese constitute
Phosphate is considered as an important plant nutrient. Excess significant signs of heavy metals into aquatic system. It exists
phosphate in aquatic environment contributes towards the in the soluble ferrous state under reducing conditions. At S1

304
 CHARACTERIZATION OF DOMESTIC WASTEWATER

the iron content in domestic wastewater varies between 2.0- prescribed standard for disposal into inland surface water.
2.4 with the average value of 2.225, at S2 it varies between Some of the parameters like total hardness, alkalinity, TKN,
2.4-2.5 with the average value of 2.442 and at S3 it varies BOD, COD, phosphate, sulphate, sodium, chromium, Zn, Cu
between 1.5-1.7 with the average value of 1.6. Fig. 1q shows were found to be higher in S1 in comparison to other stations.
a clear picture of comparison between average iron content However, parameters like pH, TSS, sulphide, K, oil and grease,
in all the three stations. Fe are higher in S2. It is suggested that, the domestic wastewater
before discharged into outside should be properly diluted or
Copper
treated in order to reduce its pollution effect on the
The standard for disposal for cupper is 3 mg/L. Highest average environment. Since the domestic wastewater contains many
copper of 0.036 which varies between 0.033-0.038 at S1 essential plant nutrients, through careful study it can be utilized
followed by 0.023 with a range of 0.018-0.028 at S2 and for agricultural purposes.
lowest was recorded at 0.017 with a range of 0.015-0.019 at
S3. Fig. 1r shows a clear picture of comparison between REFERENCES
average copper content in all the three stations.
APHA 1995. Standard methods for examination of water and waste
Zinc
water, American Public Health Association, water works association
In environment zinc occurs primarily in inorganic form, with and water pollution control federation, 19th Washington, DC.
dissolved or as insoluble complexes and components. It has Ayub, S., Husain, A. and Abad, K. R. 2011. Wastewater
no known adverse physiological effects upon human beings. Characterization in Urban Areas: A Case Study of Aligarh City, U.P.,
It is an essential and beneficial element in human nutrient. In India. J. Chem. Pharm. Res. 3(1): 685-697.
aquatic environment it binds predominantly with suspended Dash, A. K. and Mishra, P. C. 1996a. Changes in pigment and protein
materials before finally accumulating in the sediment. In the content of Westiellopsis prolifica, a blue-green alga, grown in paper
present study, higher average Zn of 0.07 with a range of 0.07- mill waste water, Microbios. 85: 257-266. (Cambridge Press, Great
0.08 was found in S1 followed by 0.6 at S2 and average 0.05 Britain).
with average of 0.04-0.06 was recorded. This shows that in all Dash, A. K. and Mishra, P. C. 1996b. Changes in biomass, pigment
the three sites Zn content in wastewater is much below the and protein content of Westiellopsis prolifica, a blue-green alga, grown
standard value of 1.0mg/L. Fig. 1s shows a clear picture of in nutrient manipulated paper mill wastewater, Cytobios. 88: 11-16.
(Cambridge Press, Great Britain).
comparison between average Zn content in all the three
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Chromium Tech. thesis SU.
Chromium is insoluble in water but soluble in acids is a toxic, Dipak, S. and Arti, D. 2011. Assessment and treatment of municipal
non essential metal. It has no biochemical or nutritional wastewater of Indore city of India. Archives of Applied Science
function. The prescribed standard is 2mg/L. Out of the three Research. 3(1): 450-461.
stations studied, higher average chromium was recorded as Dipak, S. and Arti, S. 2006. A study of physiochemical characteristics
0.041 which varies between 0.039-0.043 at S1, 0.025 which of two rivers of Indore city, Proceedings of state level conference, 39-
42.
varies between 0.02-0.031 at S2 and lowest chromium was in
Kanase, D. G., Jadhav, S. D., Jawale, R. W. and Kadam, M. S. 2005.
S3 with an average value of 0.019 which varies between 0.015-
A study on some physiochemical characteristics of flowing water of
0.024. Fig. 1t shows the zinc content in all the three stations. major rivers in Pune city, Proceedings of 2nd ICCE, 582-583.
Rawal, N. C.1978. Quality of rever water of India, Proceedings of 47th
CONCLUSION Research Session of CSIB. Hubil, Dharwad, Karnataka. 2: 139-160.
In the present study, it was observed that, out of the various Sreerangam, K. 2005. Water quality of the Paleru river in different
parameters studied, TSS, BOD, COD values exceeds the seasons at Jaggayyapet town (A.P.), Proceedings of 2nd ICCE, 124-128.

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