INTRODUCTION

Now a days electricity is an important one

for human population. The demand of
electricity is increasing every day.
Meanwhile , electrical power has been
used by various operation in the modern
technology. The production of electricity
leads to a huge amount of pollution. Now
the gap between the demand and the
supply of electricity made a path for the
exploration of alternate sources of
energy. The demand for the energy is
increasing day by day as there is a tremendous increase in the human population. Since large
amount of energy has been wasted there is a need for the alternate power generation. This
drawback has been removed with the help of the footstep power generation system. The main
principle of the power generation technology is piezoelectric effect. The piezoelectric effect
makes the materials to produce an electric charge when pressure and strain is applied to them.
Thus when the pressure is applied the electric potential is produced by the materials with the
help of the piezoelectricity. The pressure exerted by the moving people is converted into electric
current by the embedded piezoelectric material.

An average person, weighing 60 kg, will generate only 0.1 watt in the single second required
to take two steps across the tile but when they are covering a large area of floor space and
thousands of people are stepping or jumping on them, then we can generate significant amount
of power Stored in capacitors ,the power can be channeled to energy-hungry parts of the station
,including the electrical lighting system and the ticket gates. This technology is a proposal to
harness human power as a source of sustainable energy .Population of India and mobility of its
masses will turn into boon in generating electricity from its (population’s) footsteps. Human
locomotion in over crowded subway stations, railway stations, bus stands, airports, temples or
rock concerts thus can be converted to electrical energy with the use of this promising
technology .The generation of electrical energy is described by using the weight energy. Person
can amaze simply knowing that how much energy a person has by simply walking on the floor
with normal speed. So the people usually have thousands steps in a day. While people walks
they lose huge amount of energy that their weight energy of foot may be used and converted
Human-powered transport has been in existence since time immemorial in the form of walking,
running and swimming However modern technology has led to machines to enhance the use ot
human-power in more efficient manner. In this context, pedal powcr is an excellent source of
energy and has been in use since the nineteenth century making use of the most powerful
muscles in the body. Ninety-five percent of the exertion put into pedal power is converted into
energy. Pedal power can be applied to a wide range of jobs and is a simple, cheap, and
convenient source of energy. However, human kinetic energy can be useful in a number of ways
but it can also be used to generate electricity based on different approaches and many
organizations are already implementing human powered technologies to generate electricity to
power small electronic appliances. Now let us come to its some working principle, this device
if embedded in footsteps of railway platforms, city malls, city footpaths etc. can convert the
weight impact of people into electrical energy. When a pedestrian will step on the top plate of
this device, the plate will go down and this downward motion resu lts in rotati on of the shaft
of the alternator which produces electrical energy. After removal of force the top plate returns
to its original position due to springs.

NEED FOR NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY

Fuel deposit in the will soon deplete by the end of 2020Fuel scarcity will be maximum. Country
like India may not have the chance to use petroleum products. Keeping this dangerous situation
in mind we tried to make use of non-pollutant natural resource of petrol energy. In India, there
are several hours of daily power-cuts in rural areas as well as in urban areas like metro cities
due to the increase in demand of electricity. As result, people in our country are forced to use
rechargeable batteries or a diesel/petrol-run electric generator during such condition. The use
of generators is common in industries but it is unusual to utilize it at home. Because of the cost
to run the diesel/petrol-run electric generator is high. Besides, it also causes pollution which
increases global warming. So the proposed method which can be a help in smaller scale to save
the power in the urban areas like metro cities and the power saved by this method can be used
to light up the rural areas. In the future, there are chances of having more number of methods
available to produce the electricity bynon conventional method. The technology is concentrated
on the increasing the efficiency of the equipment used for the non conventional method power
generation. Increasing the efficiency induce the increase in the amount of generating electricity
with the same or less amount of input energy that is used prior. To develop a method which is
economically suitable for the mass production of the power generation by non conventional
method is a challenge.
In the past, several substitutions were proposed for generating electricity at the smaller scale.
Here using the mechanism of rack and pinion where power generation takes place with the use
of mechanism that generates the power from the energy force of the people produced by
walking or dancing on the floor. This technique can be used in the areas where consumption is
high such as city areas.This method of electricity generation can be divided into two parts. First,
the conversion of waste energy that is produced by human into useful mechanical energy and
then the mechanical energy into electrical energy. The pressure energy that is produced due to
the walking or dancing on the floor is converted into mechanical energy by using of rack and
pinion mechanism. Then generated rotational/mechanical energy is used to produce electric
power by using dynamo. In the first part of energy conversion, the pressure energy generated
by the walking or dancing on the floor by the people is converted into vertical motion of the
dance floor with the help of the springs and there is a rack fixed to the floor, which helps to
convert the vertical linear motion into the rotational motion with the assistance of pinion
attached to it.Furthermore, this mechanical energy is transferred to the dynamo with the help of
speed increasing gears and ratchet mechanism and the dynamo is used to generate the power.
The total power generated by the mechanism depends on the number of rack and pinion
mechanism used and the quantity and type of dynamo taken in use. There is a battery provided
for the storage of the power. In this, generating electrical power as non conventional method
by simply walking or running on the foot step. Non conventional energy system is very essential
at this time to our nation.
Literature review

ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM FOOTSTEPS; A REGENERATIVE ENERGY

RESOURCE" by Tom Josh V, Binoy Boban, Sijo MT- Mareh 2013. In these research paper
author manufactured a model made from stainless steel, recycled car tires and recycled
aluminium, also includes a lamp embedded in the pavement that lights up every time a step is
converted into energy (using only 5 percent of the generated energy). The average square of
pavement produces about 2.1 watts of electricity. And according to author, any one square of
pavement in a high-foot traffic area can see 50,000 steps a day. Based on this data, only five
units of Pavegen pavement can be enough to keep the lights on at a bus stop all night.
"POWER GENERATION FOOTSTEP" by Shiraz Afzal, Farrukh hafeez - April
2014.
This paper is all about generating electricity when people walk on the Floor if we are able to
design a power generating floor that can produce 100W on just 12 steps, then for 120 steps we
can produce 1000 Watt and if we install such type of 100 floors with this system then it can
produce 1MegaWatt.As a fact only 11% of renewable energy contributes to our primary
energy. If this project is deployed, then not only we can overcome the energy crises problem
but this also contributes to create a healthy global environ mental change. In this project a
gear system is attached with flywheel which causes to rotate the dynamo as the tile on the
deck is pressed, the power that is created is saved in the batteries in addition we will be able
to monitor and control the amount of electricity generated.
POWER GENERATION THROUGH STEP" by Vipin Kumar Yadav, Vivek Kumar Yadav,
Rajat Kumar, and Ajay Yadav - May 2014.
In these research paper uthors used equipments withfollowing specification: Motor
Voltage:10 volt Type: D.C. Generator, RPM: 1000 rpm, Gear 1 Mild Steel.No. of teeth:
59(big gear), No. of teeth:36(small gear),Iype: Spur Gear, No. of gear used: 2 Spring 1- Load
bcaring capacity:60-90 kg, Mild Steel,Total displacement:5 inch, Bcaring 1-Type: Ball
bearing, Bearing no.N35,Shaft 1-Diameter: 15 mm- Material: Mild steel author concluded
that with these method energy conversion is simple efficient and pollution free. POWER
GENERATION IN AUTOMOBILE SUSPENSION SYSTEM", by C. Nithiyeshkumar, K.
Gowtham, M. Manikandan, P. Bharathkanna, T.
Manoj Kumar - January2015.
In this research paper author studied three methods of foot step power generati on namely
piezoelectric method, rack and pinion method and fuel piston method comparatively and
found that the rack and pinion mechanism is more efficient with moderate cost of operation
and maintenance.
GENERATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY FROM FOOT STEP USING RACK AND
PINION MECHANISM" by Md.A zhar, Zitender Rajpurohit, Abdul Saif, Nalla Abhinay,
P.Sai Chandu- June 2017.
In this research paper authors used regulated 5V power, 500mA power supply. Bridge type
full wave rectifier is used to rectify the ac output of secondary of 230/12V step down
transformer. A rack and pinion is a type of linear actuator including a pair of gears which
convert rotational motion into linear motion. The "pinion" engages teeth on the rack. In this
paper, Since the pOwer generation using foot step get its energy requirements from Non-
renewable source of energy. There is no need of power from external sources (mains) and
there is less pollution in this source of energy. It is very useful to the places like all roads and
as well as all kind of foot stepP which is used to generate the non-conventional energy like
lectricity.
ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION USING FOOT STEP FOR URBAN AREA
ENERGY APPLICATIONS" by Joydev Ghosh, Amit Saha, Samir Basak, Supratim Sen -
January 2018.
In this research paper authors used 80 volts and 40 mA from one coil have ben generated
from a prototype model as first invention. The second invention provides 95 volts and 50 mA
from one coil and this generated power can be used to light LED array and to run DC fan after
rectifying the AC or can charge batteries. For high efficiency in the axel of the second gear,
they fitted a strong magnet vertically, so that when the gear will rotate due to human body
weight the magnet also rotate. The magnet is placed in a loop type copper coil. When the
magnet start rotating according to the Faraday's law of electromagnetie induction, there will
be induced emf in the coil.
"POWER GENERATION FROM STEPS" by Ramesh Raja R, Sherin Mathew- July 2018.
This research paper attempts to show how energy can be tapped and used at a commonly
used floor steps. The usage of steps in every building is increasing day by day, since even
every small building has some floors. A large amOunt of energy is wasted when we are
stepping on the floors by the dissipati on of heat and friction, every time a man steps up using
stairs. There is great possibility of tapping this energy and generating power by making every
staircase as a power generation unit. The generated power can be stored by batteries, and it
will be used for slighting the building
BLOCK DIAGRAM
EXISTING SYSTEM:

Other people have developed piezo-electric (mechanical-to-electrical) surfaces in the past, but
the Crowd Farm has the potential to redefine urban space by adding a sense of fluidity and
encouraging people to activate spaces with their movement. The Crowd Farm floor is composed
of standard parts that are easily replicated but it is expensive to produce at this stage. This
technology would facilitate the future creation of new urban landscapes athletic ficlds with a
spectator area, music halls, theatres, nighteclubs and a large gathering space for rallies,
demonstrations and celebrations, rai lway stati ons, bus stands, subways, airports etc. Like
Capable Of Harnessing Human Locomotion For Electricity Generation.

PROPOSED SYSTEM:

Proposal for the utilization of waste cnergy of foot power with human locomotion is very much
relevant and important for highly populated countries like India and China where the roads,
railway stations, bus stands, temples, etc. are all over crowded and millions of people move
around the clock. This whole human/bio-energy being wasted if can be made possible for
utilization it will be great invention and crowd energy farms will be very useful energy sources
in crowded countries. Walking across a "Crowd Farm," floor, then, will be a fun for idle people
who can improve their health by exercising in such farms with earning The electrical energy
generated at such farms wil be useful for nearby applications.
The creation of new source of perennial environ mentally acceptable, low cost electrical energy
as a replacement for energy from rapidly depleting resources of fossil fuels is the fundamental
need for the survival of mankind. We have only about 25 years of oil reserves and 75- l00 years
of coal reserves. Resort to measure beginning of coal in thermal electric stations to serve the
population would result in global elementary change in leading to worldwide drought and
decertification. The buzzards of nuclear electric-stations are only too will. Now electric power
beamed directly by micro-wave for orbiting satellite. Solar power stations (S.P.S) provide a
cost-effective solution even though work on solar photo voltaic and solar thermo electric energy
sources has been extensively pursued by many countries. Earth based solar stations suffer
certain basic limitations.
Construction Of Footstep Power Generator

Components:
1. Rack & Pinion
2. Motor
3. Shaft
4. Gears
5. Upper Plate
6. Springs
7. Bearings
8. Supporting Rods
9. Base Plate
10. Supporting Frame
11. Screws & Bolts
12. Buck boost circuit
 13. 12 V D.C battery
14. Inverter
15. Multimeter
16. Bulb

DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS

1. RACK AND PINION MECHANISM

A rack and pinion is a type of linear actuator comprising of a pair of gears which convert
rotational motion into linear motion. The pinion is a circular gear which engages on a linear
gear bar which is the rack. Rotational motion applied on the pinion causes the rack to move
therefore, rotational motion of the pinion is translated to linear motion of the rack.The rack and
pinion arrangement is a method that is functional in the energy storing capacity of the spring
when it is compressed against its natural length. The springs are connected to the rack and
pinion

2.Gears

A gear is a rotating machine part having cut teeth which mesh with another toothed part to
ransmit torque. Geared devices can change the speed, torque, and direction of a power source.
Gears almost always produce a change in torque, creating a mechanical advantage, through
their Gear ratio, and thus may be considered a simple machine.

3.Shaft

A shaft is a rotating machine element which is used to transmit power from one place to another.
The various members such as pulleys, bearing, etc are mounted on the shaft to transfer the
power from one shaft to another. These members along with forces exerted upon them causes
the shaft to bending. It is made up of mild steel.

4.Springs

Spring are used to absorb the kinetic energy acquired from walking motion. Springs will
compress and transmit the motion to the rack.
5.
6. UNIDIRECTIONAL CURRENT CONTROLLER

As name indicates this circuit allows only one direction current flowing. There are following
some devices allow on unidirectional current.
1)Diode
2)Thyristors

In this project we are going to use diode as Unidirectional Current control device. As we are
already familiar with the most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current to
pass in one direction (called the diode's forward direction).While blocking current in the
opposite direction (the reverse direction). Thus, the diode can be thought of as an electronic
version of a check valve. The diode used in this project is D= IN2110. A diode is a two-terminal
electronic component that conducts current primarily in one direction (asymmetric
conductance); it has low (ideally zero)resistance in one direction, and high (ideally
infinite)resistance in the other. A semiconductor diode, the most common type today, is a
crystalline piece of semiconductor material with a p–n junction connected to two electrical
terminals Diode.

BATTERY
Battery (electricity), an array of electrochemical cells for electricity storage, either individually
linked or individually linked and housed in a single unit. An electrical battery is a combination
of one or more electrochemical cells, used to convert stored chemical energy into electrical
energy. Batteries may be used once and discarded, or recharged for years as in standby power
applications. Miniature cells are used to power devices such as hearing aids and wristwatches,
larger batteries provide standby power for telephone exchanges or computer datacenters.

Lead-acid batteries are the most common in PV systems because their initial cost is lower and
because they are readily available nearly everywhere in the world. There are many different
sizes and designs of lead-acid batteries, but the most important designation is that they are deep
cycle batteries. Lead-acid batteries are available in both wet-cell (requires maintenance) and
sealed no-maintenance versions. Lead acid batteries are reliable and cost effective with an
exceptionally long life. The Lead acid batteries have high reliability because of their ability to
withstand overcharge, over discharge vibration and shock. The use of special sealing techniques
ensures that our batteries are leak proof and non-spoilable. The batteries have exceptional
charge acceptance, large electrolyte volume and low self-discharge, Which make them ideal as
zero-maintenance batteries lead acid batteries.
These batteries are used in Inverter & UPS Systems and have the proven ability to perform
under extreme conditions. The batteries have electrolyte volume, use PE Separators and are
sealed in sturdy containers, which give them excellent protection against leakage and corrosion.

Buck Boost Converter

It is a type of DC to DC converter and it has a magnitude of output voltage. It may be more or

less than equal to the input voltage magnitude. The buck boost converter is equal to the fly back
circuit and single inductor is used in the place of the transformer. There are two types of
converters in the buck boost converter that are buck converter and the other one is boost
converter. These converters can produce the range of output voltage than the input voltage.
Digital Multimeter

Measuring instruments are necessary in order to check the status of electronic devices. Digital
multimeters are recommended when you need to check the status of an electronic device
because such information is not visible. Digital multimeters are measuring instruments that can
measure quantities such as voltage, current, and resistance. Measured values are shown on a
digital display, allowing them to be read easily and directly, even by first-time users.

INVERTER

An inverter is an electrical device that converts direct current (DC) to alternating

current(AC), the converted AC can be at any required voltage and frequency with the use of
appropriate transformers, switching, and control circuits as shown in fig 11. Solid-state
inverters have no moving parts and are used in a wide range of applications, from smalls
witching power supplies in computers, to large electric utility high-voltage direct current
applications that transport bulk power. Inverters are commonly used to supply AC power
from DC sources such as solar panels or batteries.
There are two main types of inverter. The output of a modified sine wave inverter is similar to
a square wave output except that the output goes to zero volts for a time before switching
positive or negative. It is simple and low cost and is compatible with most electronic devices,
except for sensitive or specialized equipment, for example certain laser printers. A pure
sinewave inverter produces a nearly perfect sine wave output (<3% total harmonic) that is
essentially the same as utility-supplied grid power. Thus it is compatible with all AC
electronic devices. This is the type used in grid-tie inverters. Its design is more complex, and
cost 5or10 times more per unit power. The electrical inverter is a high-power electronic
oscillator. It is so named because early mechanical AC to DC converters was made to work in
reverse, and thus were "inverted", to convert DC to AC. The inverter performs the opposite
function of a rectifier.
CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING OF FOOT-STEP
POWER GENERATOR

The downward movement of the plate results in rotation of the shaft of an electrical generator
fitted in the device, to produce electrical energy. The top plate reverts back to its original
position due to negating springs provided in the device. The upper plate is mounted on two
springs;, the weight impact is converted into electrical power with proper control unit.
The spring and rack & pinion arrangement is fixed below the foot step which is mounted on
base. Spring system is used for return mechanism of upper plate after release of load. The shaft
along with pinion is supported by end bearings. One end is connected with small belt pulley
system and on the other end a flywheel is mounted. The de generator is rotated with the help of
this belt & pulley arrangement. The terminal of DC generator is connected to lightning LEDs.
The complete diagram of the footstep power generation is given below. Only one step is
inclined in certain small angle which is used to generate the power. The pushing power is
converted into electrical energy by proper driving arrangement.
The complete fabricated model picture of Foot Step is shown below, The upper plate is mounted
on two springs, the weight impact is converted into electrical power with proper control unit.
The spring and rack & pinion arrangement is fixed below the foot step which is mounted on
base. Spring system is used for return mechanism of upper plate after release of load. The shaft
along with pinion is supported by end bearings. A gear is provided there also. A gear is coupled
to the shaft. The gear wheel which is provided in shaft is coupled to the Dynamo. The dynamo
capacity used here is12V. From the dynamo the wires are taken. These wires are connected to
LEDs, to show the output power. The generator is used here is 12Volt perman ent magnet DC
generat or. The terminal of DC generator is connected to lightning LEDs.
In the first step the footsteps is directly connected to the Rack & pinion arrangement. To the
pinion shaft dynamo is provided and LEDs are coupled to it. Thus Mechanical energy is
converted in to Electrical energy.
Working procedure:

The working procedure is explained in step by step manner as follows:

Step 1: When force is applied on the plate by virtue on stamping on the plate the force Spring
gets compressed.
Step 2: Due to this the rack moves vertically down.
Step 3: The pinion meshed with the rack gear results in circular motion of the pinion gear.
Step 4: For one full compressi on the pinion Moves one semicircle, when the force applied on
the plate released the pinion reverses and moves another semi- circle
Step 5: The intermedi ate gear with more number of teeth will rotate as a result of motion of
pinion.
Step 6: The generator attached to the intermedi ate will obtain the rotating motion, hence results
in the sinusoidal waveform (for single Generator).
Step 7: The obtained voltage is passed through Ac neutralizer in order to reduce the ripples
that are produced due to uneven motion of generator.
Step 8: From here the power is stored directly in 12v lead acid battery.
Step 9: So the 12v DC is connected to the inverter to convert it into 230AC.
Step 10: Now the voltage obtained is used for small applications.
Step 11: The display unit takes signal from battery and converts it into digital signal by
ADC and transfers its data to microcontroller.
Step 12: The voltage signal thus obtained will be displayed in LCD display about how much
voltage of current is avai lable.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

DESIGN PARAMETERS TO BE CONSIDERED

For the proposed design the parameters that will be considered are:
Tension of the springs
I will use springs which will ensure once the weight/ force applied on the plate is released, the
piston goes back to its initial position
Weight of person walking on the system
I need to establish the relationship between the weight of a person and the power output from
my system. The system also needs to be in a manner that it accommodates the weight of the
person.
Traffic of people
For the system to provide the best results it needs to be in a place that has a high traffic of
people at any given time
METHODOLOGY
4.1 .MATERIALS

To fabricate a model, a variety of materials will be required. Most of the materials to be used
will be subject
to availability as well as the effect they will have on the model. This will include:
• Flat bar
• Springs
• Flywheel
• Metal shaft
The above materials will be cut into desired pieces and welded together to create components
of the model

4.2. SITE SELECTION

For the implementation of the mechanical footstep power generation there are various site
conditions that deemed necessary for consideration. These include:
a) Topography
The nature of slope of the area selected will determine whether or not excavation will be
necessary.
b) Availability of roads or pathways
The site should have existing roads or pavements or pathways to ensure that people actually
walk on the system.
c) Population density
My system entirely depends on human beings. The more the number of people walking on the
system the more the power output generated from the system. The site selected therefore needs
to have a high population of people.
4.3. DATA TO BE COLLECTED
Data collection before design of any project is very essential to ensure that the project will
effectively solve
the problem faced by the affected parties. Data collection also helps determine the bounds of
the project in order to achieve its intended purpose.
Data collected in the course of this design project will come from various sources such as:
a) Lab tests
b) On site tests
c) Observation
d) Research materials of previously done projects on footstep power generation
The data that I will need include:
1. The nature of the springs I will use on the model
The nature of the spring I will use is very critical for my project. The length as well as the
tension of the spring will affect the number of revolutions of the flywheel to be used which in
turn affects the amount of power output received. This data is therefore important as it will help
in the fabrication of the model
2. The weight of the people
I need to establish whether there is a relationship between the weight of a person and the power
output.This relationship can only be established after I carry out tests using people of different
weights and observing the amount of power obtained.
3. The average number of people.
This will help determine the most suitable site to have the system. The system works best, i.e.,
generates the most power when placed in an area with a high traffic of people. Using
observation method, I will be able tot identify the most suitable area to have the system so as
to generate the most optimum amount of energy.