FINAL TASK ADVANCED STRUCTURE

Name : Natalia Siburian

NPM : 202012500973
Class : X5H
UNIT 1 : Unreal Situation
An unreal situation is one which is not true in the present or one which may or may not happen in
the future.
o Example :
* If I were rich, I would buy a luxury apartment.
* I wish I had known the answer.
* If only my father call my mother last night, she wouldn’t angry.
* It is cloudy as if it is going to rain.
* You look very confident as though you will pass the exam.
o Notes :
* In unreal condtionals we use if….we+ to infinitive to talk about imaginary future situation.
* We use if it was/were not for + noun to say that one situation is dependent on another situation
pr on a person. When we talk about the past we use if it had not been for + noun.

UNIT 3 : The Function of Simple Past and Present Perfect

The simple past tells us that an action happened at a certain time in the past, and is not continuing
anymore. It doesn't tell us anything about when an action happened, so more information needs to be
given with this verb form, such as when the action took place. Use the simple past when the action
started in the past, finished in the past, and is not continuing now.

The present perfect tells us that an action started in the past and it is still happening now, or it is
something that happens regularly. We may need more information to tell us how long it has been going
on. It may also tell us that the time period it started in is still going on.

Example :
*Jackson ate lunch early. (Simple Past)
*Jackson has eaten lunch. (Present Perfect)
* Jeff was friends with Kelly when he was a kid. (Simple Past)
* Jeff has been friends with Kelly since he was a kid. (Present perfect)

UNIT 4 : Preposition and Meaning

Preposition is a function word that typically combines with a noun phrase to form a phrase which
usually expresses a modification or predication.

*Single
Are, at, by, for, from, in, of, on, to, about, above, across, after, against, along, among, around, be
cause of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, close
to, down, during, except, inside, instead of, into, like, near, off, on top of, onto, out
of, outside, over, past, since, through, toward, under, until, up, upon, within, without.
*Double
into, onto, throughout, upon, without, inside, out of, from within, Go away Turn in Go out Turn on Go
on Turn around Go ahead Turn over Go back Turn right.
 Example :
* She never leaves without her phone.
* The caterpillar turned into a butterfly.
* There is some milk in the fridge.
* He sat on the chair.

UNIT 5 : “Be used to”, “Used to” and “Redundancy”

Be used to is used to express something that is familiar (not foreign) to us. In other words,be used
tomeans used to it.
Rule or pattern ' be used to ' in the form:

 + Positive : Subject + be + used to + object

Example : You are used to playing guitar.
 – Negative : Subject + be not + used to + object
Example : You are not used to playing guitar.
 ? Interrogative : Be + subject + used to + object
Example : Are you used to playing guitar?

Used to is used to express activities or activities that were usually carried out in the past which are no
longer carried out in the present.
Rule or Pattern ' used to ' in the form:

 + Positive : Subject + used + to infinitive

Example : When we were young, we used to watch movies until midnight.
 – Negative : Subject + did not + use + to infinitive
Example : When we were younger, we didn't used to watch movies until midnight.
 ? Interrogative : Did + subject + use + to infinitive
Example : Did you used to watch movies until midnight?

Redundancy is A sentence is said to be redundant if there are unnecessary additional words or group of
words in the sentence.

 proceed forward
Proceed bermakna “to move in a forward direction”, oleh karenanya kata forward tidak
diperlukan.
Contoh yang benar: The teacher proceeded to explain the lesson.
 compete together
Compete bermakna “to take part in a contest against others”
Contoh yang benar: Yale and his brother are competing in the swimming games.
 reason … because
Kedua kata ini menunjukkan makna yang sama, dan pattern yang sesuai adalah reason…that
Contoh yang benar: The reason I want to take that class is that the professor is supposed to be
very eloquent.
 the time when
Keduanya menunjukkan sesuatu yang sama. Gunakan salah satunya saja.
Contoh yang benar: That was the time I hit a home run.
 the place where
Keduanya menunjukkan sesuatu yang sama. Gunakan salah satunya saja.
Contoh yang benar: This is where I left him.
 UNIT 6 : Passive and Cusative

Causative using ‘get’ or ‘have’ havet he same meaning but ‘get’ is more informal than ‘have’ : with
meaning ‘experience’’something’ often something unpleasant.

Example :
 I had all my money stolen (unpleasant)
 My car had its mirror pulled off (unpleasant)
 Where did you get your haircut? (asked someone)
 I must get my hair cut (expressing about to cut you hair persuading somebody to cut his hair)

UNIT 8 : Absolute Construction

Absolute Cnstruction terkadang disebut juga sebagai Absolute Phrase karena konstruksinya terdiri dari
kumpulan kata/frasa. Absolute Cnstruction adalah satu teknik atau cara dalam tata bahasa Inggris untuk
melebur dua kalimat menjadi satu. Fungsinya agar kalimat tersebut terasa menjadi lebih berkualitas dan
indah. Biasanya penulisan yang mengandung teknik Absolute Cnstruction sering ditemukan di
bidang literature atau kesusasteraan.

Absolute Cnstruction berfungsi untuk menjelaskan induk kalimat (independent clause),

sehingga Absolute Cnstruction bersifat memberikan keterangan atau informasi tambahan untuk induk
kalimat (independent clause) itu sendiri. Induk kalimat (independent clause) bisa berdiri sendiri tanpa
adanya informasi tambahan yang berbentuk Absolute Cnstruction.

Formula:

NOUN/PRONOUN + PARTICIPLE +/- OBJECT +/- MODIFIER

Contoh:

Her eyes looking around the market, that girl wants to buy some spinach
Her eyes = Noun phrase
Looking = Participle
Around the market = modifier

Participle Berupa To Be

Participle yang digunakan pada absolute phrase dapat dihilangkan jika berupa to be (being, having been)
karena dianggap sudah dimengerti (understood).

Contoh:

The time being over, the students left the class

= The time over, the students left the class

Apabila ditemukan To Be berbentuk Am, Are, Is dan lain-lain, maka untuk merubahnya kedalam
bentuk Absolute Cnstruction adalah dengan menghilangkannya atau dengan menambahkan Being

Contoh:
Our family are in vacation. We still work in the office
= Our family in vacation, we still work in the office
= Our family being in vacation, we still work in the office

Posisi:

Absolute Construction dapat di letakkan di bagian awal kalimat, di tengah kalimat maupun di akhir
kalimat utama.

Di depan independent clause

= His hands tugging on his mother’s shirttail, the little boy asked his mother to buy a toy

Di tengah independent clause

= The little boy, his hands tugging on his mother’s shirttail, asked his mother to buy a toy

Di belakang independent clause

= The little boy asked his mother to buy a toy, his hands tugging on his mother’s shirttail.

Keterangan:
noun (phrase) = his hands
participle = tugging
modifier = on his mother’s shirttail

UNIT 10 : “Objects” in Abstract Noun Phrases

Nouns in general represent things (including people, places, objects, and ideas). But some things aren’t

actually things! Ideas, emotions, personality traits, and philosophical concepts don’t exist in the physical

world—you can’t sense them or interact with them—so we call them abstract nouns to differentiate them

from concrete nouns.

Abstract nouns vs. concrete nouns

We dive deep into abstract nouns vs. concrete nouns here, but there’s a quick and easy way to tell them

apart. If you can see, hear, taste, smell, or touch it, then it’s a concrete noun. If you can’t, then it’s an

abstract noun.

Consider the difference between anger, an abstract noun, and chair, a concrete noun. You can touch a

chair and see a chair, but you can’t touch or see anger itself. (Even though you can use your five senses to

perceive the signs of anger, such as seeing a red face or hearing a gruff tone.)

By default, proper nouns are never abstract nouns. Proper nouns like the Empire State

Building, Kathmandu, or Mister Rogers represent things that are specific and tangible. However, this can

get confusing if a philosophical idea is derived from a proper noun. For example, Karl Marx is a proper

noun, but Marxism is an abstract noun, even though it’s still capitalized.
Examples of abstract nouns

As we’ve said, abstract nouns can be hard to describe because they elude the senses. Sometimes it’s better

to see examples to understand. (Some of these can also double as verbs, especially the emotions, so pay

attention to how they’re used in the sentence.)

Ideas

*life

*death

*humor

*independence

*communication

*information

*honor

*trust

*pain

*pleasure

Emotions

*love

*hatred

*happiness

*sadness

*fear

*anguish

*ecstasy

Personality traits

*courage

*loyalty

*compassion

*maturity

*elegance
*stupidity

*aggression

*patience

Philosophical concepts

*industrialism

*causality

*relativity

*ethics

*capitalism

*democracy

Example : “The soccer team never loses faith.” In this sentence, the abstract noun “faith” is the direct
object of the sentence.

UNIT 11 : DANGLING MODIFIERS

A dangling modifier is a word or phrase that modifies a word not clearly stated in the sentence. A
modifier describes, clarifies, or gives more detail about a concept.

Having finished the assignment, Jill turned on the TV.

"Having finished" states an action but does not name the doer of that action. In English sentences, the
doer must be the subject of the main clause that follows. In this sentence, it is Jill. She seems logically to
be the one doing the action ("having finished"), and this sentence therefore does not have a dangling
modifier.

The following sentence has an incorrect usage:

Having finished the assignment, the TV was turned on.

"Having finished" is a participle expressing action, but the doer is not the TV set (the subject of the main
clause): TV sets don't finish assignments. Since the doer of the action expressed in the participle has not
been clearly stated, the participial phrase is said to be a dangling modifier.

STRATEGIES FOR REVISING DANGLING MODIFIERS:

1. Name the appropriate or logical doer of the action as the subject of the main clause:
Having arrived late for practice, a written excuse was needed.

Who arrived late? This sentence says that the written excuse arrived late. To revise, decide who actually
arrived late. The possible revision might look like this:

Having arrived late for practice, the team captain needed a written excuse.

The main clause now names the person (the captain) who did the action in the modifying phrase (arrived
late).

2. Change the phrase that dangles into a complete introductory clause by naming the doer of the action in
that clause:

Without knowing his name, it was difficult to introduce him.

Who didn't know his name? This sentence says that "it" didn't know his name. To revise, decide who was
trying to introduce him. The revision might look something like this:

Because Maria did not know his name, it was difficult to introduce him.

The phrase is now a complete introductory clause; it does not modify any other part of the sentence, so is
not considered "dangling."

3. Combine the phrase and main clause into one:

To improve his results, the experiment was done again.

Who wanted to improve results? This sentence says that the experiment was trying to improve its own
results. To revise, combine the phrase and the main clause into one sentence. The revision might look
something like this:

He improved his results by doing the experiment again.

MORE EXAMPLES OF DANGLING MODIFIERS AND THEIR REVISIONS:

INCORRECT: After reading the original study, the article remains unconvincing.

REVISED: After reading the original study, I find the article unconvincing.

INCORRECT: Relieved of your responsibilities at your job, your home should be a place to relax.

REVISED: Relieved of your responsibilities at your job, you should be able to relax at home.
INCORRECT: The experiment was a failure, not having studied the lab manual carefully.

REVISED: They failed the experiment, not having studied the lab manual carefully.

UNIT 12 : Parallel Structure

Parallel structure means using the same pattern of words to show that two or more ideas have the same
level of importance. This can happen at the word, phrase, or clause level. The usual way to join parallel
structures is with the use of coordinating conjunctions such as "and" or "or."

Example :
1. Not Parallel:
The teacher said that he was a poor student because he waited until the last minute to study for the exam,
completed his lab problems in a careless manner, and his motivation was low.
Parallel:
The teacher said that he was a poor student because he waited until the last minute to study for the exam,
completed his lab problems in a careless manner, and lacked motivation.
2. Not Parallel:
The salesman expected that he would present his product at the meeting, that he would have time to
show his slide presentation, and that questions would be asked by prospective buyers. (passive)
Parallel:
The salesman expected that he would present his product at the meeting, that he would have time to
show his slide presentation, and that prospective buyers would ask him questions.